On-Farm Composting

IN BRITISH COLUMBIA
A STEP-BY-STEP GUIDE FOR SMALL TO MEDIUM-SIZED FARM OPERATIONS

Prepared by:
Upland Agricultural Consulting
for the BC Ministry of Agriculture
December 2019
Disclaimer
This guide was prepared for the British Columbia Ministry of Agriculture to provide small and medium-scale
farmers with an introductory guide to on-farm composting. Opinions expressed in this guide are not necessarily
those of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, or the British Columbia Ministry of Agriculture. The Government of
Canada, its directors, agents, employees, or contractors will not be liable for any claims, damages, or losses of
any kind whatsoever arising out of the use of, or reliance upon, this report.

Acknowledgements
This guide was developed by Upland Agricultural Consulting Ltd. for the BC Ministry of Agriculture. The authors
would like to acknowledge the many farmers who were interviewed for the case studies in this report. The
cover photo was taken of a composting system from a farm in Langley, BC, and used with permission.
This publication was funded through the Canadian Agricultural Partnership,
a federal-provincial-territorial initiative.

ON-FARM COMPOSTING IN BRITISH COLUMBIA i

ii ON-FARM COMPOSTING IN BRITISH COLUMBIA
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Disclaimer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
Acronyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi

The Purpose of this Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1.0 What is composting and what opportunities can it offer my farm? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2.0 How does the composting process work? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.1. The Four Stages of Composting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.1.1 Stage 1. Feedstock preparation: Mesophilic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.1.2 Stage 2. Composting: Thermophilic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5

2.1.3 Stage 3. Curing and Cooling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5

2.1.4 Stage 4. Storing and Maturation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5

3.0 What materials can I compost on my farm and how do I get my

compost system started? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.1 Step 1: Understanding Compost Feedstocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.1.1 Livestock Manure as Feedstock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.1.2 Plant Material as a Feedstock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

3.2 Step 2: Getting to the Right Balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7

3.2.1 C:N Ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8

3.2.2 Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

3.2.3 Moisture Content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

3.2.4 Particle Size and Porosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

3.3 Composting Deadstock (Mortalities) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

4.0 What methods for composting exist, and which system is right for my farm? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.1 Pre-Mixing of Feedstock Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.2 Piles in Bays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.3 Piles in Windrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4.4 The Importance of Turning Compost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4.4.1 Tractor and Front-End Loader . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.4.2 Tractor-Loader with Additional Spreader . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

4.4.3 Tractor and Windrow Turner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

4.5 Forced Aeration – An Alternative to Turning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

4.5.1 Negative Aeration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

4.5.2 Positive Aeration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

4.5.3 Managing Air Flow in Forced Aeration Compost Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

4.5.4 Designing Forced Aeration Compost Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

4.6 Comparing Compost System Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

4.7 Regional considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.7.1 Wet Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.7.2 Dry Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

4.7.3 Cold Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

4.7.4 Hot Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

5.0 What do I need to do once the composting process has started? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

5.1 Troubleshooting Common Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

ON-FARM COMPOSTING IN BRITISH COLUMBIA iii

 5.1.1 Odour Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

6.0 How do I know when my compost is finished, and can I sell it off-farm? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
6.1 The Curing and Finishing Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
6.1.1 Screening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
6.1.2 Using Finished Compost on the Farm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

6.2 Selling Finished Compost Off the Farm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

7.0 Where should my compost system be situated on my farm? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
7.1 Estimating Feedstock Volumes and Land Area Required . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
7.2 Environmental Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
7.3 Neighbour Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
8.0 What building materials do I need, and how much will this cost? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
8.1 Compost System Building Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
8.1.1 Costs Associated with a Concrete Slab Base and Siding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
8.1.2 Costs Associated with Roofing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

8.1.3 Costs Associated with Forced Air Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

8.2 Compost System Labour Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

9.0 What rules and regulations do I need to be aware of? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
9.1 Federal Fertilizers Act and Regulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
9.2 Federal Fisheries Act . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
9.3 Federal Health of Animals Act . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
9.4 Provincial Agricultural Land Commission Act and ALR Regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
9.5 Provincial Drinking Water Protection Act . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
9.6 Provincial Environmental Management Act . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
9.6.1 The Code of Practice for Agricultural Environmental Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
9.6.2 The Organic Matter Recycling Regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

9.6.3 The Spill Reporting Regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

9.7 Provincial Farm Practices Protection Act (Right to Farm Act) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

9.8 Provincial Public Health Act . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Appendices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Appendix I: List of Helpful Online Calculators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Appendix II: Examples of optimal Carbon: Nitrogen ratios in feedstocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I
Appendix III: Calculating the area required for your compost system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II
Appendix IV: List of compost equipment specialists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV
Appendix V: Laboratories, sampling, and interpretation of results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V
Appendix VI: Calculating compost system costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VI

iv ON-FARM COMPOSTING IN BRITISH COLUMBIA

 TABLE OF TABLES

Table 1. Benefits and Challenges of Composting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3

Table 2. Recommended ranges of initial feedstock material. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Table 3. Carbon-to-Nitrogen ranges for common raw organic materials,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8

Table 4. Recommended windrow turning Frequency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Table 5. Differences in turned vs. forced aeration systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Table 6. Optimal ranges of composting material conditions during the active stage of composting. . . 24

Table 7. Common composting problems, possible causes, and solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Table 8. Common problems, causes and solutions associated with odour during composting . . . . . 26

Table 9. Labour costs for a 3 bay compost system with 200 m of composting material.
3
. . . . . . . . . . 35

TABLE OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Inputs and Outputs of the composting process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4

Figure 2. Temperatures during the four phases of composting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9

Figure 3. Squeeze test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Figure 4. Building a compost pile for large animal mortalities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Figure 6. Poultry carcass composting in windrows. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Figure 7. A three bay compost system for horse manure and bedding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Figure 8. Windrow composting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Figure 9. Mixing compost with a tractor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Figure 10. Three bay pile system turned with a tractor loader. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Figure 11. Example of forced aeration piping and blower system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Figure 12. Force aeration composting using ventilated floors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Figure 13. Two bin pile system using tractor turning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Figure 14. Finished compost. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Figure 15. Example of a compost system site plan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Figure 16. Large concrete precast blocks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Figure 17. Constructing the concrete slab base using forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Figure 18. Compost pile or windrow with negative aeration - basic layout. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Figure 20. Regulatory decision flow chart for composting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

ON-FARM COMPOSTING IN BRITISH COLUMBIA v

 Acronyms
AEM Code___ The Code of Practice for Agricultural Environmental Management
AGRI___ BC Ministry of Agriculture
ALC___ Agricultural Land Commission
ALR___ Agricultural Land Reserve
ALRR___ Agricultural Land Reserve Regulation
BMP___ Best Management Practices
CFIA___ Canadian Food Inspection Agency
EC ___ Electrical Conductivity
EFP___ Environmental Farm Plan
EMA___ BC Environmental Management Act
ENV___ BC Ministry of Environment and Climate Change
FIRB___ Farm Industry Review Board
FLNRORD___ BC Ministry of Forestry, Land, Natural Resources, Operations, and Rural Development
FPPA___ Farm Practices Protection Act
OMAFRA___ Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs
OMRR___ Organic Matter Recycling Regulation
SRM___ Specified Risk Materials

vi ON-FARM COMPOSTING IN BRITISH COLUMBIA

The Purpose of this Guide
This composting guide is intended to help farmers choose a suitable system that will produce high quality
compost in a cost-effective way, in order to minimize waste and maximize nutrient recapture on their farm. The
methods and processes discussed are best described as small and medium-sized compost systems.
The guide helps to answer the following questions:
◆ What is composting and what opportunities can it offer my farm?
◆ How does the composting process work?
◆ What materials can I compost on my farm and how do I get my compost system started?
◆ What methods for composting exist, and which system is best for my farm?
◆ What do I need to do once the compost process has started?
◆ Where should my compost system be situated on my farm?
◆ What building materials do I need and how much will this cost?
◆ What rules and regulations do I need to be aware of?
The answers to these questions are presented in the following sections. Whenever possible, case studies of actual
compost systems from BC farms are included. The Appendix includes lists of resources, equipment dealers, as
well as calculation examples for further information.

