Class-10 Science Notes Chapter - 11 Electricity
Class-10 Science Notes Chapter - 11 Electricity
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For Session 2024-25
Best Notes
CBSE
CLASS 10
SCIENCE
100% updated Quick Revision,
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Electricity
Electric Current
● Electric current is expressed as the amount of charge flowing through a particular area
in unit time.
● Quantitatively, electric current is defined as the rate of flow of electric charge.
Charge flowing (Q)
Current, I =
Time taken (t)
● The S.I. unit of current is ampere (A), where 1 ampere = 1 coulomb/second.
● 1 mA = 10−3 A, 1 μ A = 10−6 A
● The conventional direction of electric current is the one in which positive charges move
orderly.
● An instrument called ammeter measures electric current in a circuit. It is always
connected in series in a circuit through which the current is to be measured.
Electric circuit and circuit diagram
The electric circuits are closed loop or path which forms a network of electrical
components, where electrons are able to flow. This path is made using electrical wires and
is powered by a source, like a battery. The start of the point from where the electrons start
flowing is called the source whereas the point where electrons leave the electrical circuit is
called the return. Representation of an electric circuit through symbols is called a circuit
diagram.
A schematic diagram of an electric circuit comprising – cell, electric bulb, ammeter and plug key
Example: A current of 1A is drawn by a filament of an electric bulb for 20 minutes. Find the
amount of electric charge that flows through the circuit.
Ans:
The given data is,
I = 1A and
t = 20 minutes
t = 20 × 60
t = 1200 seconds
Therefore,
Q
I=
t
Electric charge is q = It
(1)
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q = 1 × 1200
q = 1200 C
Coulomb’s Law
According to Coulomb’s law, the force of attraction or repulsion between two charged
bodies is directly proportional to the product of their charges and inversely proportional to
the square of the distance between them. It acts along the line joining the two charges
q q
considered to be point charges. F ∝ 1 2 2
d
Electric Potential
Electric potential is the work done per unit charge in bringing the charge from infinity to
that point against electrostatic force. In a conductor, electrons flow only when there is a
difference in electric pressure at its ends. This is also called potential difference.
Electric Potential Different
● Electric potential difference (pd) between two points in an electric circuit, carrying some
current, is the amount of work done to move a unit charge from one point to another.
Work done (W)
Potential difference (pd) =
Quanity of charge moved (Q)
1 joule
● The S.I. unit of pd is volt (V), where 1 volt =
1coulomb
Example: How much work is done in moving a charge of 2 C across two points having a
potential difference 12 V?
Ans:
The amount of charge Q, that flows between two points at potential difference V (= 12
V) is 2 C. Thus, the amount of work W, done in moving the charge [from Eq. (12.2)] is
W = VQ
= 12 V × 2 C
= 24 J.
Electric Circuit
● A continuous conducting path between the terminals of a source of electricity is called
an electric circuit.
● A drawing showing the way various electric devices are connected in a circuit is called a
circuit diagram.
● Some commonly used circuit elements are given below:
Sr. No. Element Symbol
1 An electric cell
(2)
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2 A battery
5 A wire joint
7 Bulb
8 Resistor
10 Ammeter
11 Voltmeter
Ohm’s law
● According to Ohm’s law, the current (I) flowing through a conductor is directly
proportional to the potential difference (V) across its ends, provided its physical
conditions remain the same.
V∝I
𝑽
= 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕
𝒍
V
= R
l
V = IR
where R is a constant of proportionality called resistance of the conductor.
● Resistance is the property of a conductor to resist the flow of charges through it.
● The S.I. unit of resistance is ohm ( Ω ).
𝑉 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡
From 𝑅 ∝ 1 ohm = 1
𝑙 𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑒
(3)
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Potential difference across the two points of a metallic conductor is directly proportional to
current passing through the circuit provided that temperature remains constant.
V–I graph for a nichrome wire. A straight line plot shows that as the current through a wire increases, the potential
difference across the wire increases linearly – this is Ohm’s law.
(4)
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Resistances in Parallel
● The potential difference across each resistance is the same and is equal to the potential
difference across the combination.
● The main current divides itself, and a different current flows through each resistance.
● The equivalent resistance (Rp) of a parallel combination containing resistances R1, R2,
1 1 1 1 1
R3... is given by = + + + … =
𝑅𝜌 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3 𝑅4
● The equivalent resistance is lesser than the least of all the resistances in the combination.
(5)
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(6)
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The bulbs are filled with chemically inactive gases like nitrogen and argon to prolong the life
of filament.
