Implement Programs to Understand

The Concept of Array

Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering

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 Outcomes

Things we will try to learn in this lab,

Understand the concept of array.
Declare and initialize 1D-array and 2D-array.

Apply searching and sorting techniques in Array and know

about complexities.

Write programs to solve different problems using Array.

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 Introduction

An array is a fixed-size sequenced collection of related

data items that share a common name.
For example: salaries of a group of employees in an
organization.
int salary[10]; //declaration of salary of 10 employee
salary[0] //represents the salary of 1st employee
Complete set of values- array
Individual values- elements

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 Types of Array

One dimensional arrays

A list of items can be given one variable name using only one
subscript and such a variable is called a one dimensional array.

Two dimensional arrays

Situations where a table of values will have to be stored.

Multidimensional arrays
Situations where more than one table is required.

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 One-Dimensional Arrays

The elements, the values of the items, of a

one-dimensional array are conceptually arranged one
after another in a single row.
int a[n];

a[0] a[1] a[n-1]

Array elements are always numbered starting from

0, so the elements of an array of length n are indexed
from 0 to n-1

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 Declaration of Arrays

type variable-name [size];

type specifies the type of element that will be
contained in the array such as int, float, char
Variable name must follow the rules of declaring
variable that we have learned before
Size indicates the maximum number of elements
that can be stored in the array.
float height [50];
int group [10];
char name [20];

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 Initialization of Arrays

After declaration the elements of an array must be

initialized.

If an array is not properly initialized then it will

contain garbage values.

An array can be initialized at,

Compile time
Run time

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 Compile Time Initialization

type array-name [size] ={list of values}

int a[10] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10};

int a[10] = {1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6};

/* {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0} */

int a[10] = {0};

/* {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0} */

int a[ ] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10};

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 Run Time Initialization

Arrays can also be explicitly initialized at runtime.

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 Indexing

C doesn’t require that subscript bounds be checked. If

a subscript goes out of range, the program’s behavior
is undefined.

int a[10]={0};
print(“%d”, a[10])

Array subscript may be any integer expression,

a[i+j*10];
a[i] = b[i++];

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 Searching

Searching is the process of finding the location of the

specific element in an array.

The specified element is called the search key

Commonly used search techniques,

Sequential/linear search
Binary search

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 Linear Search
Write a program to search an element in array,

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 Complexity

Best case complexity: O (1)

searched element is the first element of the array

Average case complexity: O (n)

Worst case complexity: O (n)

searched element is the last element of the array

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 Sorting

Sorting is the process of arranging elements in the

array according to their values.

An array can be sorted either in ascending or

descending order.

Commonly used sorting techniques,

Bubble sort
Selection sort
Insertion sort

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 Bubble Sort
Bubble sort can be implemented by following steps,
1.Start at index zero,
a. compare the element with the next one (a[0] & a[1]), and
swap if a[0] > a[1].
b. Now compare a[1] & a[2] and swap if a[1] > a[2].
c. Repeat this process until the end of the array. After doing
this, the largest element is present at the end.
d. This whole thing is known as a pass. In the first pass, we
process array elements from [0,n-1].
2.Repeat step one but process array elements [0, n-2] because the
last one, i.e., a[n-1], is present at its correct position. After this
step, the largest two elements are present at the end.
3.Repeat this process n-1 times.

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Bubble Sort

5 7 1 4 2 3

5 1 4 2 3 7

1 4 2 3 5 7

1 2 3 4 5 7

1 2 3 4 5 7

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 Two-dimensional Arrays

A two-dimensional array consists of both rows and

columns of elements. It is essentially a matrix.

To declare a two-dimensional array, we merely use

two sets of square brackets. The first contains the
number of rows. The second contains the number of
columns.

