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Performance Analysis of MIMO Spatial Multiplexing using different Antenna

Configurations and Modulation Techniques in AWGN Channel

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 Global Journal of Researches in Engineering: F
Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Volume 14 Issue 5 Version 1.0 Year 2014
Type: Double Blind Peer Reviewed International Research Journal
Publisher: Global Journals Inc. (USA)
Online ISSN: 2249-4596 & Print ISSN: 0975-5861

Performance Analysis of MIMO Spatial Multiplexing using

different Antenna Configurations and Modulation Techniques
in AWGN Channel
By Hardeep Singh & Lavish Kansal
Lovely Professional University, India
Abstract- Spatial Multiplexing (SM), which employs multiple antennas at transmitter as well as at
receiving side, is mainly responsible for the spectral efficiency enhancement in MIMO (Multiple
Input Multiple Output) systems without additional bandwidth and power requirement. In this
paper, MIMO Spatial Multiplexing technique is analyzed for different antenna configurations
(2×2, 3×3, 4×4) in AWGN (Additive White Gaussian Noise) channel using higher order
modulation techniques (M-PSK, M-QAM). The Zero Forcing detector is employed at the receiving
end. The performance of MIMO SM technique is compared for different antenna configurations
and simulated results shows that 0-2 db increment in SNR (Signal to Noise ratio) is required if
antenna configuration is changed from 2×2 to 3×3 and 0-3 db increment in SNR is required if
antenna configurations are changed from 3×3 to 4×4.
Index Terms: multiple input multiple output (MIMO), spatial multiplexing (SM), additive white
gaussian noise (AWGN), zero- forcing (ZF), bit error rate (BER).
GJRE-F Classification : FOR Code: 090609

PerformanceAnalysisofMIMOSpatialMultiplexingusingdifferentAntennaConfigurationsandModulationTechniquesinAWGNChannel
Strictly as per the compliance and regulations of :

© 2014. Hardeep Singh & Lavish Kansal. This is a research/review paper, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons
Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/), permitting all non commercial
use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
 Performance Analysis of MIMO Spatial
Multiplexing using different Antenna
Configurations and Modulation Techniques
in AWGN Channel
α σ
Hardeep Singh & Lavish Kansal

2014
Abstract- Spatial Multiplexing (SM), which employs multiple so various equalizers are used at the receiving side to

Year
antennas at transmitter as well as at receiving side, is mainly combat inter symbol interference. Zero Forcing equalizer
responsible for the spectral efficiency enhancement in MIMO is used for this purpose and it is easy to implement and
(Multiple Input Multiple Output) systems without additional 31
offers less computational complexity at the cost of noise
bandwidth and power requirement. In this paper, MIMO
enhancement [4].
Spatial Multiplexing technique is analyzed for different antenna

Global Journal of Researches in Engineering ( F ) Volume XIV Issue V Version I

configurations (2×2, 3×3, 4×4) in AWGN (Additive White Consider a MIMO system with two transmit
Gaussian Noise) channel using higher order modulation antenna and two receiving antenna shown in Fig. 1.
techniques (M-PSK, M-QAM). The Zero Forcing detector is
employed at the receiving end. The performance of MIMO SM
technique is compared for different antenna configurations
and simulated results shows that 0-2 db increment in SNR
(Signal to Noise ratio) is required if antenna configuration is
changed from 2×2 to 3×3 and 0-3 db increment in SNR is
required if antenna configurations are changed from 3×3 to
4×4.
Index Terms: multiple input multiple output (MIMO),
spatial multiplexing (SM), additive white gaussian noise
(AWGN), zero- forcing (ZF), bit error rate (BER).
I. Introduction Figure 1 : MIMO system with 2 transmit and 2 receive

