Module1 - Week1-Copy-For-Modular 2
Module1 - Week1-Copy-For-Modular 2
General
Chemistry 1
Quarter 1 – Module 1:
Properties of Matter
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Management Team:
General
Chemistry 1
Quarter 1 – Module 1:
Properties of Matter
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:
This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration
their needs and circumstances.
In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body
of the module:
As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing
them to manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage
and assist the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used
to depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and
accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a
learner is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant
competencies and skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies
in your own hands!
This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities
for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be
enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while being an active
learner.
this module.
1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of
the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other
activities included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your
answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you
are not alone.
We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning
and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master the nature of Chemistry. The scope of this module permits it to be used in
many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse
vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard
sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to
correspond with the textbook you are now using.
II. Identify whether the statement is True or False. Write your answers on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. _______________________ 3. ______________________
_______________________ ______________________
2. _______________________ 4.
_______________________
_______________________ ______________________
_
Lesson
Properties of Matter
1
As you look around you, you must wonder about the properties of matter.
How do plants grow and why are they green? Why is the sun hot? Why does a hot
dog get hot in a microwave oven? Why does wood burn whereas rocks do not?
What is a flame? How does soap work? Why does soda fizz when you open the
bottle? When iron rusts, what’s happening? And why doesn’t aluminum rust? How
does a cold pack for an athletic injury, which is stored for weeks or months at
room temperature, suddenly get cold when you need it? How does a hair
permanent work? The answers to these and endless other questions lie in the
domain of chemistry. In this lesson we begin to explore the nature of matter: how
it is organized and how and why it changes.
What’s In
What’s New
Read carefully the following riddles. All of the answers are matter. Clues are given
by the number of blank boxes after the riddle. Please put your answers in a blank
sheet of paper.
RIDDLE TIME
2. What would you be without me? I’m essential even if you can’t
see; I am what you breathe, making your life complete. What am
I?
4. Looking white;
Powdery, I’m fine alright;
In flour I’m added;
So from small it turns to big instead. What am I?
What is It
Matter, the “stuff” of which the universe is composed, has two characteristics: it
has mass and it occupies space. Matter comes in a great variety of forms: the
stars, the air that you are breathing, the gasoline that you put in your car, the
chair on which you are sitting, the meat in the sandwich you may have had for
lunch, the tissues in your brain that enable you to read and comprehend this
sentence, and so on. To try to understand the nature of matter, we classify it in
various ways. For example, wood, bone, and steel share certain characteristics.
These things are all rigid; they have definite shapes that are difficult to change.
On the other hand, water and gasoline, for example, take the shape of any
container into which they are poured.
The substances we have just described illustrate the three states of matter:
solid, liquid, and gas. The state of a given sample of matter depends on the
strength of the forces among the particles contained in the matter; the stronger
these forces, the more rigid the matter.
where the letters stand for atoms and the lines show attachments (called bonds)
between atoms, and the molecular model (on the right) represents water in a
more three-dimensional fashion. What is really occurring when water undergoes
the following changes?
When ice melts, the rigid solid becomes a mobile liquid that takes the
shape of its container. Continued heating brings the liquid to a boil, and the water
becomes a gas or vapor that seems to disappear into “thin air.” The changes that
occur as the substance goes from solid to liquid to gas are represented in Figure
1.2. In ice the water molecules are locked into
fixed positions (although they are vibrating).
In the liquid the molecules are still very close
together, but some motion is occurring; the
positions of the molecules are no
longer fixed as they are in ice. In the gaseous
state the molecules are much farther
apart and move randomly, hitting each
other and the walls of
the container.
Figure 1.2. States of water The most
important thing about all these changes is that the water molecules are still
intact. The motions of individual molecules and the distances between them
change, but H2O molecules are still present. These changes of state are physical
changes because they do not affect the composition of the substance. In each
state we still have water (H2O), not some other substance.
process as follows:
sample of iron contains many atoms, but they are all iron atoms. Samples of
certain pure elements do contain molecules; for example, hydrogen gas contains
H - H (usually written H2) molecules, and oxygen gas contains O - O (O 2)
molecules. However, any pure sample of an element contains only atoms of that
element, never any atoms of any other element.
A compound always contains atoms of different elements. For example,
water contains hydrogen atoms and oxygen atoms, and there are always exactly
twice as many hydrogen atoms as oxygen atoms because water consists of H-O-
H molecules. A different compound, carbon dioxide, consists of CO 2 molecules
and so contains carbon atoms and oxygen atoms (always in the ratio 1:2).