//Creates a 2D array with 3 rows and 4 columns

int vals[3][4];

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 Two-dimensional Arrays

Tables with rows and columns (m by n array)

Like matrices: specify row, then column

Col 0 Col 1 Col 2

Row 0 ara[0][0] ara[0][1] ara[0][2]

Row 1 ara[1][0] ara[1][1] ara[1][2]

Row 2 ara[2][0] ara[2][1] ara[2][2]

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 Initializing 2D arrays

You can use additional braces to indicate when rows start and
end, but you don’t have to do that.

int val[3][4] = { {8,16,9,52}, 8 16 9 52

{3,15,27,6}, 3 15 27 6
{14,25,2,10} 14 25 2 10
};

int val[3][4] = {8,16,9,52,3,15,27,6,14,25,2,10};

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 Initializing 2D arrays

Initialization

• int b[ 2 ][ 2 ] = { { 1, 2 }, { 3, 4 } }; 1 2
• Initializers grouped by row in braces 3 4

• If not enough, unspecified elements set to zero 1 0

• int b[ 2 ][ 2 ] = { { 1 }, { 3, 4 } }; 3 4

Referencing elements
• Specify row, then column
• printf( "%d", b[ 0 ][ 1 ] );

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 Using 2D arrays

Just like 1D arrays, once you have specified the index,

you are just working with a single variable of the given
data type.

2D arrays work well with (for) loops like 1D arrays.

However, to access all elements, typically you will
need nested loops for 2D arrays.

Can you see why?

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 Example (1)
...
int main()
{
int NUM_ROW=3;
int NUM_COL=4;
int row,col;
int vals[NUM_ROW][NUM_COL] = { {11, 12, 13, 14},
{21, 22, 23, 24},
{31, 32, 33, 34} };
// output the transpose of the array
for (row = 0; row < NUM_ROW; row++)
{
for (col = 0; col < NUM_COL; col++)
{
printf(“%d”,vals[row][col]);
}
printf(“\n”);
}
...

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 Example (2)
...
int main()
{
int NUM_ROW=3;
int NUM_COL=4;
int row,col;
int vals[NUM_ROW][NUM_COL] = { {11, 12, 13, 14},
{21, 22, 23, 24},
{31, 32, 33, 34} };
// output the transpose of the array
for (col = 0; col < NUM_COL; col++)
{
for (row = 0; row < NUM_ROW; row++)
{
printf(“%d”,vals[row][col]);
}
printf(“\n”);
}
...

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 Matrix Addition Algorithm

Add two n x m matrices A, B;

▪ for each row i of A do

▪ for each column j of A do
▪ C[i][j] = A[i][j] + B[i][j];

Output matrices A, B and C.

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 matrixAdd.cpp
...
int main()
{
int NUM_ROWS=3; // number of matrix rows
int NUM_COLS=2; // number of matrix columns
int i,j;

// Note: A, B and C have the same dimensions

int A[NUM_ROWS][NUM_COLS] = { {3, 3}, {1, 1}, {2, 0} };
int B[NUM_ROWS][NUM_COLS] = { {3, 0}, {3, 0}, {0, 1} };
int C[NUM_ROWS][NUM_COLS];

// C = A + B
for (i=0; i<NUM_ROWS; i++)
{
for (j=0; j<NUM_COLS; j++)
{
C[i][j] = A[i][j] + B[i][j];
}
}
...

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 matrixAdd.cpp (2)

...
// display C
for (i=0; i<NUM_ROWS; i++)
{
for (j=0; j<NUM_COLS; j++)
{
printf(“%d”,C[i][j]);
}
printf(“\n”);
}
printf(“\n”);
...

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 Common Programming Errors

Addressing indices that are out of bounds of the array

range. This will run-time crash or at the very least a
logical error. Be careful especially when using
expressions to compute the indices.
▪ Remember, indexing starts with 0, not 1!!!

Forgetting to declare the array (either altogether or

forgetting the [])

Assuming the array is initialized (to zero.)

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 Exercises

1. Write a C program to find maximum and minimum element in an array.

2. Write a C program to find second largest element in an array.

3. Write a C program to find sum of each row and column of a matrix .

4. Write a C program to find sum of minor diagonal elements of a matrix.

5. Write a C program to check Symmetric matrix.

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