N
ext generation wireless systems will require high antennas
data rates and better spectral efficiencies due to The MIMO system model is represented as:
multimedia applications. So MIMO (Multiple Input
Multiple Output) systems are the key solution to this 𝑌𝑌 = 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 + 𝑁𝑁 (1)
problem which employs multiple antennas at the Equation 1 is the MIMO system representation if
transmitter as well as at the receiving side [1]. In order to ‘Z’ is the no of transmitting antenna and ‘M’ is the no of
design MIMO systems we have to study the receiving antenna ,then 𝑌𝑌 is the received vector of
performance limits of MIMO systems in various channels ‘M×1’ dimension , H is the channel matrix of ‘Z×M’
for better QOS (quality of service) or high spectral dimension, 𝑋𝑋 is the transmit vector of ‘Z×1’ dimension
efficiencies. V-BLAST (Vertical- Bell Laboratories and 𝑁𝑁 is the noise vector of ‘M×1’ dimension.
Layered Space Time) architecture is the first practical MIMO systems offers 3 advantages Beam
implementation of MIMO systems which has attained forming, Spatial Multiplexing, Spatial Diversity based on
the spectral efficiency of 40bits/s/Hz [2]. V-BLAST Space time coding. The Space time coding jointly
architecture is simple and easy to implement in which encodes the data streams, which leads to reduction in
the data streams are de-multiplexed into ‘n’ independent symbol error rate due to channel fading. The space time
data Streams at the transmitter side and these ‘n’ coding improves the diversity gain and at the same time
independent streams are transmitted in parallel from ‘n’ improves the communication links. Higher order
independent transmitting antennas. The transmitted modulations can be applied to attain high data rates
streams are received at the receiver and these streams along with diversity gain in case of space time coding
are corrupted by noise [3]. [5].
In this paper, the MIMO Spatial Multiplexing
Author α σ : School of Electronics and Communication, Lovely technique is analyzed for different antenna
Professional University, Phagwara, Jalandhar, India. configurations and different modulation techniques in
e-mails: [email protected], [email protected] AWGN (Additive White Gaussian Noise) channel. The
© 20 14 Global Journals Inc. (US)
 Performance Analysis of MIMO Spatial Multiplexing using different Antenna Configurations and
Modulation Techniques in AWGN Channel

modulation techniques used are M-PSK (M-ary Phase the no of receiving antenna must be greater than or
Shift Keying) and M-QAM (M-ary Quadrature Amplitude equal to the no of transmitting antenna. The different
Modulation). The Zero Forcing detector is used at the data streams are sent in the same frequency domain
receiving end. The 2×2, 3×3, 4×4 antenna and with the same transmission power from different
configurations are analyzed for the above mentioned transmitting antenna as all the data streams follow
modulation techniques. different paths to reach the receiver [8]. The maximum
spatial streams are limited to minimum no of transmit
II. MIMO SPATIAL MULTIPLEXING and receive antennas. Spatial Multiplexing can be
Spatial Multiplexing is a technique which is implemented with or without channel knowledge [9].
responsible for increment in spectral efficiency of MIMO
III. Modulation Techniques
systems by transmitting independent streams from
independent antennas [6]. The data stream at the input The mapping of incoming digital bits onto the
2014

of a transmitter section is divided into ‘n’ independent analog carrier is known as modulation. As most
data streams and these ‘n’ independent data streams channels in the environment support pass band
Year

are transmitted from ‘n’ independent antennas. The communication, so signals at the transmitter side is
signal from ‘n’ independent antennas will follow different modulated with pass band carrier, so that it can be sent
32
paths to reach the receiver and these streams will arrive in the pass band spectrum. The various parameters of
at the receiver at the same time. The different spatial carrier wave are changed to convey information such as
Global Journal of Researches in Engineering ( F ) Volume XIV Issue V Version I

dimensions of the channel are utilized to carry different amplitude, frequency or phase. The antenna height is
data streams. Each of these paths will have different proportional to the wavelength of operation, so if we
spatial signatures at the receiving antenna. The operate at pass band frequencies, antennas of smaller
receiving antenna makes use of these spatial signatures heights has to be installed. With the help of modulation
to differentiate b/w symbols transmitted from different schemes the various signals can be multiplexed and
transmitting antenna. Thus the capacity gain of MIMO can be sent over the same channel and at the same
channel is increased by ‘N’ times, where Nis the no of time. At the receiver side inverse operation is performed,
transmitting antennas. The MIMO spatial multiplexing which is known as demodulation, in which the
system employing 2 transmit antenna and two receiving transmitted information is recovered.
antenna is described by Fig. 2.
a) Phase Shift Keying (M-PSK)
In Phase Shift Keying the information is
represented by changing the phase of a modulating
waveform. The amplitude of M-PSK modulated signal
waveform remains constant thereby yielding a circular
constellation [10]. The M-PSK modulated signal 𝑆𝑆𝑖𝑖 (𝑡𝑡) is
represented as:
2𝐸𝐸𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑖−1
𝑆𝑆𝑖𝑖 (𝑡𝑡) = � 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 �2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 + 2𝜋𝜋 � 𝑀𝑀 �� (2)
𝑇𝑇𝑆𝑆