ON-FARM COMPOSTING IN BRITISH COLUMBIA 1

 1.0 What is composting and what opportunities can it offer my farm?
Composting is the decomposition of organic materials by microorganisms under controlled, aerobic conditions
to a relatively stable humus-like product suitable for growing plants, which poses no hazard to human health or
the environment1. Composting can be done in many ways using a variety of systems, materials, equipment, and
scales of operation.
While some farmers allow manure and/or plant material to pile up and decompose, this is not the same as
composting. Composting is a well-managed process to obtain specific positive end results with a minimum
of negative environmental impacts. If done properly, finished compost is a high quality soil amendment with a
variety of beneficial end uses and can even be sold to generate income for the farm.
Composting has the potential to manage most of the organic material in the farm waste stream including crop
waste, animal manure, and animal mortalities, and can be easily incorporated into any farm waste management
plan. Table 1 summarizes the key benefits and challenges associated with composting. Here are four clear reasons
why farmers should incorporate composting into their farm operation:2

LEGAL DEFINITIONS OF COMPOST AND COMPOSTING

According to BC’s Code of Practice for Agricultural Environmental Management (AEM Code), an “agricultural
composting process is a process whereby agricultural by-products, wood residue, mortalities or processing
waste, or a combination of any of them are mixed or layered and managed to decompose aerobically with
either periodic turning or forced aeration”.
The Agricultural Land Reserve Regulation and the Organic Matter Recycling Regulation define compost as
a product that is:
1. A stabilized earthly matter having the properties and structure of humus,
2. Beneficial to plant growth when used as a soil amendment,
3. Produced by composting, and
4. Derived only from organic matter.

1. Composting reduces farm waste

Every farm accumulates organic waste, which is rich in nutrients. Composting will drastically reduce what needs
to be hauled off site. The finished volume of the compost is frequently 40-60% of the original compost feedstock
volume.3 This translates into lower hauling and spreading costs for the producer. Composting also concentrates
many of the nutrients in the compost material compared to the nutrient levels in the original materials. Well-
managed compost has minimal odour and leachate potential, thereby reducing potential environmental hazards.

2. Composting is good for soil

Composting takes organic waste from the farm and turns it into soil amendments and fertilizers, which can be
put back into the farm by spreading onto pasture land and crops. Some nitrogen will be lost during composting
and some will convert to more stable organic forms that are released more slowly to crops. It has been estimated
that less than 15% of the nitrogen in compost applied to soil will be released in the first year, meaning that the
compost provides a long-term source of nutrients4. Composting can also help restore soil structure by adding
organic matter, which in turn supports the rooting environment and prevents soil erosion.

1
Paul, J. and D. Geesing. 2009. Compost Facility Operator Manual: A compost facility operator training course reference and guide. Abbotsford Printing Inc.,
Abbotsford, BC, Canada.
2
This list has been adapted from the University of Northern Iowa’s Waste Reduction Centre’s 5 Reasons Farmers Should Compost. J. Trent, 2015.
3
Martin, H. 2005 (reviewed 2019). Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs (OMAFRA).
Agricultural composting basics: Factsheet. Agdex# 720/400. 
4
Ibid

2 ON-FARM COMPOSTING IN BRITISH COLUMBIA

3. Composting kills pests and pathogens
If high temperatures are reached and maintained during composting, it can efficiently kill pathogens that
otherwise pose a health hazard to humans, animals, and plants. The high temperatures can also destroy weed
seeds and the eggs of worms and insects. This reduces the need for pesticides and other pest management
strategies. Compost also contains beneficial microorganisms that help restore soil nutrients and stimulate
plant growth.

Nitrogen is released as ammonia and nitrous oxide from the compost pile into the atmosphere. Some
release of nitrogen is unavoidable during the composting process. However, a well-managed operation
can substantially reduce nitrogen losses and keep the nitrogen in the finished compost product. Attention
should be paid to the optimal C:N ratio in compost feedstock and ensuring adequate oxygen supply.

4. Good compost can be sold and contribute to the bottom line

In some instances, material from other farms or food waste can be composted with on-farm materials. A high-
quality end product can be sold as an amendment to other farms, therefore, it can cover the costs of the compost
process and contribute to the bottom line of the farm operation.

Table 1. Benefits and Challenges of Composting5.

Benefits Challenges
Reduces and/or eliminates pathogens Pathogen control requires high temperatures

Reduces volume of waste and moisture content Often requires additional bulking material

Reduces viable weed seeds The processing time may take several months

Reduces insect larvae (fly problems) Requires good aeration to ensure a good end product

Reduces odours Land is required for composting and storage areas

Stabilizes organic components and nutrients May require initial financial investment

Produces a soil amendment and/or fertilizer Requires regular maintenance

5
Martin, H. 2005 (reviewed 2019). Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs (OMAFRA). Agricultural composting basics: Factsheet. Agdex#
720/400..

ON-FARM COMPOSTING IN BRITISH COLUMBIA 3

 2.0 How does the composting process work?
A basic understanding of the composting process is important for producing a high-quality product, and for
preventing operational and environmental problems such as odour and leachate6. During the composting
process, heat, water, carbon dioxide (CO2) and, to a far lesser extent ammonia (NH3) and nitrous gas (N2O) are
released into the air as the microorganisms break down the raw organic material (Figure 1).
To optimize this process, there are 5 key requirements, as follows:
1. Feedstock mix: The composting process requires carbon (C), nitrogen (N), oxygen and water.
2. C:N Ratio: The feedstock material must be well-mixed and have an optimum ratio of carbon and nitrogen.
3. Oxygen: The composting process must be aerobic (have access to oxygen). This minimizes the
release of gases (other than CO2) and is required for the most time-efficient process and to produce
high quality material.
4. Particle size: The particle size of the input materials must allow for a good mix and maintain good airflow
through the pile or windrow (too small results in not enough air pockets, too large takes too long to
decompose). This can be achieved by adding bulking agents.
5. Water: Water is required to maintain the life functions of the microorganisms in the compost, however,
excess moisture will reduce the airflow and the compost will cease to be aerobic.
If any of these elements are lacking, or if they are not provided in the proper amount and proportion, the
microorganisms will not flourish, resulting in low temperatures. The materials will not be composted.

HEAT
RAW MATERIALS
WATER CO2
Organic Matter
including carbon, FINISHED
chemical energy, COMPOST
protein, nitrogen Organic Matter -
(including
Minerals
carbon, chemical
including nitrogen
energy, protein,
and other nutrients COMPOST PILE
nitrogen, humus),
Water minerals, water,
microorganisms
Microorganisms
O2

Figure 1. Inputs and Outputs of the composting process7

2.1. THE FOUR STAGES OF COMPOSTING

The goal is to create environmental conditions that are optimal for the beneficial microorganisms critical to the
composting process. There are four stages of composting, which are described below. Additional information
regarding how to manage the compost during these stages can be found in Section 5.

2.1.1 Stage 1. Feedstock preparation: Mesophilic

Mesophilic refers to the type of microorganisms that are active in breaking down the organic matter in the
compost pile at lower temperatures. Once organic material has been pre-mixed and added to the compost
system, the mesophilic stage of the compost process begins. Temperature increases may be noticeable within a
few hours of forming a pile. This stage may last a few days.

6
Martin, H. 2015. Agricultural Composting Basics Factsheet. Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (OMAFRA).
7
Gamroth, Mike. 2015. Composting: An Alternative for Livestock Manure Management and Disposal of Dead Animals. Oregon State University.

4 ON-FARM COMPOSTING IN BRITISH COLUMBIA

2.1.2 Stage 2. Composting: Thermophilic
This stage is the biologically active composting stage, creating high temperatures, and therefore it is important to
monitor for conditions to enable efficient breakdown of the organic material. During this stage, the decomposition
is being undertaken by microorganisms including bacteria and protozoa. The microorganisms use oxygen to
consume the feedstock materials and produce CO2. Temperatures of composting materials characteristically
follow a pattern of rapid increase and can reach levels 45°C to 70°C. The active stage of composting may take
several months to complete.

2.1.3 Stage 3. Curing and Cooling

The main thermophilic phase ends when most materials have broken down and are not recognizable from
their original form. Woody debris may still be intact. Temperatures are lower and more stable (usually less than
40°C) even after the pile is turned and/or aerated. In this stage there is a shift in the microorganism populations
back to those which prefer lower temperatures. Turning is not usually required during the cooling stage but is
recommended (for example, once every 2 weeks) to increase compost quality and to avoid dry and wet pockets.
The compost is still not ‘mature’ enough to be considered finished compost at this stage. The material will still
have higher levels of organic acids, high C:N ratios, extreme pH values or high salt contents all of which can
damage or kill plants. This stage can take 1 to 2 months.

2.1.4 Stage 4. Storing and Maturation

Compost needs time in storage to mature. Maturity is an indication of the degree of humification or the conversion
of organic compounds to humic substances that are resistant to microbial breakdown. There are various tests for
compost maturity. Lab tests can be used or germination tests using lettuce seeds, which will be injured and not
survive if compost is immature. During the maturation phase the pile size is less critical than during the active or
curing phases. No substantial reheating of the pile will occur.

3.0 What materials can I compost on my farm and how do I get my

compost system started?
All farms produce organic materials that can be composted. To compost successfully, different material types must be
mixed together to provide the proper conditions for microorganisms to break down the raw materials. This chapter will
discuss common on-farm feedstocks and how to prepare the feedstock materials for the composting process.