A compound, although it contains more than one type of atom, always has
the same composition—that is, the same combination of atoms. The properties of
a compound are typically very different from those of the elements it contains.
For example, the properties of water are quite different from the properties of
pure hydrogen and pure oxygen.
For example, the mixture known as air can be separated into oxygen
(element), nitrogen (element), water (compound), carbon dioxide (compound),
argon (element), and other pure substances.
Mixtures can be classified as either
homogeneous or heterogeneous. A homogeneous
mixture is the same throughout. For example, when
we dissolve some salt in water and stir well, all
regions of the resulting mixture have the same
properties. A homogeneous mixture is also called a
solution. Of course, different amounts of salt and
water can be mixed to form various solutions, but a
homogeneous mixture (a solution) does not vary
in composition from one region to another. Figure 1.4 Air Components
What’s More
II. Tell if the statement shows a physical change or chemical change. Use
a separate sheet for your answer.
a. Gasoline
b. Stream with gravel at the bottom
c. Air
d. Brass
e. Copper metal
Fill in the blanks with the correct word(s). Write your answers in a separate sheet
of paper.
1. A ________________________ involves a change in one or more physical
________, but no change in the fundamental components that make up the
What I Can Do
Think back of a recent breakfast or lunch. Describe two physical and two
chemical changes that were involved in the meal and explain why you think each
was a physical and chemical change.
Then, write a paragraph describing a common activity (such as baking bread or
driving a motorcycle). Underline the physical changes (use one line) and
chemical changes (use two line) taking place within the activity. Select and
describe an activity that is sure to have at least two physical changes and two
chemical changes
(https://www.woodstown.org/cms/lib4/NJ01001783/Centricity/Domain/8/Texts
/ACS/resources/ac/ch8/act1.pdf).
Identify which components from the activities written above are elements,
compounds, homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures.
Assessment
a. A gaseous compound
b. A mixture of two gaseous elements
c. A solid element
d. A mixture of gaseous element and a gaseous compound
Additional Activities
Read the following questions carefully. Please answer them to the best of
your ability.
What I Know
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet
of paper.
Lesso
Common Substances and
n 2 Separation of Mixtures
So many people are familiar with common chemicals inside the household.
Large amounts of chemicals are produced each year and serve as raw materials
for a variety of uses, including the manufacture of metals, plastics, fertilizers,
pharmaceuticals, fuels, paints, adhesives, pesticides, synthetic fibers,
microprocessor chips, and many other products. We will encounter many of these
substances and their uses as this subject progresses.
What’s In
Matter, as seen in the previous lesson, can have different properties – either
which these could be physical or chemical. These properties are very helpful in
classifying such matter, determining its uses, and knowing the techniques on
how to separate its components when it is classified as a mixture. So, dig into
our next lesson, as we study common matter found in our surroundings and
using their distinct properties in separating substances combined to form a
mixture.
What’s New
List at least 10 essential consumer products found in your home. Copy the
table below in a sheet of paper and fill your table with each product’s use,
safety, quality and cost. Then, answer the guide questions that follow.
Product Use Safety Quality / Cost
Description
Guide Questions:
What is It
The following table shows some of the very common chemicals in our
surroundings with their corresponding chemical names and chemical formulas.
Some compounds are always referred to by their common names. The two
best examples are water (H2O) and ammonia (NH3). Many of these substances
are combined to form mixtures.
Formation of Mixtures
Separation of Mixtures
Separation Techniques
There are many different techniques for separating mixtures into their
components. The most appropriate technique depends on the type of mixture
and the physical properties of the components. It also depends on whether you
want to retrieve all of the components or not.
Some of the main separation techniques are shown in the table below.
Decanting
Sieving
Filtration
Filtration is a special form of sieving that separates very fine solid particles
from liquid or gas mixtures. Filter paper (or a similar substance with very fine
pores) is used as a sieve. For example, air and water filters are used in a variety
of applications to keep air and water free from minute dust and other particles. In
a laboratory, filtration is often carried out by placing filter paper in a funnel,
pouring the mixture into the funnel and collecting the filtered liquid in a beaker.
The liquid that passes through the filter is called the filtrate and the solid that
gets trapped in the filter is called the residue.
Separating Funnel
A separating funnel can be used to separate a mixture of two non-miscible
liquids – that is, liquids that do not mix together to form a homogeneous solution.
When such a mixture is allowed to settle, the less dense liquid will form a layer
on top of the more dense liquid. A tap attached to the separating funnel allows
the bottom liquid layer to be drained, while the top liquid layer remains in the
flask and can be drained separately. This technique is mostly used to separate
liquids that are miscible in water from liquids that are non-miscible in water. An
oil-water mixture would be an example of this.