𝑖𝑖 = 0,1,2, … … 𝑀𝑀
0 < 𝑡𝑡 < 𝑇𝑇𝑠𝑠
Where ′𝐸𝐸𝑠𝑠 ′ is the signal energy, ′𝑇𝑇𝑠𝑠 ′ is the
symbol duration, ′𝑓𝑓′𝑐𝑐 is the carrier frequency and ‘M’
Figure 2 : MIMO Spatial Multiplexing system possible signal waveforms. The carrier phase 𝜃𝜃𝑖𝑖 will
have M possible value which is given by:
The data streams corrupted by noise interfere π
with each other at the receiving antenna side, so we θi = 2(i − 1)M (3)
need equalizer to mitigate inter symbol interference. For
this purpose two types of equalizers can be employed at Signal space diagram for 8-PSK is given
the receiving side one is linear and another is non linear. by Fig. 3.
Linear receivers are used in majority of cases due to
their low computational complexity and implementation
is also easy. Zero Forcing and Minimum Mean Square
Error (MMSE) equalizers are kind of linear equalizers.
Maximum likelihood comes in the category of non linear
equalizers which is optimal but offers high
computational complexity [7]. For Spatial Multiplexing

© 2014 Global Journals Inc. (US)

 Performance Analysis of MIMO Spatial Multiplexing using different Antenna Configurations and
Modulation Techniques in AWGN Channel

a) AWGN Channel
In AWGN channel, the communication process
will have the addition of white noise, whose power
spectral density is flat for all the frequencies and its
amplitude is Gaussian distributed. The signal will not
undergo any kind of fading or frequency selectivity
process. The AWGN channel model is presented by
Fig. 4.

2014 Year
33

Global Journal of Researches in Engineering ( F ) Volume XIV Issue V Version I

Figure 3 : Signal space for 8-PSK Figure 4 : Block diagram of AWGN channel
b) Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (M-QAM) The received signal 𝑟𝑟(𝑡𝑡) can be modelled as:
In QAM two carriers, which are 90°
out of phase 𝑟𝑟(𝑡𝑡) = 𝑥𝑥(𝑡𝑡) + 𝑛𝑛(𝑡𝑡) (7)
are used to encode the incoming digital bits. Both
amplitude and phase variations are used to represent Where 𝑥𝑥(𝑡𝑡) is the transmitted signal and 𝑛𝑛(𝑡𝑡) is
the information. In 16-QAM four in-phase and four additive white Gaussian noise.
quadrature values are used which results in 16 possible
V. Zero Forcing Equalizer
states for the signal. The QAM modulation is more
spectrally efficient as compared to BPSK, QPSK, as When inter symbol interference dominates
symbol rate for QAM is ¼ of the bit rate [11]. The QAM noise, then zero forcing equalizer can be used to
modulated signal 𝑆𝑆𝑖𝑖 (𝑡𝑡) is represented as: recover the transmitted streams in case of MIMO SM.
This equalizer uses inverse frequency response of
2 2
𝑆𝑆𝑖𝑖 (𝑡𝑡) = �𝑇𝑇 𝑑𝑑𝑛𝑛 cos(2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡) − �𝑇𝑇 𝑒𝑒𝑛𝑛 sin(2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡) (4) channel to perform equalization operation. The
𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠
estimation of strongest signal is done by cancelling the
Where ′𝑑𝑑𝑛𝑛 ′ and ′𝑒𝑒𝑛𝑛 ′ are amplitudes values and effect of weakest signal from it. The estimated strongest
′𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 ′ is the carrier frequency. signal is subtracted from the received signal and it
performs calculations on the remaining signal to look for
𝑑𝑑𝑛𝑛 , 𝑒𝑒𝑛𝑛 = ±𝑎𝑎, ±3𝑎𝑎, … … … . ±(log 2 (𝑀𝑀 − 1))𝑎𝑎 (5) the strongest signal in the remaining transmitted signal
[13]. The received signal ‘S’ in case of MIMO SM (2×2)
Where ‘M’ is mostly taken as power of 4 and it
can be represented as:
represents the possible waveforms. The signal energy
𝐸𝐸𝑠𝑠 can be related to parameter a as: 𝑆𝑆 = 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 + 𝑛𝑛 (8)