Practical Applications of the Heating Effects of Electric Current
● Electrical appliances like laundry iron, toaster, oven, kettle and heater are some devices
based on Joule’s Law of Heating.
● The concept of electric heating is also used to produce light, as in an electric bulb.
● Another application of Joule’s Law of Heating is the fuse used in electric circuits.
Electric Fuse
It is a safety device that protects our electrical appliances in case of short circuit or
overloading.
● Fuse is made up of pure tin or alloy of copper and tin.
● Fuse is always connected in series with live wire.
● Fuse has low melting point.
● Current capacity of fuse is slightly higher than that of the appliance.s
Electric Power
● Electric power is the rate at which electrical energy is produced or consumed in an
electric circuit
P = VI = I²R
𝑉2
P=
𝑅
● The S.I. unit of power is watt (W).
● One watt of power is consumed when 1 A of current flows at a potential difference of 1
V. The commercial unit of electric energy is kilowatt hour (kWh), commonly known as a
unit. 1 kWh = 3.6 MJ
(7)
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(8)
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Important Questions
⮚ Multiple Choice Questions:
Which of the following represents voltage?
(9)
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(b) volt
(c) ampere
(d) joule
6. Kilowatt hour is the unit of
(a) power
(b) energy
(c) impulse
(d) force
7. 1 kWh is equal to
(a) 3.6 × 106 MJ
(b) 3.6 × 105 MJ
(c) 3.6 × 10² MJ
(d) 3.6 MJ
8. Materials which allow larger currents to flow through them are called
(a) insulators
(b) conductors
(c) semiconductors
(d) alloys
9. Conventionally, the direction of the current is taken as
(a) the direction of flow of negative charge
(b) the direction of flow of atoms
(c) the direction of flow of molecules
(d) the direction of flow of positive charge
10. The unit of specific resistance is
(a) ohm
(b) ohm
(c) ohm-meter
(d) ohm per meter
(10)
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⮚ Short Questions:
1. Define electric current. State and define its SI unit.
2. List two differences between a voltmeter and ammeter.
3. What is an electric circuit? Distinguish between an open and a closed circuit.
4. What do the following symbols represent in a circuit? Write the name and one
function of each.
5. What do the following symbols represent in a circuit? Write the name and one
function of each?
⮚ Long Questions:
1. State Ohm’s law. How can this law be verified experimentally? Does Ohm’s law
hold good under all conditions?
(11)
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2. How will you infer with the help of an experiment that same voltage or potential
difference exists across three resistors connected in parallel arrangement to a
battery?
(12)
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2. Read the following and answer any four questions from (i) to (v).
(13)
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(14)
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✔ Answer Key-
⮚ Multiple Choice Answers:
1. (a)
2. (a) volt ampere
3. (d) nature of the material
4. (d) the same in all the cases
5. (b) volt
6. (b) energy
7. (d) 3.6 MJ
8. (b) conductors
9. (d) the direction of flow of positive charge
10. (c) ohm-meter
(15)
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⮚ Short Answers:
1. Answer: Electric current is defined as the amount of charge flowing through a
cross-section of a conductor in unit time.
(16)
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7. Answer: Resistance of a factor depends on its length (l) and area of cross section
(A).
(17)
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8. Answer: When current passes through a conductor for a longer time, the
conductor is heated due to Joule’s heating effect. Resistance of conductor
increases with increase in temperature due to heating effect.
⮚ Long Answers:
1. Answer:
For Ohm’s law: Ohm’s law states that the electric current flowing through a
conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference across the ends of
the conductor, provided the temperature and . other physical conditions of the
conductor remain the same.
For experimental verification: Verify Ohm’s law
Apparatus: A conductor of resistance R, an ammeter, a voltmeter, a battery, a
variable resistance (or rheostat used to change the current in the circuit),
connecting wires, a key and sand paper.
Procedure:
● Connect the various components as shown in figure 12.
(18)
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Plot a graph between V and I by taking V along X-axis and I along Y-axis. We get a
straight line passing through origin as shown in figure 11.
(19)
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(20)
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● Disconnect the voltmeter and connect it across R2. Note the reading of
voltmeter. It is found to be V.
● Again, disconnect the voltmeter and connect it across R3. Note the reading
of voltmeter. It is found to be V.
Conclusion : When resistors are connected in parallel to each other, potential
difference across each resistor is equal to the potential difference across the parallel
combination of resistors.
1.
(21)
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2. i (a) Doubled
Explanation:
E = I2Rt = 5 × 5 × 2 × 30 × 60
E = 90000J = 90kJ
v. (a) 1 watt hour = 3600J
Explanation:
(22)
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1 watt hr = 3600J.
(23)
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