3.1 STEP 1: UNDERSTANDING COMPOST FEEDSTOCKS

Compostable farm materials (feedstocks) include:
◆ Raw animal manures such as pig, goat, poultry, horse, cow and sheep.
◆ Crop wastes, grass clippings, tree foliage.
◆ Waste from aquaculture operations (e.g. fish).
◆ Food scraps, grease and food grade oils.
◆ Bedding, sawdust, cardboard, straw.
◆ Spent mushroom compost.
◆ Carcasses of farm animals (e.g. poultry, sheep, pigs, cows, horses, goats).
Feedstock material that should NOT be composted (due to existing regulations) include:8
◆ Pressure-treated wood or wood exposed to salt water.
◆ Human waste and septic waste.
◆ Chemicals (e.g. liquid fertilizers, pesticides).
◆ Construction debris (e.g. gypsum).
◆ Plastics and sharp foreign matter.
◆ Slaughter waste containing specified risk material (SRM).

8
Paul, J. and D. Geesing. 2009. Compost Facility Operator Manual: A compost facility operator training course reference and guide. Abbotsford Printing Inc.,
Abbotsford, BC, Canada.

ON-FARM COMPOSTING IN BRITISH COLUMBIA 5

 CAUTION: PESTICIDE RESIDUES
The presence of pesticide residues in compost feedstock may reduce the effectiveness of microorganism
activity levels. Pesticide residues can be found in both plant and manure inputs. The break-down of most
pesticides is accelerated during the composting process.
There are, however, exceptions like organo-chlorides including DDT, chlordane and chlorpyrifos, which
are resistant to composting. Although many organo-chlorides are banned for use in Canada, they are still
found in soils and are sometimes used illegally.
Another category resistant to composting are picolinc acids (aminipyralid, picloram, triclopyr, etc) that are
used to control broadleaf weeds, vines and woody plants – including blackberries.

Instructions and best practices for composting deadstock (mortalities) are provided in Section 3.3.
Certified organic producers must use additional caution regarding composting feedstocks
(see text box, following page)9

3.1.1 Livestock Manure as Feedstock

Livestock manure is a common material to be composted on the farm. The moisture content and the C:N ratio of
manure is highly variable, depending on the animal type, feed, bedding material, and duration of manure storage.
Livestock manure is often already mixed with the bedding material used on the farm (e.g. wood shavings or wood
chips, straw, pellets). Farmers should analyze their manure and bedding mixture to determine the C:N ratio and
moisture content. Bedding can be used to help absorb some moisture from the manure, but too much bedding
will add more carbon to the compost feedstock than desirable. Other feedstocks can be added to the manure if
the C:N ratio is not optimal. For more information on C:N ratios see Section 3.2.1.
◆ Cattle manure – decomposes quickly, and the odour risk is low if composted within a few weeks.
Moisture content is relatively high, depending on bedding used.
◆ Poultry manure – has a high N content but may be dry and dusty. Layer manure typically contains
more moisture and N than broiler manure. Due to the high N content, there may be a significant loss of
ammonia gas.
◆ Horse manure – drier than many manures and has a high C:N ratio as it usually contains large amounts
of bedding.
◆ Swine manure – is typically a liquid (if no bedding is used) which means a dry bulking agent must be
added. Odour potential of this manure is high.

9
Government of Canada, Canadian General Standards Board, 2018. Organic production systems: General principles and management standards. CAN/
CGSB-32.310-2015.

6 ON-FARM COMPOSTING IN BRITISH COLUMBIA

 NOTE: FEEDSTOCKS FOR CERTIFIED ORGANIC FARMS
According to the Federal Organic Production Systems General Principles and Management Standards (CAN/
CGSB-32.310), the following feedstocks are permitted for use for composting systems on certified organic farms:
a) animal manures conforming to criteria specified in 5.5.1 of CAN/CGSB-32.310;
b) animals, animal products and by-products (including fishery);
c) plants and plant by-products (including forestry and source-separated yard debris, such as grass
clippings and leaves), pomaces and cannery wastes;
d) soils and minerals that conform to the requirements of this standard and of CAN/CGSB-32.310; and
e) paper yard waste bags which contain coloured ink.
When evidence indicates that compost feedstocks could contain a substance prohibited by 1.4 of CAN/
CGSB-32.310 known to be persistent in compost, documentation or testing of the final product is required.
The following composting feedstocks are prohibited: sewage sludge; compost starter and feedstocks
fortified with substances not included in this standard; leather byproducts; glossy paper; waxed cardboard;
paper containing coloured ink other than paper yard waste bags; and animals, animal products and animal
by-products not guaranteed free of the risk materials specified in Table 4.2; bone meal.

3.1.2 Plant Material as a Feedstock

The moisture content, C:N ratio, and particle size of plant materials is highly variable depending on the type of
plant material, origin, season and age.
◆ Spoiled hay and silage – provide a very good and easily degradable C source with a typically moderate
C:N ratio. They range in moisture from dry to wet, depending on where and how they were stored.
◆ Leaves – high in C and readily degradable, N content is moderate but often relatively rich in minerals.
Tends to compact and needs bulking agent.
◆ Grass clippings – low C:N ratio, decompose quickly and can be a good N source. Nitrogen may be lost
quickly during storage and composting. Fresh grass clippings are often relatively wet, tend to compact and
may contain chemicals. Clippings need to be mixed with a bulking agent for an effective composting process.
◆ Fruit and vegetable wastes – the C:N ratio is low to moderate and often have high moisture content (if
wastes are fresh). Vegetable wastes such as potato waste, legume wastes, and hops are rich in N.

3.2 STEP 2: GETTING TO THE RIGHT BALANCE

Finding the ideal compost recipe for your operation will shorten the production cycle and limit the emissions of
unwanted odour and leachate substantially. An effective initial compost recipe means balancing moisture, C:N
ratio and particle size. Most farmers find that it takes a short time to experiment with the feedstocks entering into
their composting process to achieve the right balance.
Often farms will have one or two main feedstock inputs readily available, such as crop wastes or manure, which
may need to be supplemented with materials called “bulking agents” to ensure an optimal C:N ratio, moisture
and particle size. Bulking agents are typically high porosity, low moisture content and high in C. Examples of
bulking agents include wood shavings, straw, cardboard and corn stalks, as described below:
◆ Wood shavings and sawdust – high in C, low (shavings) to moderate (sawdust) degradability. Can be
used to absorb excess moisture.
◆ Straw – high in C and readily degradable, usually dry with good structure. If straw is wet, the structure is
lost faster and other bulking agents are necessary (e.g. woodchips).
◆ Cardboard – high in C, good degradability and structure, when dry it can absorb moisture. May require
pre-shredding.
◆ Corn Stalks – moderate C with varying moisture content, good structure and degradability.

ON-FARM COMPOSTING IN BRITISH COLUMBIA 7

 A general rule is to keep the mix of feedstocks within the recommended ranges shown in Table 2. Key
considerations and common feedstocks are discussed in this section.

Table 2. Recommended ranges of initial feedstock material.10

Compost Material Characteristics Optimal Range

C:N ratio 25:1 – 35:1
Moisture 45% – 60%
Particle size 6 mm – 75 mm

3.2.1 C:N Ratio

The optimum C:N ratio needs to be achieved for an efficient composting
process and odor control. If the ratio is greater than 35:1 there is not enough TIP:
N available for the microorganisms to properly degrade the organic material. TARGET C:N RATIO
On the other hand, if the ratio is less than 25:1 the organic material will be The ideal C:N ratio for
broken down too fast, resulting in anaerobic conditions, and slowing the composting is within the
composting process. Material with a high C:N ratio are often woody materials range of 25:1 to 35:1
or straw while materials with low C:N ratio are often manure, food waste or
fresh grass clippings (see Table 3). Materials high in N may need to be mixed with materials high in C, to better
balance the C:N ratio.

Table 3. Carbon-to-Nitrogen ranges for common raw organic materials11,12.

Compost Input Materials C:N
Grass clippings 9:1 to 25:1
Vegetable crop waste 12:1 to 20:1
Poultry manure with litter 13:1 to 18:1
Sheep manure 13:1 to 20:1
Pig manure 15:1 to 25:1
Dairy manure 18:1 to 20:1
Peat moss 18:1 to 36:1
Fruit waste 20:1 to 49:1
Horse manure 22:1 to 50:1
Foliage 30:1 to 80:1
Leaves 40:1 to 80:1
Straw 40:1 to 100:1
Cardboard 150:1 to 600:1
Sawdust 200:1 to 750:1
3.2.2 Temperature
Reaching and maintaining an optimal temperature range is necessary for the feedstock materials to degrade
efficiently. During the active composting process temperatures will fluctuate slightly within the optimal range and
materials should be turned if the temperatures dip below 45°C or above 65°C (Figure 213). Turning two to three
times a week during the initial month of composting is advisable.

10
Gamroth, Mike. 2015. Composting: An Alternative for Livestock Manure Management and Disposal of Dead Animals. Oregon State University.
11
Note that these are examples and that the C:N ratio will vary with the specific material. An analysis of materials will help achieve the correct ratio.
Composting calculators are useful tools to use that help determine the C:N ratio of organic materials on your farm and any additional materials that may
need to be added to meet the optimal C:N ratio. Links to calculators can be found in the Appendix of this document.
12
Paul, J. and D. Geesing. 2009. Compost Facility Operator Manual: A compost facility operator training course reference and guide. Abbotsford Printing Inc.,
Abbotsford, BC, Canada.
13
Ibid..