3𝐸𝐸𝑠𝑠 Where ‘H’ represents the channel matrix, ‘a’ is

𝑎𝑎 = � (𝑀𝑀 − 1) (6) the transmitted vector, ‘n’ is the noise vector. The signal
2
𝑆𝑆1 on first receiving antenna is:
IV. Channels
𝑆𝑆1 = [ℎ1,1 ℎ1,2 ] �𝑎𝑎1� + 𝑛𝑛1 (9)
The digital bit stream is conveyed from 𝑎𝑎2
transmitter to receiver via channel which may be a wired Similarly signal 𝑆𝑆2 on second receive antenna is:
connection or wireless link such as radio channel. The
characteristics of transmitted signal vary as they travel 𝑆𝑆2 = [ℎ2,1 ℎ2,2 ] �𝑎𝑎1� + 𝑛𝑛2 (10)
𝑎𝑎2
from transmitting side to receiving side via channel. The
convolution of the transmitted signal with the impulse Where ℎ1,1 is the fading coefficient from first
response of channel will give the power profile of the transmitting antenna to first receive antenna.
received signal [12]In this paper the main focus will be ℎ1,2 is the fading coefficient from second
on performance analysis of MIMO SM scheme using transmitting antenna to first receive antenna.
different antenna configuration and different modulation ℎ2,1 is the fading coefficient from first
techniques in AWGN channel. transmitting antenna to second receive antenna.

© 20 14 Global Journals Inc. (US)

 Performance Analysis of MIMO Spatial Multiplexing using different Antenna Configurations and
Modulation Techniques in AWGN Channel

ℎ2,2 is the fading coefficient from second a) Simulations using M-PSK scheme
transmitting antenna to second receive antenna. BER performance of MIMO SM in AWGN channel using BPSK employing ZF
‘a1’ is the symbol transmitted from first antenna 10
0

and ‘a2’ is the symbol transmitted from second antenna, 2×2

3×3
‘n1’ is the noise at first receive antenna and ‘n2’ is the 4×4

noise at second receive antenna.

The received signal in terms of matrix notation 10
-1

can be represented as:

BER
𝑆𝑆 ℎ ℎ1,2 𝑎𝑎1
� 1 � = � 1,1 � � � + �𝑛𝑛1� (11)
𝑆𝑆2 ℎ2,1 ℎ2,2 𝑎𝑎2 𝑛𝑛2 -2
10

The algorithm for ZF equalizer is given by:

2014

𝑊𝑊𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 = (𝐻𝐻 𝐻𝐻 𝐻𝐻)−1 𝐻𝐻 𝐻𝐻 (12)

Year

′𝑊𝑊𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 ′ is the weight matrix and ‘H’ is channel 10

-3

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
matrix. Before quantization the result of ZF equalizer is
34
SNR in db

given by:
Figure 5 : (a) BER performance of MIMO SM using
𝑎𝑎� = (𝐻𝐻 𝐻𝐻 𝐻𝐻)−1 𝐻𝐻 𝐻𝐻 𝑆𝑆 (13)
Global Journal of Researches in Engineering ( F ) Volume XIV Issue V Version I

BPSK in AWGN channel

Where 𝑎𝑎� is the estimate of transmitted vector. BER performance of MIMO SM in AWGN channel using QPSK employing ZF
0
10
VI. Results and Discussion 2×2
3×3
4×4
The performance of MIMO Spatial Multiplexing
employing ZF equalizer is compared for different -1

antenna configurations (2×2, 3×3, 4×4) under different

10

modulation techniques such as M-ary Phase Shift

BER

Keying (M-PSK), M-ary Quadrature Amplitude

Modulation (M-QAM) in AWGN channel and results are -2

shown in terms of SNR vs. BER plot. The 2×2 antenna 10

configuration is compared with 3×3 antenna

configuration at BER of 10−3 and similarly 3×3 antenna
configuration is compared with 4×4 antenna -3
configuration at the same BER and improvement in SNR 10
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
(db) is taken into account. The figures 5(a)-(j) show that SNR in db

if antenna configurations are increased from 2×2 to

Figure 5 : (b) BER performance of MIMO SM using
3×3 and similarly from 3×3to 4×4 an increment in SNR
QPSK in AWGN channel
(db) is required to achieve same amount of BER. The
figures 6(a)-(e) shows the performance analysis of 0
BER performance of MIMO SM in AWGN channel using 8-PSK employing ZF
10
MIMO SM technique when M-QAM modulation scheme 2×2
are employed. By comparing the results in table 1 and 3×3
4×4
table 2 we can easily we can easily figure out that a
small amount of SNR is required to achieve same -1

amount of BER if M-PSK modulation schemes are

10

employed as compared to M-QAM modulation

BER

schemes in case of MIMO SM technique.

