Indian J Pure Appl Math

https://doi.org/10.1007/s13226-021-00116-6

O RI G I NA L RES E A RC H

Simple waves for two-dimensional

magnetohydrodynamics with extended Chaplygin gas
Rahul Barthwal • T. Raja Sekhar

Received: 24 February 2020 / Accepted: 8 June 2021

Ó The Indian National Science Academy 2021

Abstract In this work, we discuss the existence of simple waves for the two-dimensional compressible
magnetohydrodynamics equations with extended Chaplygin gas. We use the sufficient conditions for the
existence of characteristic decompositions to a general quasilinear strictly hyperbolic system and we are
able to establish that there must be a simple wave adjacent to a constant state to the above considered
system.

Keywords Simple Waves  Magnetohydrodynamics  Characteristic decomposition  Chaplygin gas

1 Introduction

The Riemann invariants are very significant for finding the solution of hyperbolic system of conservation
laws [1]. It has been known that for a 2  2 hyperbolic system
Wt þ GðWÞx ¼ 0; x 2 R; t [ 0 ð1Þ
here W ¼ ðw1 ; w2 Þ and GðWÞ ¼ ðG1 ðWÞ; G2 ðWÞÞ, can be written as
Xt þ k1 Xx ¼ 0; Yt þ k2 Yx ¼ 0;
where X and Y are Riemann invariants and the eigenvalues of the system (1) are denoted by ki ðWÞ; i ¼ 1; 2.
The simple waves play a very important role in describing the very complicated structures of two-
dimensional gas dynamics system, fluid flow problems and etc. (see [1–8]). From the invariance of X and Y,
we can conclude that the flow region adjacent to a constant state is a simple wave. But, the approach of
finding Riemann invariants has certain limitations. In general Riemann invariants may or may not exist for
more than 2  2 system [9]. In order to study the simple waves for hyperbolic system of conservation laws,
characteristic decomposition method is one of the powerful technique and firstly it was discussed for the
pressure-gradient system by Dai and Zhang [10] which was extended to compressible Euler system for
polytropic gas [11] and non-ideal gas [12]. The extension of very famous theorem of the Courant and
Friedrichs for a general non-reducible 2  2 quasi-linear hyperbolic system using characteristic decompo-
sition was studied by Hu and Sheng [13, 14]. Using these results Chen and Sheng [15] proved the existence

Communicated by V D Sharma.

R. Barthwal  T. Raja Sekhar (&)

Department of Mathematics, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
E-mail: [email protected]
R. Barthwal
E-mail: [email protected]

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 R. Barthwal, T. R. Sekhar

of simple waves for magnetohydrodynamics model with van der Waals equation of state. Our main aim of
this work is to extend the results of Chen and Sheng [15] for a more general Chaplygin gas, which is a better
candidate for describing the astronomical phenomena, such as IA supernovae(SNIa) [16, 17], accelerated
expansion of universe and plasma physics.
With the help of observational evidences modern cosmology has been successful to show that the
expansion of universe is accelerated. The dark energy having negative pressure is the best candidate to
describe the accelerating expansion of the universe. There are several models which can be helpful to
describe dark energy of the universe. The famous Chaplygin gas equation is one of the basic equation to
describe negative pressure and many astronomical models to explain dark energy are based on it [18, 19].
The Chaplygin gas equation was extended to generalized Chaplygin gas equation [20] for obtaining results
matching with the observational data. In 2014, Naji [21] proposed extended Chaplygin gas model which has
an equation of state of the form
B
p ¼ Aqn  a ð2Þ
q
where A and B are either constants or functions of entropy S only.
For n ¼ 1, (2) reduces to modified Chaplygin gas equation, which was proposed by Benaoum [22].
Here, we propose a more realistic version of extended Chaplygin gas model whose equation of state is
 n
q B
p¼A  a
1  aq q
where a is a constant called the van der Waals excluded volume and A and B are either constants or
functions of entropy S only. For BðSÞ ¼ 0 this equation becomes co-volume equation of state [23], for
BðSÞ ¼ 0 and a ¼ 0 this gas behaves as polytropic perfect gas and for AðSÞ ¼ 0 this gas behaves as
generalized Chaplygin gas. For different Chaplygin gas models we refer [24–27] and references cited
therein.
In this work, we consider ideal magneto-fluid having no conduction and viscosity effects. Then the
unsteady compressible magnetohydrodynamics equations read as [28, 29]
oq
þ r:ðqVÞ ¼ 0;
ot
o
ðqVÞ þ r:ðqV  V þ pI Þ  lðr  HÞ  H ¼ 0;
ot  
o 1 ð3Þ
qE þ ljHj2 þ r:ðqV Þ ¼ 0;
ot 2
oH
þ r  ðH  VÞ ¼ 0;
ot
r:H ¼ 0;
jVj2
where q denotes the density, V ¼ ðu; v; wÞ is the velocity of fluid, E ¼ e þ is the total specific energy
2 l is a constant called the
where e ¼ eðS; qÞ is the specific internal energy and S is the specific entropy,
magnetic permeability and H ¼ ðH1 ; H2 ; H3 Þ is the magnetic field vector.
We consider that the magnetic field and velocity of fluid are orthogonal to each other which follows that
V ¼ ðu; v; 0Þ and H ¼ ð0; 0; HÞ. Further, we also assume that the variables under consideration u; v; q; p and
H do not depend on the variable z. Then using continuity equation and magnetic field equations together, we
obtain
qt þ ðquÞx þðqvÞy ¼ 0;
Ht þ ðHuÞx þðHvÞy ¼ 0:

On solving these two equations we obtain

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Simple waves for two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamics...

     
H H H
þu þv ¼ 0; ð4Þ
q t q x q y
H
which implies that along each stream line H=q is constant. Hence, we can consider ¼ j0 , where j0 is a
positive constant [30]. These assumptions lead us to the reduced system as follows q
qt þ ðquÞx þðqvÞy ¼ 0;
 l 
ðquÞt þ qu2 þ p þ H 2 þðquvÞy ¼ 0;
 2 x
l  ð5Þ
ðqvÞt þðquvÞx þ qv þ p þ H 2
2
¼ 0;
2 y
 l 2    
qE þ H þ quE þ up þ luH 2 x þ qvE þ vp þ lvH 2 y ¼ 0;
2 t

with equation of state of the from

 n
q BðSÞ
pðq; SÞ ¼ AðSÞ  ð6Þ
1  aq qa
where 1  n  3 and 0\a  1.
In this paper, we are providing some preliminaries in section 2. In section 3 and 4, we prove that adjacent
to a constant state there exists a simple wave for isentropic steady system and isentropic unsteady system
respectively. In section 5, we consider full magnetohydrodynamics system utilizing the fact that the vorticity
and entropy are constants in the direction of the pseudo-flow characteristics.

2 Preliminaries

Definition 2.1 A system of the form

A1 un þ B1 ug þ C1 vn þ D1 vg þ E1 ¼ 0;
ð7Þ
A2 un þ B2 ug þ C2 vn þ D2 vg þ E2 v ¼ 0
is called reducible if the coefficients Ai , Bi , Ci and Di depend on u and v only and not on n and g. If these
coefficients depend on n and g also, then such a system is called non-reducible [2].
Definition 2.2 A state W is said to be adjacent to a state W0 , if in physical space there are two open sets D
and D0 having a common curve l such that W and W0 are classical solutions of hyperbolic system in
conservative form in D and D0 respectively with W and W0 being continuous across l [3].
Fundamental theorem of Courant and Friedrichs
For reducible systems the flow in a region adjacent to a region of constant state is a simple wave [2].
Characteristic decompositions of general 2  2 quasilinear systems
Let us consider a general 2  2 strictly hyperbolic quasilinear system of the form
    
w1 a11 a12 w1
þ ¼0 ð8Þ
w2 x a21 a22 w2 y

such that the coefficients aij depend upon the variables x; y; w1 and w2 , for i; j ¼ 1; 2.
For the existence of characteristic decomposition of the system (8) Hu and Sheng [13, 14] provided
general sufficient conditions. Using the characteristic decomposition method they were able to extend the
result of Courant and Friedrichs for general non-reducible system, provided, aij ’s satisfy the following
conditions
a21 A2  a12 A3 ¼ 0;
ða22  a11 ÞA3 þ a21 ðA1  A4 Þ ¼ 0; ð9Þ
ða22  a11 ÞA2 þ a12 ðA1  A4 Þ ¼ 0
where

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 R. Barthwal, T. R. Sekhar

A1 ¼ a11x þ a11 a11y þ a21 a12y ; A2 ¼ a12x þ a12 a11y þ a22 a12y ;
ð10Þ
A3 ¼ a21x þ a11 a21y þ a21 a22y ; A4 ¼ a22x þ a12 a21y þ a22 a22y
and w1 and w2 are parameters in coefficients aij ¼ aij ðx; y; w1 ; w2 Þ; i; j ¼ 1; 2.
They were able to prove that if (9) holds then adjacent to a constant state the flow region is a simple
wave in which the variables ðw1 ; w2 Þ are constant in the direction of a family of characteristics. The
noteworthy point here is that the characteristics may not be straight lines.
In particular, if aij ’s satisfy
A1 ¼ A2 ¼ A3 ¼ A4 ¼ 0; ð11Þ
then the family of characteristics are straight lines and along them variables ðw1 ; w2 Þ are constant.