8 ON-FARM COMPOSTING IN BRITISH COLUMBIA

 80
Pathogen and Seed Management
70
Upper Control Limit
Temperature °C

Thermophilic
60
113 - 172°F

50

40
Lower Control LImit Mesophilic
77 - 1113°F
30
Vector Control
20 Psychrophilic

Feedstock Composting High Rate Compost Compost Screening Compost

Preparation & Stabilization Curing & Refining Storing

Figure 2. Temperatures during the four phases of composting.

The necessary temperature range to kill pathogens is 55°C

– 65°C for at least 3 consecutive days in a forced aeration NOTE: CERTIFIED ORGANIC
system (see Section 4.5 for more information) and at least STANDARDS AND TEMPERATURE
15 days, with at least 5 turnings, for tractor-turned piles
REQUIREMENTS:
and windrows. In compost piles with temperatures above
65-70°C and a moisture content less than 45% there is an According to the Federal Organic Production
increased risk of spontaneous combustion. Systems General Principles and Management
Standards (CAN/CGSB-32.310), if compost on
To prevent and reduce vectors (e.g. flies and mosquitoes),
an organic farm includes animal manures or
the average temperature of the static pile should not be less
other likely sources of human pathogens, the
than 45°C over 2 weeks. A steady decrease in temperature
compost process must:
after 3-4 weeks of turning may indicate the end of the active
composting stage. Once the temperature stops reheating a) reach a temperature of 55°C for a period of
to above 45°C the active stage of composting is complete. four consecutive days or more. The compost
piles shall be mixed or managed to ensure
A thermometer probe is the most important tool for
that all of the feedstock heats to the required
monitoring compost piles and can be either a digital or dial
temperature for the minimum time; or
type. Sources of thermometer resources are provided in
the Appendix. Temperatures should be taken at different b) meet limits for acceptable levels of human
locations within the pile to ensure adequate heat is reached pathogens specified in Guidelines for Compost
throughout. Thermometers must be long enough to reach Quality; or
the middle of the composting pile - the ideal length of the
c) be considered as aged or raw manure rather
probe is 2 – 3 m (6 – 8 ft).
than compost, that is, meeting requirements
specified in 5.5.2.5 of CAN/CGSB-32.310.

ON-FARM COMPOSTING IN BRITISH COLUMBIA 9

 3.2.3 Moisture Content
Optimal target moisture content of composting material is 40-60%
on a wet-weight basis. This range provides adequate moisture
without limiting aeration. If below 40%, the microorganism
population may not be as active as possible. Water may need to be
added during mixing if moisture content is too low, or at times of the
year when the relative humidity of the air is very low, such as during
the middle of summer. If moisture content is above 60%, air pores
may become saturated with water, creating anaerobic conditions.
Bulking agents may need to be added if moisture content is too
high. However, caution should be taken in adding a large volume
of bulking agents to wet material, because it can alter the C:N
ratio. Calculation worksheets and online calculators are available to
help determine the approximate moisture levels in initial feedstock
materials, and if it is necessary to add water to the initial mix (see
Appendix for examples of these calculators).
The simplest way to determine the moisture level of compost is
by using the squeeze test (Figure 3)14. This is done by obtaining
a handful of material from the centre of the compost pile that is
well mixed. The material should feel damp, not dripping wet. If the
material drips without being squeezed, it is too wet. If the material
appears dry and crumbles after squeezing, it is too dry. If the material
retains its clumped shape after squeezing without releasing excess
water, then it is just right for the active composting stage.
Figure 3. Squeeze test.
Another way to determine moisture level is by filling a 20 L bucket
full of the composting material and tapping it a couple times on the
ground during filling. Once filled, if the bucket weighs less than 15 kg then more moisture is needed, if more than
15 kg, moisture of the pile should be reduced by increasing aeration (e.g. turning frequency) or adding a dry
amendment.
If moisture needs to be added to the compost it is recommended to add liquids during turning. If liquid wastes
(e.g. liquid manure/sludge) are added during composting they should be given enough time in the composting
process to destroy any pathogens.

3.2.4 Particle Size and Porosity

Porosity refers to the spaces between particles in the compost pile. These spaces are partially filled with air
that can supply oxygen to microorganisms and provide a path for air circulation. Factors that impede porosity
include: water saturation, compaction, and excessive shredding of materials in the initial mixing steps. Factors
that improve porosity include: turning the material, and adding coarse materials, such as woodchips. Straw can
also be used to improve porosity but additional coarse materials such as woodchips must be added since straw
loses structure quickly, especially when wet. As the compost process proceeds, the porosity decreases, and
aeration is further restricted, which highlights the need for turning the materials to increase oxygen for a faster
composting process.
It is best if the particle size of feedstocks range from 6 mm to 75 mm. Increased surface area of materials accelerates
the composting process, but some larger particle size material is needed to provide enough porosity and oxygen
movement through the composting material. Many feedstocks such as food wastes, manure, woodchips and
wood shavings fall within the optimal particle size range. Equipment such as chippers and grinders can reduce
particle size of large wood wastes and yard wastes. Chippers are often used to cut woody material into smaller
wood chips. Grinders can be used for wood waste and yard waste; however these may be expensive to purchase.
Some operators may choose to purchase this equipment collectively to share amongst several farms.

14
Peace River Forage Association of British Columbia. 2009. Compost Moisture.

10 ON-FARM COMPOSTING IN BRITISH COLUMBIA

 CASE STUDY: SHEEP FARM WITH 300 EWES USING WINDROW COMPOSTING
A sheep farm on Vancouver Island uses a turned windrow composting system to manage their sheep manure
and bedding. For most of the year, the 300 ewes (and varying numbers of lambs) are out on pasture but
during lambing season the 300 ewes are in the barn for two months.
The manure and bedding (straw and hay) is removed from the barn during that two-month period and
placed into two windrows in a field nearby. Woodchips are occasionally added as a bulking agent. The
material takes a few months to compost and is regularly turned with a front-end loader. If the piles become
too dry, sprinklers are placed on the piles to increase moisture content.
A separate area of the windrow is reserved for sheep carcasses, which take approximately 2 years to
fully decompose.
This farm produces approximately 75 m3 of their own compost annually, to spread on their fields, which is
not enough to meet their nutrient needs. They purchase additional compost from off the farm for spreading
onto hay and grain fields.

3.3 COMPOSTING DEADSTOCK (MORTALITIES)

On-farm livestock mortalities, commonly referred to as “deadstock”, are a normal part of farm practices. While
livestock and poultry producers strive to minimize mortalities, a clear disposal plan is required. Groundwater or
surface water can be contaminated by improperly sited and poorly managed deadstock disposal systems.
Increasingly, livestock and poultry farmers are composting mortalities and slaughter waste generated from
on-farm slaughter operations. Proper management of such wastes is critical in ensuring that pathogens are
destroyed and odours are minimized. In addition to provincial regulations, farmers must be aware of stringent
federal regulations governing the transportation and processing of wastes containing specified risk materials
(SRM)15 . One important exception, is that the federal regulations do not apply to on-farm SRM management for
cattle, if it does not leave the farm on which the cows have died.
The biggest difference in composting mortalities over other feedstock is that animal carcasses are very dense
and high in N and moisture content. Therefore, the C:N ratio of animal carcasses is very low, approximately 5:1,
and a carbon source will be required. Approximately 10 – 12 yards of straw, wood shavings, or other high C:N
ratio feedstock are required to compost a full-size cow (Figure 4)16, slightly less depending on size of the animal
carcass(es) (Figure 5 and Figure 6). It is especially important to monitor the temperature of the compost process
when composting deadstock.

1
Start with a two to three foot base of absorbent
compost material.

2
Add carcass in the middle. Place at least two feet of
material on all sides of carcass.

3 Cover with another two or three feet of compost

material. This is very important!
Too little material covering the carcass will slow
decomposition and attract pests.

Figure 4. Building a compost pile for large animal mortalities17.

15
BC Ministry of Agriculture, 2019. Composting and agriculture webpage.
16
Washington State University Extension. 2008. On-farm composting of large animal mortalities. EB2031E.
17
Ibid.

ON-FARM COMPOSTING IN BRITISH COLUMBIA 11

 600 mm cover
manure/shavings

Minimum 230 mm
between carcass
and bin wall
Space carcasses
so they are not
touching 150-250 mm
manure/shavings

300 mm base
of shavings
Removable planks
or doors Concrete or asphalt floor

Figure 5. Poultry carcass composting in bins18

Primary Windrow

600 mm cover
manure/shavings
Space carcasses
so they are not
touching
150-250 mm
manure/shavings

300 mm base
of shavings

Low permeable soil or, if necessary,

concrete or asphalt floor

Figure 6. Poultry carcass composting in windrows.