-2
10

-3
10
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
SNR in db

Figure 5 : (c) BER performance of MIMO SM using

8-PSK in AWGN channel

© 2014 Global Journals Inc. (US)

 Performance Analysis of MIMO Spatial Multiplexing using different Antenna Configurations and
Modulation Techniques in AWGN Channel

BER performance of MIMO SM in AWGNchannel using 16-PSK employing ZF BER performance of MIMO SM in AWGN channel using 128-PSK employing ZF
0 0
10 10
2×2 2×2
3×3 3×3
4×4 4×4

-1 -1
10 10
BER

BER
-2 -2
10 10

2014
-3 -3
10 10
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Year
SNR in db SNR in db

Figure 5 : (d) BER performance of MIMO SM using 16- Figure 5 : (g) BER performance of MIMO SM using 128- 35
PSK in AWGN channel PSK in AWGN channel

Global Journal of Researches in Engineering ( F ) Volume XIV Issue V Version I

BER performance of MIMO SM in awgn channel using 32-PSK employing ZF BER performance MIMO SM in AWGN channel using 256-PSK employing ZF
0
10 0
10
2×2 2×2
3×3 3×3
4×4 4×4

-1
10 -1
10
BER

BER

-2
10 -2
10

-3
10 -3
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 10
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
SNR in db SNR in db

Figure 5 : (e) BER performance of MIMO SM using Figure 5 : (h) BER performance of MIMO SM using
32- PSK in AWGN channel 256-PSK in AWGN channel
BER performance of MIMO SM in AWGN using 64-PSK employing ZF BER performance of MIMO SM in AWGN channel using 512-PSK employing ZF
0 0
10 10
2×2 2×2
3×3 3×3
4×4 4×4

-1 -1
10 10
BER

BER

-2 -2
10 10

-3 -3
10 10
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
SNR in db SNR in db

Figure 5 : (f) BER performance of MIMO SM using Figure 5 : (i) BER performance of MIMO SM using
64-PSK in AWGN channel 512-PSK in AWGN channel

© 20 14 Global Journals Inc. (US)

 Performance Analysis of MIMO Spatial Multiplexing using different Antenna Configurations and
Modulation Techniques in AWGN Channel

BER performance of MIMO SM in AWGN channel using 1024-PSK employing ZF

0
Figure 5(a)-(j) BER vs. SNR plots over AWGN
10
2×2 channel for MIMO SM technique using different M-PSK
3×3 modulation schemes.
4×4

-1
10
BER

-2
10
2014

-3
10
Year

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
SNR in db

36 Figure 5 : (j) BER performance of MIMO SM using

1024-PSK in AWGN channel
Global Journal of Researches in Engineering ( F ) Volume XIV Issue V Version I

Table 1 : Comparison of different antenna configurations for MIMO SM technique employing ZF equalizer in AWGN
channel using M-PSK (M-ary Phase Shift Keying) modulation schemes
Modulation 2×2 3×3 Improvement 4×4 Improvement
In SNR In SNR
BPSK 29.7 31.5 1.8 33.2 1.7
QPSK 36.1 37.7 1.2 38.5 1.2
8-PSK 41.4 42.6 1.2 43.9 1.3
16-PSK 47.4 49.2 1.8 50.3 1.1
32-PSK 52.9 55.2 2.3 56.8 1.6
64-PSK 59.2 61.5 2.3 62.9 1.4
128-PSK 64.9 66.2 1.3 68.6 2.4
256-PSK 71.7 73.2 1.5 74.2 1.0
512-PSK 77.5 79.1 1.6 79.9 0.8
1024-PSK 83.3 85.0 1.7 85.8 0.8

Table 1 presents that MIMO SM technique b) Simulations using M-QAM scheme

requires 1 to 2.5db increment in SNR to achieve the BER
BER performance of MIMO SM in AWGN channel using QAM employing ZF
of 10−3 , if antenna configurations are changed from 0
10

2×2 to 3×3 when M-ary Phase Shift Keying (M-PSK) 2×2

3×3
modulation scheme is employed. The table also points 4×4

that if antenna configurations are changed from 3×3 to

4×4, an increment of .7 to 2.5db SNR has to be -1
10
provided to achieve BER of 10−3 . Table 1 also states
that the spectral efficiency gets doubled in case of
BER

MIMO SM technique if antenna configurations are

changed from 2×2 to 4×4, at the cost of 1 to 4db -2
10
increment in SNR.