3 Steady magnetohydrodynamics system

Assuming the flow is smooth the isentropic steady magnetohydrodynamics system reduces to the following
form
qux þ qvy þ uqx þ vqy ¼ 0; ð12Þ
   
q uux þ vuy þ pq þ lHHq qx ¼ 0; ð13Þ
   
q uvx þ vvy þ pq þ lHHq qy ¼ 0; ð14Þ
with equation of state
 n
q B
pðqÞ ¼ A  ; ð15Þ
1  aq qa
where 1  n  3, 0\a  1 and A; B [ 0 are constant since the flow is assumed to be isentropic.
Using (13) and (14) we obtain,
 
2 2 pq þ lHHq  
u ux þ uvðuy þ vx Þ þ v vy þ uqx þ vqy ¼ 0 ð16Þ
q
Now we assume that the flow is irrotational, i.e., vx ¼ uy , which yields
   
ðpq þ lHHq Þ  u2 ux  2uvuy þ ðpq þ lHHq Þ  v2 vy ¼ 0
which can be written as
   
x2  u2 ux  2uvuy þ x2  v2 vy ¼ 0;
ð17Þ
vx  uy ¼ 0;sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
rffiffiffiffiffiffi
1 dp Anqn1 Ba
where x ¼ ðc2 þ bp2 2
Þffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
is called magneto-acoustic speed with c ¼ ¼ nþ1
þ aþ1 is the speed
dq ð1  aqÞ q
of sound and b ¼ lj20 q is the Alfven speed.
The system (17) can be written in matrix form as
0 1
  2uv x 2
 v2  
u u
þ @ x2  u2 x2  u2 A ¼ 0: ð18Þ
v x v y
1 0
Also, on integrating the momentum equation (13) with the irrotationality condition we get the Bernoulli’s
law as
u2 þ v2 Aðnqn1  aqn Þ Ba 1
þ n aþ1
þ lj20 q ¼ Constant: ð19Þ
2 ðn  1Þð1  aqÞ ða þ 1Þ q

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Simple waves for two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamics...

Now, since the coefficients aij in (18) depend only on u and v so the steady isentropic magnetohydrody-
namics system is reducible. Hence, we can directly use the theorem of Courant and Friedrichs [2] to get the
following result.
Theorem 3.1 Adjacent to a constant state, any hyperbolic state for the two-dimensional steady isentropic
irrotational magnetohydrodynamics system with an extended Chaplygin gas or a generalized Chaplygin gas
is a simple wave. Further, along a family of wave characteristics which are straight lines, physical variables
ðu; v; xÞ are constant.

4 Pseudo-steady magnetohydrodynamics system

Let us denote U ¼ ðu  nÞ and V ¼ ðv  gÞ as pseudo-flow velocity. Then assuming that the flow is
isentropic and smooth, we can write the magnetohydrodynamics system in self-similar plane
x y
ðn; gÞ ¼ ; . The reduced equation of magnetohydrodynamics are as follows
t t
Uqn þ Vqg þ qUn þ qUg þ 2q ¼ 0; ð20Þ
1 
pq þ lHHq qn þ UUn þ VUg þ U ¼ 0; ð21Þ
q
1 
pq þ lHHq qg þ UVn þ VUg þ V ¼ 0; ð22Þ
q
with the equation of state
 n
q B
pðqÞ ¼ A 
1  aq qa
where 1  n  3 and 0\a  1.
Using (21) and (22) we obtain
 
pq þ lHHq  
U 2 Un þ UVðUg þ Vn Þ þ V 2 Vg þ Uqn þ Vqg þ ðU 2 þ V 2 Þ ¼ 0: ð23Þ
q
Now using (23) and assuming that the flow is irrotational, i.e., vn ¼ ug , we obtain
 2   
x  U 2 un  2UVug þ x2  V 2 vg ¼ 0;
ð24Þ
v n ¼ ug ;
rffiffiffiffiffiffi sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
2
1
2 2 dp Anqn1 Ba
where x ¼ ðc þ bpÞffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
is called magneto-acoustic speed with c ¼ ¼ nþ1
þ aþ1 is the speed
dq ð1  aqÞ q
of sound and b ¼ lj20 q is called Alfven speed.
Similar to the steady case, we can rewrite (24) in the following form
0 1
  2UV x2  V 2  u 
u
þ @ x2  U 2 x2  U 2 A ¼0 ð25Þ
v n v g
1 0
Clearly, in this case the system is non-reducible, since the coefficients aij now depend upon u; v; n and g as
well.
Now, since the flow is assumed to be irrotational, so there exist a scalar potential / such that /n ¼ U and
/g ¼ V.
Now integrating (21) with respect to n and using irrotationality condition we obtain the pseudo-Ber-
noulli’s law as follows:
 