18
Alberta Department of Agriculture. 2015. Poultry mortality composting. AGDEX: 450/29-1.

12 ON-FARM COMPOSTING IN BRITISH COLUMBIA

The basic steps for composting animal carcasses, include the following:19
1. Add a base of absorbent feedstock, such as wood shavings or straw, about 1 m deep for large animals, 0.3 m
for poultry.
2. Place the animal carcass(es) on this base of material, such that no part of the carcass is close to any edge
(provide approximately 0.2 – 0.6 m of space between the carcass and the edge, depending on the size of
the carcass).
3. Puncture the stomach to prevent bloating and to speed up decomposition.
4. Add another 0.6 – 1.0 m of feedstock material. Poultry carcasses can be layered between 0.3 m of additional
feedstock material, until a pile height of 1.5 – 1.8 m is reached.
5. Observe the pile carefully over the ensuing days and weeks for settling, movement from wind, or
disturbance from animals. Add more feedstock material to the pile as needed.
6. Monitor temperature to ensure that it reaches a range between 40oC and 70oC. Guidelines for mortality
composting suggest that temperatures above 55oC be reached at points all around the carcass, at a 0.6 m
depth from the surface, for at least 3 days. This ensures that potentially pathogenic bacteria and viruses in
the carcass or compost materials are killed.
7. The pile should be allowed to remain in the active stage of composting for several weeks (at least 12-16 weeks
for cows and horses, 8 weeks for sheep and goats, and about 4 weeks for poultry) prior to turning and mixing
to aerate the materials. Some large bones may still remain, and can be left to continue to compost.
8. Most compost operations will turn a pile three times or until internal temperatures no longer exceed 40oC,
indicating that the compost has reached the finishing stage.
9. There should be no traces of tissue or unpleasant odour in the finished compost.
The BC Environmental Management Act’s Code of Practice of Agricultural Environmental Management (AEM
Code) allows the burial or disposal of mortalities that died on the farm. Burial requires a large area, and therefore
composting may be an attractive alternative. By following the beneficial management practices (BMPs) referred to
in BC’s Environmental Farm Plan (EFP)20 Reference Guide for on-farm disposal of any livestock species, producers
should not contravene the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) or BC Ministry of Environment regulatory
requirements. A CFIA SRM Transport Permit is required to move cattle mortality compost offsite.
The AEM Code contains the following regulations regarding the composting of on-farm animal mortalities:
◆ May only dispose of animals that died on the farm;
◆ Mortality composting must occur in a composting structure or in an outdoor agricultural composting pile;
◆ Mortalities and processing waste must be completely decomposed before land application;
◆ Mortalities must be prevented from entering a watercourse;
◆ If a mortality enters a watercourse, it must be removed immediately;
◆ Contaminated runoff, leachate, solids, and air contaminants21 from the activity must not enter a
watercourse, cross a property boundary, or enter groundwater;
◆ The activity must deter the attraction of, and access by, domestic pets, wildlife, and vectors;
◆ The composted livestock mortalities must be applied to land only, and are not to be removed from the
agricultural land base on which the composting occurred;
◆ A person must not dispose of more than 5 tonnes of mortalities through composting processes in any 30-
day period unless a director is notified; and
◆ A person who applies the product of an agricultural composting process to land must, if the product
contains SRM, ensure that the product is not applied to land used to grow crops for human consumption
or to graze domestic ruminants (Ontario suggests a minimum of 5 years).

19
Glanville, T. 1999. Composting dead livestock: a new solution to an old problem. Iowa State University, The Leopold Center for Sustainable Agriculture and
the Iowa Department of Natural Resources.
20
BC Environmental Farm Plan Program.
21
Air contaminants, as defined by the Environmental Management Act includes: a substance that is introduced into the air and that (a) injures or is capable
of injuring the health or safety of a person, (b) injures or is capable of injuring property or any life form, (c) interferes with or is capable of interfering with
visibility, (d) interferes with or is capable of interfering with the normal conduct of business, (e) causes or is capable of causing material physical discomfort
to a person, or (f ) damages or is capable of damaging the environment.

ON-FARM COMPOSTING IN BRITISH COLUMBIA 13

 Outdoor agricultural composting piles used to dispose of mortalities must be in piles that are not located in an
area in which there is standing water, or water-saturated soil, or on any low-lying area of a field prone to seasonal
flooding. The pile must not remain for a period of more than 15 months and no other pile must be erected in the
same location for 3 years.
The following videos published by the BC Ministry of Agriculture provide guidance and best practices for
disposing of routine mortalities:
Composting Large Animal Mortalities on Farm
Composting Small and Medium Hoofstock Mortalities on Farm
Composting Routine Mortalities from Backyard Poultry Flocks
Composting Poultry Mortalities: Backyard Poultry Flocks
Many good resources exist online regarding the composting of livestock mortalities. These include the following
factsheets by the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs (OMAFRA):
On-Farm Bin Composting of Deadstock: AGDEX #725/400
Best Management Practices: Deadstock Disposal, 2009 (book) Order No. BMP22
Composting of Cattle On-Farm – Order No. 10-063 AGDEX 729/400
Deadstock Disposal Options for On-Farm – Order No. 09-025
On-Farm Bin Composting of Deadstock – Order No. 09-031
Windrow Composting of Poultry Carcasses – Order No. 09-017
Resources from other jurisdictions include:
On-Farm Composting of Large Animal Mortalities: Washington State: EB2031E
Composting Dead Sheep: State of Maryland Extension.
Composting Poultry: Virginia Department of Environmental Quality.
Poultry Mortality Composting: Province of Alberta: AGDEX: 450/29-1
Swine Mortality Composting: Province of Alberta: AGDEX: 440/29-1

14 ON-FARM COMPOSTING IN BRITISH COLUMBIA

4.0 What methods for composting exist, and which system is right for my farm?
There are several types of compost systems that are used in agriculture. Some, such as channelized systems and
in-vessel composting, may be more appropriate for larger composting operations or co-composting operations
on farms (including large volumes off-site waste), and these are not included in this discussion.
There are essentially two types of composting that are appropriate for small and medium-scale farms:
1. Piles (may be placed in bays or bins)
2. Windrows
Each composting system requires the addition of air, and this can be accomplished through turning or through
forced aeration. These are further described below.

NOTE: PASSIVE PILES OR WINDROWS – NOT RECOMMENDED

Passive composting involves the production of compost in piles or windrows through natural aeration over
long periods of time, with no mixing or turning. This system is not recommended for efficient composting.
It is a low technology and low labour approach and can generate odour, leachate and must be stored
for long periods of time. It also often results in a considerable loss of nutrients and is frequent cause of
complaints by neighbors.

4.1 PRE-MIXING OF FEEDSTOCK MATERIALS

Once the initial composting materials (feedstocks) have been selected DID YOU KNOW:
and the optimal C:N ratio has been determined, the moisture content Once the compost system is
is optimal, and materials have been prepared for composting (e.g. up and running, most farm
ensuring adequate particle size) the materials need to be uniformly operators only spend a couple
mixed. This pre-mixing is typically accomplished through a front-end of hours a week tending to
loader or a compost turner. The active stage of the composting process their compost process.
will begin once the feedstock has been piled and mixed.

4.2 PILES IN BAYS

This pile system involves the production of compost within a bay, usually in a structure on a protective base, using
aeration methods such as tractor-turning or forced aeration (see Sections 4.4 and 4.5). This is a low technology,
medium labour approach and is the most common method for small lot farmers as it produces compost fairly
quickly and does not require a large amount of space. The bays can be considered as a form of in-vessel
composting; however, they are not usually totally enclosed. Piles are generally more appropriate for smaller
quantities of materials. At a farm scale, the volume of organic material should be no smaller than 10 m3 to
maintain the high temperatures needed for the composting process. Common designs include two or three
bays in which material from one bay is transferred into the next bay during the turning process. While piles can
be turned in place, it is often easier to transfer the materials to an empty bay area to ensure materials from the
outside of the pile are now in the middle of the pile for more uniform composting.

ON-FARM COMPOSTING IN BRITISH COLUMBIA 15

 CASE STUDY: THREE BAY COMPOSTING ON A 27 ACRE FARM WITH 15 HORSES
This horse farm has 15 horses on 27 acres and uses a 3 bay system. The structure has a concrete floor,
with extra space at the front, drainage ditches and a metal roof with wooden rafters (Figure 7). The whole
structure is 7.5 m wide by 15 m long. Each of the three bays contains materials at different stages of
composting:
Bay 1: Fresh manure (includes everything from the stalls: bedding, manure, urine, some hay)
Bay 2: Active composting
Bay 3: Finished compost (still needs to be cured)
While the materials are being loaded into the bays, water is added using sprinklers to reach desired
moisture levels if necessary. A forklift is used to turn and aerate the piles once a week while it’s composting
which takes 1-2 hours of labour at a time. The temperature of the piles is measured using a long temperature
probe to reach the middle of the pile. A manure spreader is used to spread the compost onto pasture fields
and mixed into vegetable beds.
The cost of the system was offset by donations of the concrete blocks and volunteer labour. The concrete
slab cost around $5,000 and the roof also around $5,000.