Centrifugation
which forces part of the mixture to settle at the bottom of the tube. It can be
used for separating solid particles from liquids, or for separating non-miscible
liquids. After centrifugation, the top liquid layer can be carefully removed using
a pipette. Examples include the separation of fat from milk and the separation
of different components in blood (red blood cells, white blood cells and
plasma).
Centrifugation can also be combined with sieving for separating liquids from
solids. For example, washing machines and salad spinners combine
centrifuging and sieving to remove excess water from clothes and salad
greens.
Magnetic Separation
Evaporation
water and the crystallization of solutes. For example, sea salt is recovered by the
evaporation of sea water.
Chromatography
What’s More
Instruction: Based from the illustration, name the pointed parts. Use a separate
sheet of paper for your answers.
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate answers. Write your answers on a
separate sheet of paper.
6. ______________ and ___________ are chemicals that always use their common
names.
7. Mixtures are ______________ combinations of substances. Therefore, they
can be separated by _______________ processes.
8. The best technique for separating a mixture depends on the ______________
and the properties of the _________________.
9. Separation techniques take advantage of differing ______________ of the
components of a mixture.
10.Separation techniques can be divided into those that separate
_________________ mixtures and those that separate _______________
mixtures.
11.Decanting involves separating a liquid _______________ from a solid
___________ by gently pouring off the liquid.
12.___________________ involves separating components of a mixture based on
their different sizes.
13._______________ is a special form of sieving where ___________ is used to
trap very fine solid particles from liquid or gas mixtures. The part of the
mixture that passes through the filter is called the _____________ and the
solid particles that get trapped in the filter are called the ________________.
Dissolved particles are able to pass through the filter paper.
14.______________ separates heterogeneous mixtures by spinning them at high
speeds. This causes the different ____________ to separate into ____________.
15.Magnetism can be used for separating ____________ materials from
____________ materials.
16.Evaporation is used for recovering _____________ substances from
_____________. The _______________ is evaporated and the ____________ is
crystallized.
17.________________ also involves evaporation, but includes the collection of
the evaporated substance, known as the ______________. The evaporated
substance is passed through a tube, known as a ____________. This tube is
surrounded by ______________, which cools the evaporated substance,
causing it to ______________ from gas back to ______________. Distillation can
be used for separating homogeneous mixtures of liquids with different
__________________.
18._________________ separates mixtures based on their differing levels of
attraction to two substances, known as the _____________ phase and the
___________ phase. An example is _______________, which can be used to
separate pigments in ink.
What I Can Do
Imagine the following situation:
Jane’s mobile phone was stolen in class and a note was left behind, demanding
Php 500 for its return. She suspected five people in her class, but was not sure
who could have done it. All the suspects denied taking the phone and writing the
note, but agreed to have their pens tested by Jane, to see if their ink matched
that on the note.
Jane performed paper chromatography on the ink from each person’s pen as well
as the ink from the note. The results are shown below.
2. Who has the pen with ink that has the most number of pigments?
A) Andrei B) Kate C) Mary D) Michelle E) Sam
3. Who has the pen with ink containing only one type of pigment?
A) Andrei B) Kate C) Mary D) Michelle E) Sam
4. Whose pen has the ink with pigments that spread out the most?
A) Andrei B) Kate C) Mary D) Michelle E) Sam
B)
5. Who could be the possible one making the wrong act?
A) Andrei B) Kate C) Mary D) Michelle E) Sam
B. Jane did not use water as the mobile phase, instead she used alcohol when
she performed paper chromatography. Why do you think she chose to use a
different substance?
______________________________________________________________________
Assessment
Directions: Read the questions below and use a sheet of paper for your answers.
I. Choose the best separation technique for separating the mixtures in
the table. You can choose a technique more than once from the list
below.
• Centrifugation • Evaporation
• Chromatography • Filtration
• Decanting • Magnetism
• Distillation • Sieving
Separation
Mixture
Technique
a) salt and water (only salt needs to be recovered)
j) water-soluble ink
II. Describe how you could separate the following mixtures. You will need
to perform more than one step to recover all components.
Additional Activities
Extension Questions:
Further Research
The following questions will require you to conduct your own research.
Choose one (1) that may interest you. Write your answers on a bond
paper.
1. Research the fractional distillation of crude oil. What different products
can be separated and what are some examples of their different uses?
3. Research techniques for recycling water and list some of the uses of
recycled water. Why do you think recycled water is such a contentious
issue? Do you think recycled drinking water is safe? Would you drink it?