U2 þ V 2 Aðnqn1  aqn Þ Ba 1
þ n aþ1
þ lj20 q þ / ¼ Constant: ð26Þ
2 ðn  1Þð1  aqÞ aþ1 q
Now taking q as a function of u and v, i.e., q ¼ qðu; vÞ, we have

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 R. Barthwal, T. R. Sekhar

qn ¼ q u u n þ qv v n
which on comparing with momentum equations and using the irrotationality condition gives qu ¼
x2 x2
ðn  uÞ and qv ¼ ðg  vÞ.
q q
Now differentiating (26) with respect to n and g, we can easily obtain qn ¼ qg ¼ 0, which clearly shows
that ðx2 Þn ¼ ðx2 Þg ¼ 0.
Then by direct computation we have,
! !   2 
2UV 2UV 2UV x  V2
A1 ¼ þ þ
ðx2  U 2 Þ2 n ðx2  U 2 Þ2 x2  U 2 g x2  U 2 g
2Vðx2  U 2 þ 4U 2 VÞ 4U 2 V 2V
¼  
ðx2  U 2 Þ2 ðx2  U 2 Þ2 x2  U2
¼ 0;
    2  
2UV 2UV x  V2 2UV ð27Þ
A2 ¼ þ
x2  U 2 x2  U 2 n x2  U 2 x2  U 2 g
2Uðx2  V 2 Þ 2Uðx2  V 2 Þ
¼ þ
ðx2  U 2 Þ2 ðx2  U 2 Þ2
¼ 0;
A3 ¼ 0;
A4 ¼ 0:
Hence, the coefficients of the system satisfies the relation in (11). Hence, we directly have the following
result.
Theorem 4.1 In self-similar plane adjacent to a constant state, the flow region for the two-dimensional
irrotational isentropic unsteady magnetohydrodynamics system with an extended Chaplygin gas or a
generalized Chaplygin gas is a simple wave. Further, along a family of wave characteristics which are
straight lines, physical variables ðu; v; xÞ are constant.

5 Full Magnetohydrodynamics system

The full magnetohydrodynamics system in self-similar plane reduces to

ðu  nÞqn þ ðv  gÞqg þ qðun þ vg Þ ¼ 0;
pq þ lHHq
ðu  nÞun þ ðv  gÞug þ ¼ 0;
q
pq þ lHHq ð28Þ
ðu  nÞvn þ ðv  gÞvg þ ¼ 0;
q
p 
ðu  nÞen þ ðv  gÞeg þ un þ vg ¼ 0
q
where e is the internal energy which can be defined as
  n1  
A q B 1
eðqÞ ¼ þ :
n  1 1  aq a þ 1 qaþ1
We call os ¼ ðu  nÞon þ ðv  gÞog as pseudo-flow characteristic direction. Then, without loss of
generality, if we take AðSÞ ¼ BðSÞ then the system (28) becomes

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Simple waves for two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamics...

os q þ qðun þ vg Þ ¼ 0;
pq þ lHHq
os u þ ¼ 0;
q
pq þ lHHq ð29Þ
os v þ ¼ 0;
q
qnþa  ð1  aqÞn
os p þ ðun þ vg Þ ¼ 0:
pð1  aqÞðnqnþa þ að1  aqÞn1 Þ
Using energy and continuity equation in self-similar plane, we can obtain by direct computation
0 1
B p C
os B
@ n C ¼ 0: ð30Þ
q 1A
 a
1  aq q
So that the flow along the pseudo-flow direction is isentropic as the entropy is constant along pseudo-flow
direction.
Also if we denote X ¼ vx  uy , then we have
   
py þ lHHq qy px þ lHHq qx
Xt þ ðuXÞx þ ðvXÞy þ  ¼0 ð31Þ
q x q y

which in self-similar plane gives

 
X
os ¼0 ð32Þ
q
so that the flow is irrotational also along pseudo-flow direction.
Hence, along the pseudo-flow direction, flow is irrotational and isentropic, so that we have following
result using the result of last section.
Theorem 5.1 For the full magnetohydrodynamics system with an extended Chaplygin gas or generalized
Chaplygin gas, if pseudo-flow characteristics extend into a constant state, then in self-similar plane,
adjacent to a constant state there exist a simple wave. And along a family of wave characteristics which are
straight lines, physical variables ðu; v; xÞ are constant.

6 Conclusions

In this paper we derived the existence of simple waves adjacent to a constant state for magnetohydrody-
namics system with extended Chaplygin gas. These results are helpful to explain solutions of flow problems
related to astronomical phenomena. Our equation of state is an unique realistic extension of extended
Chaplygin gas equation available in literature. In future based on these results we will discuss the interaction
of simple waves for some special kind of initial data which will turn our problem eventually into a two-
dimensional Riemann problem. In particular, we will study gas expansion problem from a wedge.

Acknowledgements The first author gratefully acknowledge the research support from University Grant Commission,
Government of India.

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