Figure 7. A three bay compost system for horse manure and bedding

16 ON-FARM COMPOSTING IN BRITISH COLUMBIA

4.3 PILES IN WINDROWS
A windrow is simply an elongated pile of composting material with a more or less triangular cross-section shape.
Windrows can be aerated using mechanical turning (Figure 8) or forced aeration (see Sections 4.4 and 4.5). As
a general rule, windrows should not be higher than 2.5 m (8 ft) or wider than 3.6 m (12 ft) without forced air.
Any larger and air movement into the windrows will be reduced. Windrow size may be influenced by the size of
turning equipment (e.g. tractor or windrow turner (Figure 8)).
Windrows should be turned frequently at first and then at longer intervals by the end of the first month (Table 4).

Table 4. Recommended windrow turning Frequency.

Week Number of Turnings
1 3

2 2 to 3

3 2

4-6 Once a week

After 6 weeks Once every 2 weeks

Figure 8. Windrow composting22

22
Photo is from Geoengineer.org.

ON-FARM COMPOSTING IN BRITISH COLUMBIA 17

 4.4 THE IMPORTANCE OF TURNING COMPOST
Turning is the agitation and mixing of the compost pile or windrow to mix materials from the surface into the
centre (Figure 9). There are several advantages of turning compost:
◆ Allows an opportunity for moisture management.
◆ Ensures that there is a uniform mix of the materials throughout the windrow or pile, which enables
pathogen kill temperatures to reach all materials.
◆ Replenishes oxygen, increases porosity, breaks up clods, and interrupts preferential air flow.
◆ Improves end product quality and homogeneity.
How often a pile or windrow should be turned depends on the
properties of the material in the pile, the decomposition rate, and “We turn the compost pile at least
the size of the piles or windrows. Moist material needs more turn- once a week during the start of
ing than dry materials. However, turning too frequently can make the process, which takes 1-2 hours
the material too dry and will decrease internal temperature of the of labour time.”
pile. Low temperatures will inhibit the degradation of materials. – Farmer managing horse manure
Dry material also becomes hydrophobic, which makes it difficult
for re-wetting of materials.

Figure 9. Mixing compost with a tractor23

Materials with high odour potential should be turned less often than materials with little odour potential. Dense
material of smaller particle sizes may require more frequent turning to maintain oxygen supply for microbes.
During the early stages of the active composting process, the decomposition rate is high, and therefore, turning
should happen more frequently. Larger piles or windrows will need to be turned more often to replenish oxygen
supply to the centre of the materials.
Turning of the compost can be done by one of three equipment systems, which are described below:
◆ Tractor and front end loader
◆ Tractor and front end loader and spreader
◆ Tractor and windrow turner

23
Photo is from Campus Extension, an online video and training website.

18 ON-FARM COMPOSTING IN BRITISH COLUMBIA

4.4.1 Tractor and Front-End Loader
The tractor and front-end loader (or “tractor-loader”) is the simplest
system for most farm operations. The disadvantage is that there is Some farms use a forklift to
frequently less than adequate mixing and large pieces of materials mix and aerate small piles of
may not be broken up, thereby reducing the amount of aeration. compost. The tines of the forklift
Depending on the size of the operation, a 135-horsepower tractor can be useful in getting into the
with a 3 yard bucket should suffice. Using a tractor-loader can be corners of a bay or bin system.
time consuming for large quantities of compost. There are extra space
requirements to use a tractor and loader and may require windrows to
be located endwise instead of side by side. In general, turned windrow
compost operations producing less than 400 m3 per year can use front-end loaders to be time and resource
efficient. A front-end loader is usually sufficient for the bay and bin composting methods.

4.4.2 Tractor-Loader with Additional Spreader

The tractor-loader plus a second tractor with a manure spreader can be used to get better mixing and aeration
of the compost and works well with larger volumes and windrows. The loader fills the spreader, which is used to
discharge the material to create a new windrow or pile, therefore mixing and aerating it in the process. The main
disadvantages are extra equipment and labour costs.

4.4.3 Tractor and Windrow Turner

For larger volumes, specialized windrow turning equipment can be used that is designed to turn windrows
efficiently and moves material from the outside of the windrow to the centre. Compost turners have the capacity
to turn compost up to ten times faster than a tractor loader system. The main disadvantage is the cost of the
equipment. The cost of equipment is a worthwhile investment in a farm producing over 1,500 m3 per year of
compost. Another strategy involves moving material from one windrow to another and using that opportunity for
mixing. A tractor mounted conveyer or slanted surface can be used.

CASE STUDY: 1 ACRE MIXED HOBBY FARM WITH A 3 BAY COMPOST SYSTEM
A mixed farm located on 1 acre uses a 3-bay compost system (Figure 10). Materials composted on the
farm include vegetable green waste and on-farm pony, pig and chicken manure.
Materials in bays are mixed using a tractor with a front-end loader to assist with aeration and maintain
desired temperatures. The farm operator submits samples of the compost to a laboratory for nutrient and
salt (electrical conductivity) level analysis. Any test results that are outside the optimal range will trigger
changes to the management of the compost operation, such as increasing water, additional turning, or
adjusting the C:N ratio. Often, the farm buys oyster shells or chicken manure from another farm to add to
the system to increase calcium and nitrogen content.
Summer months are too busy for constant maintenance but when hot/dry conditions occur the compost
will be watered with hose or sprinkler. Farmers manage the compost system more closely during the fall
and winter seasons. The farm operator decided on the location of establishing the compost structure with
the help of an Environmental Farm Plan planning advisor.
The average time for decomposition of materials is 16-18 months. The final product is incorporated back
into their growing fields.
System design: Each bay is 3 m wide by 2.5 m deep built from wood. The concrete pad is approximately
60 m2.
Estimated costs for additional inputs (e.g chicken manure) around $600-700 per year.

ON-FARM COMPOSTING IN BRITISH COLUMBIA 19

 Figure 10. Three bay pile system turned with a tractor loader.

4.5 FORCED AERATION – AN ALTERNATIVE TO TURNING

Forced aeration involves using a combination of perforated pipes under the composting material (or embedded
into the floor) and a vacuum or fan blower system to move the air through the compost (Figure 11).

4.5.1 Negative Aeration

In negative aeration, air is drawn down through the composting material from the outer surface of the pile using
vacuum suction, moves through the pile into the piping, and is discharged through a blower out of the pile. The
exhaust can be odourous, and the air flow can be directed into a biofilter in order to treat odours if need be.
Disadvantages of negative aeration include:
◆ Moisture and fine particles are drawn into the aeration pipes and blowers increasing clogging potential;
◆ Air is highly-corrosive which increases stress on piping and blower; and
◆ If a biofilter is used, it is important to ensure additional air is added to the exhausted air to reduce the
overall air temperature.
The main advantage of negative aeration is a better control over odour if combined with a biofilter than
positive aeration.

4.5.2 Positive Aeration

In positive aeration, air is pushed into the pile or windrow from below the materials and flows out the top, exiting
over the entire composting surface. Advantages of positive aeration over negative aeration are that it provides
better air flow, better distributes air in the pile, and requires less energy consumption. Positive aeration is also
more effective at cooling the composting pile overall.

20 ON-FARM COMPOSTING IN BRITISH COLUMBIA

Figure 11. Example of forced aeration piping and blower system24

4.5.3 MANAGING AIR FLOW IN FORCED AERATION COMPOST SYSTEMS

It is recommended that aeration occurs intermittently and is managed by either a timer or a temperature control. In a
timer-controlled system, the blower “off” time should normally not exceed 60 minutes and the best aeration schedules
are usually determined by observing compost pile characteristics (e.g. temperature, moisture). A temperature-
controlled system uses temperature sensors (usually thermocouples) coupled with a timer to automate the on/
off cycle of blower. The temperature sensors are set to provide enough oxygen to meet the requirements of the
microorganisms based on the temperature of the pile. Temperature-controlled systems are often hybrid systems: an
on/off timer (30 min on/30 min off) that can be overridden when temperature exceeds a certain threshold.

4.5.4 Designing Forced Aeration Compost Systems

Forced aeration systems can be used
in the pile method or in the windrow
composting method. Forced aeration
of piles and windrows requires more
careful design for appropriate airflows
and is usually more expensive than
tractor-turned systems. Piles will still
need to be turned to ensure that all
material is composted consistently
but less frequently, resulting in some
cost savings. Piles can be higher, and
the composting process is completed
faster overall.
Proper pre-mixing of the feedstock
materials and optimal moisture
contents are critical to success. If
forced aeration systems are used, the
moisture content should be closely
monitored, as the pile may dry out
faster.
Figure 12. Force aeration composting using ventilated floors.

