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Assigment of Microcomputer

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22 views2 pages

Assigment of Microcomputer

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bentstradingltd
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Group Assigment of microcomputer 16/10/2023

202110712

Group 1
Evolution and classification of microprocessors
Evolution :
1. First-Generation Microprocessors (Early 1970s): The first microprocessors were 4-bit
and 8-bit processors, such as the Intel 4004 and 8008. They were basic and used in
calculators and simple control applications.
2. Second-Generation Microprocessors (Late 1970s): The Intel 8080 and Motorola 6800
were among the early 8-bit microprocessors. These processors found wider use in
early personal computers.
3. Third-Generation Microprocessors (Early to Mid-1980s): The introduction of 16-bit
microprocessors like the Intel 8086/8088 and Motorola 68000 marked a significant
step. These processors powered early PCs and had greater computational capabilities.
4. Fourth-Generation Microprocessors (Late 1980s to Early 1990s): 32-bit processors
like the Intel 80386 (386) and Motorola 68020 offered even greater processing power
and became the foundation for more advanced operating systems and applications.
5. Fifth-Generation Microprocessors (Mid-1990s to Present): The evolution continued
with 64-bit processors like the Intel Pentium and later generations. These processors
enabled more memory addressing and supported advanced multimedia and
multitasking.
6. Multicore and Parallel Processors (Early 2000s - Present): To improve performance,
microprocessors began incorporating multiple cores, allowing for parallel processing.
This approach is prominent in modern CPUs.
Classification:
Microprocessors can be classified based on various criteria:
1. Bit Size:
 8-bit: Examples include Intel 8080.
 16-bit: Examples include Intel 8086.
 32-bit: Examples include Intel 80386.
 64-bit: Examples include Intel Core i7.
2. Manufacturer:
 Intel, AMD, ARM, and others produce microprocessors.
3. Usage:
 General-purpose: Found in most personal computers.
 Embedded: Designed for specific applications (e.g., in automobiles or
appliances).
 Mobile: Optimized for smartphones and tablets.
4. Architecture:
 CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer): Emphasizes single, complex
instructions.
 RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer): Emphasizes a small set of simple
instructions for faster execution.
5. Clock Speed and Performance:
 High-performance processors for gaming and workstations.
 Low-power processors for mobile devices.
6. Number of Cores:
 Dual-core, quad-core, hexa-core, etc.
7. Instruction Set Architecture (ISA):
 x86 (common in PCs), ARM (used in mobile devices), MIPS, etc.
8. Manufacturing Process:
 Nanometer processes (e.g., 7nm, 14nm) for size and power efficiency.
9. Specialized Processors:
 Graphics Processing Units (GPUs), Digital Signal Processors (DSPs), and Neural
Processing Units (NPUs) are specialized microprocessors for graphics, signal
processing, and artificial intelligence, respectively.

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