-3
10
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
SNR in db

Figure 6 : (a) BER performance of MIMO SM using QAM

in AWGN channel

© 2014 Global Journals Inc. (US)

 Performance Analysis of MIMO Spatial Multiplexing using different Antenna Configurations and
Modulation Techniques in AWGN Channel

BER performance of MIMO SM in AWGN channel using 16-QAM employing ZF BER performance of MIMO SM in AWGN channel using 256-QAM employing ZF
0 0
10 10
2×2 2×2
3×3 3×3
4×4 4×4

-1 -1
10 10
BER

BER
-2 -2
10 10

2014
-3 -3
10 10
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Year
SNR in db SNR in db

Figure 6 : (b) BER performance of MIMO SM using Figure 6 : (d) BER performance of MIMO SM using 37
16-QAM in AWGN channel 256-QAM in AWGN channel

Global Journal of Researches in Engineering ( F ) Volume XIV Issue V Version I

BER performance of MIMO SM in AWGN channel using 64-QAM employing ZF BER performance of MIMO SM in AWGN channel using 1024-QAM employing ZF
0 0
10 10
2×2 2×2
3×3 3×3
4×4 4×4

-1 -1
10 10
BER

BER

-2 -2
10 10

-3 -3
10 10
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
SNR in db SNR in db

Figure 6 : (c) BER performance of MIMO SM using Figure 6 : (e) BER performance of MIMO SM using
64-QAM in AWGN channel 1024-QAM in AWGN channel
Figure 6(a)-(e) BER vs. SNR plots over AWGN channel for MIMO SM technique using M-QAM
modulation schemes.
Table 2 : Comparison of different antenna configurations for MIMO SM technique employing ZF equalizer in AWGN
channel using M-QAM (M-ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) modulation scheme
Modulation 2×2 3×3 Improvement 4×4 Improvement
In SNR In SNR
QAM 35.9 37.4 1.5 38.5 1.1
16-QAM 43.8 45.6 1.8 46.9 1.3
64-QAM 50.9 52.5 1.6 53.4 0.9
256-QAM 57.4 58.6 1.2 59.5 0.9
1024-QAM 63.3 65.2 1.9 67.6 2.4

Table 2 presents that MIMO SM technique VII. Conclusion

employing ZF equalizer requires 1 to 2db increment in
SNR to achieve BER of 10−3 , if antenna configurations In this paper, the performance of MIMO SM
are changed from 2×2 to 3×3 when M-QAM technique employing ZF equalizer in AWGN channel is
modulation schemes are employed. The table also presented for different antenna configurations (2×2,
depicts if antenna configurations are shifted from 3×3 to 3×3, 4×4) using higher order modulation schemes
4×4, an increment of 0 to 2.5db is required to achieve (M-PSK,M-QAM). As we go on increasing the antenna
BER of 10−3 . configurations from 2×2 to 3×3 an increment of 1 to

© 20 14 Global Journals Inc. (US)

 Performance Analysis of MIMO Spatial Multiplexing using different Antenna Configurations and
Modulation Techniques in AWGN Channel

2.5db in SNR has to be made to achieve same amount 11. A. S. Babu and K. V. S. Rao,” Evaluation of BER for
of BER of 10−3 . Thus the spectral efficiency gets AWGN, Rayleigh, Rician Fading channels under
doubled in case of MIMO SM technique at the expense various Modulation Schemes,” International Journal
of small amount of increment in SNR (0 to 4db) ,that has of Computer Application, Vol. 26, No. 9, PP. 23-28,
to be made in AWGN channel when higher order July 2011.
modulation (M-PSK,M-QAM) schemes are employed. 12. K. Vidya and K. R. S. Kumar,” BER Performance of
AWGN, Rayleigh and Rician channel,” International
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