24
O2 compost systems, 2019. Blower system with piping.

ON-FARM COMPOSTING IN BRITISH COLUMBIA 21

 If positive forced aeration is used, piles or windrows must be covered with 15-30 cm of an insulated blanket of
material (such as mature compost) for odour control. A cover is also recommended when negative aeration is used.
An alternative design of forced aeration systems involves a pile or windrow placed upon a concrete pad with a
ventilated floor and air holes down the length of the centre of the pad (Figure 12). The ventilated floor can be
set up as either a positive or negative forced aeration system. This reduces problems with removing and setting
up air pipes, when emptying the bins and allows the option of tractor-turning of the pile to enhance mixing and
temperature/moisture management when required. Well-designed floors can also catch and collect leachate for
reuse to add moisture to the pile.

4.6 COMPARING COMPOST SYSTEM OPERATIONS

Once the compost system is running the overall labour inputs are quite low. This includes a couple of hours
a week to remove manure and bedding from barns and put it into the compost bins, one hour a week to turn
the compost or check PVC piping if using forced aeration, an hour a week to conduct temperature checks
and other housekeeping, and about a full day every month during the growing season to spread the finished
compost onto fields. The first run-through may require additional time allocated to general troubleshooting and
maintenance. Section 7 provides a more detailed analysis of system design and cost requirements for different
compost systems. Table 5 summarizes the differences between turned piles or windrows and forced aeration
piles or windrows.

Table 5. Differences in turned vs. forced aeration systems.

Characteristics Turned piles or windrows Forced aeration piles or windrows
General Effective for small and medium scale farms, Effective for small and medium scale farms.
more common on small farms.
Labour Tractor turning required. High labour for system design and planning.
Specialized turning equipment
may be needed.
Site design Piles typically in 2 or 3 bays. Total area can be smaller
Windrows can take up than turned system due to
larger areas of space. faster processing times.
Bulking agent Higher volume of bulking agents needed. Lower volume of bulking agents needed
More turning would result in less bulking
agents required.
Period of active 4 to 6 months 3 to 4 months
composting
Curing 1 to 2 months 1 to 2 months
Size and Volume Windrows: Windrows:
• Up to 2 m high • Up to 3 m high
• 3 – 6 m wide • 3 – 6 m wide
• Length is variable • Length is variable
*These dimensions will depend on *These dimensions will depend on windrow
windrow turning equipment turning equipment

Piles: Piles:
• Up to 2 m high • Up to 3 m high
• Width and length will depend on desired • Width and length will depend on desired
size of bay structure size of bay structure
Aeration Mechanical (tractor turning). Forced positive or negative air flow
through the pile.
Odour consideration Turning can create odours especially A cover of mature compost or wood shavings
in the initial weeks. (biofilter) can help to mitigate odours.

22 ON-FARM COMPOSTING IN BRITISH COLUMBIA

4.7 REGIONAL CONSIDERATIONS
Regional considerations, particularly annual precipitation and temperature patterns may influence the choice
and design of the system. Windrows are typically more impacted by weather than piles and bins, primarily
because it is more difficult to protect windrows from the elements. These conditions are further described below.

4.7.1 Wet Conditions

High levels of precipitation create site NOTE:
management issues, because saturated soils can COMPOSTING PRACTICES AND THE LAW
make it difficult to operate equipment. Standing As per the AEM Code, compost structures must be
water (e.g. puddles) can lead to anaerobic placed on a protective base with leachate collection
conditions around the base of a windrow or pile. and control.
Wet conditions can also lead to flies, insects,
and odours. Leaching from compost piles must Furthermore, outdoor compost piles need to be
be controlled and collected for future reuse, covered between October 1 and April 1 in high
otherwise it will transport organic, inorganic and precipitation areas. High precipitation areas are
nutrient contaminants into soil or watercourses. defined as areas that receive at least 600 mm of
In the soil, these contaminants may contribute to precipitation from October 1 to April 30. This area
ground water pollution. Therefore, composting includes the South Coast of BC.
in high precipitation areas must be conducted
under cover and on impervious surfaces with
leachate collection, as per the AEM Code25 (see text box). Covering windrows with tarps also allows windrow
composting to become more feasible in regions with high precipitation, such as the Lower Mainland and parts of
Vancouver Island.

4.7.2 Dry Conditions

In low rainfall areas (less than 600 mm of precipitation between October 1 and April 30), compost may be
produced outside on uncovered concrete slabs. More attention should be paid to providing adequate moisture
to the composting process. Sprinklers may be a necessary addition to compost structures and a water license
may be required to access water. Care should be taken to prevent dry material on the outside of the piles and
temperatures over 65-70°C inside the pile as this can lead to spontaneous ignition of the materials.

4.7.3 Cold Conditions

Cold weather will increase the heat loss from piles and windrows and will decrease the microbial activity levels.
Prolonged freezing temperatures can halt composting completely in smaller piles, but the process will resume
once the weather warms up. If composting begins before cold weather sets in, temperatures of 45-65°C may
be reached in the centre of the piles and continue to compost. In this case, the outer few inches will need to be
turned into the pile once the weather warms, to ensure complete composting of materials. Tarps or roof structures
can be used to place over the piles to ensure that snow is not getting into the compost, as snow will affect the
moisture content and temperature of the pile. Covering the piles with mature compost can provide an insulated
barrier to allow the composting process to proceed. If snow falls directly onto the actively composting materials,
it can also act as an insulating layer, allowing the composting process to continue. Turning should be avoided
if snow accumulates on the pile, as it will decrease the internal temperature26. Surrounding the piles with straw
bales can also act as an insulating mechanism to maintain higher temperatures.

4.7.4 Hot Conditions

Warm weather enhances water loss of the outside layers, and water can be added to windrows and piles if they
become too dry. Automated sprinklers and other watering devices can be integrated into the system design to
facilitate moisture control. Some pre-wetting may be required to avoid excessive run-off from the pile because
dry compost can become water-repellent. A water license may be required. Care should be taken to prevent
temperatures rising to over 65-70°C inside the pile as this can lead to spontaneous ignition of the materials.

25
BC’s Code of Practice for Agricultural Environmental Management regulates the siting and practices associated with agricultural composting. Special
conditions apply to high precipitation areas (regions receiving more than 600 mm of precipitation from October 1 to April 30).
See the Code for more information.
26
Land Management Guide for Horse Owners and Small-Lot Farmers. 2007.Langley Environmental Partner’s Society.

ON-FARM COMPOSTING IN BRITISH COLUMBIA 23

 5.0 What do I need to do once the composting process has started?
During the active, thermophilic stage, it is important to monitor the organic material to ensure efficient composting.
Temperature is the most practical parameter to monitor and can be measured fairly easily using affordable temperature
probes. Temperature is a useful indicator, whereby if the temperature is too high or too low then it is a sign that something
about the compost process is not working as intended. Monitoring and maintaining the desired temperatures at each
stage of the compost process is good practice which leads to an increased chance of successful composting. Other
characteristics to be aware of and manage for are moisture content and aeration. Optimal ranges are presented in
Table 6 and additional information about each factor is provided in Section 3 of this guidebook.

Table 6. Optimal ranges of composting material conditions during the active stage of composting.

Factor Optimal Range

Temperature 45oC - 65oC

Moisture content 40% - 60%

Percent oxygen (aeration) > 10%

CASE STUDY: 5 ACRE FARM WITH 7 HORSES USING A 2-BAY COMPOST SYSTEM
A horse farm on 5 acres of land has an average of 7 horses boarding at a time, providing a constant stream
of manure and bedding.
The composting structure is placed close to the barn for easy access to the manure source. The structure
has two bays for feedstock, a concrete pad with a 1% slope to the back of the structure for leachate control,
and leachate pipe that drains into a collection area in the nearby garden. There are 2 m high concrete side
walls and a metal roof with wooden rafters. The roof is high enough so that the loader can scoop and turn
the manure without hitting the roof (Figure 13).
Piles are turned every couple of weeks. A concrete pad was built in front of the structure making it easier
for the tractor to maneuver, especially during wet conditions. The operators perform the “squeeze test” for
moisture content and take the temperature of the piles regularly using a long probe. Manure coming into
the structures is wet and does not need additional water. Sometimes wood shavings are added to the piles
as a bulking agent to reduce moisture content. After 2-3 months the material is ready to be cured and then
spread onto fields. Composted material is spread onto pasture lands several times a year with a manure
spreader, which takes approximately 1 day of labour each time.
The cost to build the structure was around $5,000. Construction labour was performed in-kind, and
concrete forms were rented. In the future, they would like to add a third bay to increase efficiency.

Figure 13.
Two bin pile system using tractor turning.

24 ON-FARM COMPOSTING IN BRITISH COLUMBIA

5.1 TROUBLESHOOTING COMMON PROBLEMS
Being able to identify problems early-on will increase management success. Problems and solutions to common
issues associated with composting are described in Table 7.

Table 7. Common composting problems, possible causes, and solutions 27 28 29 30 31.

Problem Possible Causes Solutions
TEMPERATURE
Pile does not heat up Pile too dry Add water to the pile
Pile too wet Turn and/or cover the pile, add dry material
Small pile size Enlarge or combine piles
Insufficient aeration Turn windrow more frequently to increase airflow
Too much aeration Reduce turning frequency to allow more time for
materials to decompose
Low pH Add lime or wood ash and remix
Low nitrogen Add high nitrogen ingredients
Reduce bedding materials
Material is too coarse or too fine Re-grind bulking agent or add coarser bulking agent
Pile does not stay hot Low oxygen Turn pile, add bulkier material
Low moisture Turn pile and add water
Piles are too small Add more material to pile
Piles are too porous Add smaller particle size feedstock
Temperature is too high Low to moderate moisture Add more water and continue turning pile
Pile is too big, dense, and/or Decrease size of pile, turn pile, add bulkier materials
compacted
Nitrogen content in pile is too high Add high carbon ingredients
The inside of the pile is The pile is either too wet, lacking Turn pile
cool and the outside is oxygen, or materials are too
hot compacted

MOISTURE
Pile is dry throughout Relative humidity is too low Add water while turning pile
Pile is too small Enlarge the pile
Aeration is occurring too often Reduce frequency of turning pile and aeration time
Pile is damp and sweet- Relative humidity is high Turn pile to evaporate water
smelling but still not
breaking down
PESTS
Rodents and/or birds Rodents and/or birds are in and Use concrete block siding rather than wood
around the compost Cover pile with tarp or layer of finished compost
Handle material promptly
Flies Flies are breeding in uncovered, un- Cover pile with a tarp or a layer of finished compost to
composted manure prevent access to breeding grounds
Handle material promptly
Flies breeding in standing water or in Drain all puddles from around compost area
puddles of leachate around piles

27
New Brunswick, Agriculture, Aquaculture and Fisheries. 2015. Compost – Basics of On-Farm Composting
28
Langley Environmental Partner’s Society 2007. Land Management Guide for Horse Owners and Small-Lot Farmers.
29
USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Whatcom County Small Farm Composting Guide.
30
Backyard Composting, Factsheet Series #1. Compost Education Centre.
31
Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Development. 2005. Manure Composting Manual.

ON-FARM COMPOSTING IN BRITISH COLUMBIA 25

 5.1.1 Odour Management
Most organic wastes will generate some odour WARNING:
during the composting process. Odour problems, The Environmental Management Act defines “air
causes, and solutions are summarized in Table 8. contaminants” as a substance that is introduced into
Odour increases when the composting material the air and that:
is allowed to become anaerobic (i.e. is deprived
a) Injures or is capable of injuring the health or
of oxygen). Therefore, odours can generally be
safety of a person,
minimized with proper aeration.
b) Injures or is capable of injuring property or
The primary sources of odour at a composting any life form,
site are:
c) Interferes with or is capable of interfering
1. Anaerobic conditions; with visibility,
2. Ammonia lost from high-N materials; d) Interferes with or is capable of interfering with
3. Poor initial mixing of raw materials; the normal conduct of business,
4. Bad housekeeping; and e) Causes or is capable of causing material
5. High odor potential (fish waste, meat, etc.) physical discomfort to a person, or
f ) Damages or is capable of damaging the
Odour control starts with good feedstock
environment.
preparation: rapid mixing with bulking agents,
control of moisture content and porosity, and an Odour may be considered an air contaminant. The
optimal C:N ratio. Planning composting activities AEM Code requires that air contaminants do not
in accordance with the weather is also an cross property boundaries.
important operational strategy to reduce odour
impact beyond the property lines. Prevailing wind
direction and proximity to residential areas are
important factors to take into consideration in
selecting sites for composting.

Table 8. Common problems, causes and solutions associated with odour during composting 32 33 34.
Odour Problem Possible Causes Solutions
Ammonia C:N ratio less than 20:1 Add high carbon materials

Add dry bulking material

Material is too wet
Increase mixing or forced aeration
High sulphur
Hydrogen sulphide Cover pile
feedstock (high protein
Use negative aeration with biofilter
feedstock)
Increase layer on top of pile and keep that layer moist (not wet)

Increase mixing or forced aeration

Incorporate bulkier materials to increase porosity
Anaerobic conditions
Lower the height of piles or windrows to reduce compaction
Material is too wet
General foul smell Ensure good pile drainage
Temperature is low
Keep moisture content 40 – 60% and temperature 45 - 65oC
Bad housekeeping
Drain standing water
Clean cracks in walls and floor regularly

32
On-farm Manure Management Through Composting. Nova Scotia’s Adaptation Council.
33
Langley Environmental Partner’s Society. 2007. Land Management Guide for Horse Owners and Small-Lot Farmers.
34
Manure Composting Manual. 2005. Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Development.

26 ON-FARM COMPOSTING IN BRITISH COLUMBIA

6.0 How do I know when my compost is finished, and can I sell it off-farm?
The main steps involved in the finishing process involves curing and screening. If the compost will be sold
off farm, then it is important to understand the rules and regulations surrounding compost sales. These are
described in this chapter.

6.1 THE CURING AND FINISHING PROCESS

Once the active phase of composting has completed, the compost must be matured or cured for a period of time
before the product can be used. This timeline will vary depending on the feedstocks, the system and aeration
method selected, and the time spent managing the process. For example, using a windrow composting method
but turning infrequently may result in a timeline of six months for adequate curing time of the compost. On the
other hand, using a windrow with frequent turning or an aerated pile method may require a curing period of only
2 – 3 months35.
The three best indicators that compost is ready for curing are:
1. After a period of sustained optimal temperatures there is a gradual TIP:
decline in pile or windrow temperature; Germination test s using
lettuce seeds can be used
2. When the pile is turned it does not re-heat to high temperatures ; 36
to test for compost maturity.
or
If compost is immature the
3. When a sample is placed in sealed bag, there is no trace of germinating seeds and plants
unpleasant odour after 24 hours. will not survive.
If space allows, compost should be brought to a final curing area, away
from any actively composting materials. It is recommended to cure
piles under a roof or shelter and in a well-drained area for optimal
moisture control37.
◆ The final compost product will have the
following, easy-to-observe, qualities (Figure 14):
◆ No recognizable original materials
◆ Dark brown to black colour
◆ No objectionable odours, but an ‘earthy’ smell
◆ No pathogens and seeds
◆ A crumbly texture
◆ Stable ambient temperatures
◆ A pH between 5.0 and 8.0.
Figure 14. Finished compost.
6.1.1 Screening
Screening is an optional post-processing activity, but
it is an important step if compost will be sold off-farm. Screening is usually undertaken after curing the process is
finished. It allows a size selection according the final desired use (e.g. spread onto fields or used in vegetable bed
preparation), as well as a uniformity of look and feel. Rocks, large pieces of undecomposed woody material, and
other unwanted materials will be removed from the final product through screening. Screen openings should be
2 cm. Screening dry product is easier than compost with high moisture content. In some cases, compost that will
be used on the farm may not need to be screened, either because some larger-sized material is desired for soil
structure purposes, or because the finished material is already fairly uniform. In situations where plastics or other
foreign materials are present, then screening is highly recommended.

35
Gamroth, Mike. 2015. Composting: An Alternative for Livestock Manure Management and Disposal of Dead Animals. Oregon State University.
36
On-farm Manure Management Through Composting. Nova Scotia’s Adaptation Council.
37
Ibid

ON-FARM COMPOSTING IN BRITISH COLUMBIA 27

 6.1.2 Using Finished Compost on the Farm
Mature compost is a valuable input to many scales and
types of agricultural operations. As discussed in Section 1, WARNING:
compost increases the aeration and organic matter content
of soils, improves nutrient retention and soil structure, and When storing finished compost long-
suppresses plant diseases. term, the storage structure must be sited
to meet the following setbacks:
When finished compost is used on-farm to enhance plant ◆ 30 m from a drinking water source
growth, it is important to know the characteristics of the
compost material being incorporated into fields. Samples ◆ 15 m from watercourse, other than
of compost can be sent for analyses to identify its content, a drinking water source
which is useful for nutrient management. Some laboratories ◆ 4.5 m from a property boundary
will return results along with suggested application
rates. Resources regarding sampling, laboratories, and
interpretation of results are provided in the Appendix.
The characteristics of compost and the receiving soil to consider are:
◆ Salt content (Electrical Conductivity or EC): Elevated levels of salt concentrations above 4 mS/cm can
be toxic to plants, and the EC of compost can range from 1.1 to 5.4 mS/cm38, depending on the feedstocks
and the stage of composting. It is not typically recommended to plant seeds or seedlings directly into
fresh compost unless that compost has been cured for a long time. However, if the compost is land
applied in the fall or 3 – 4 months prior to planting, there are generally no EC problems, particularly in
areas with elevated rainfall.
◆ Nutrient concentrations (N, P): In mature compost, most N is in an organic form, so it is released
gradually, which decreases the risk of immediate leaching and extends its availability over the growing
season. The average annual mineralization rate (the availability of the nutrient) is between 8-12% of
the total N in the compost. The ability of compost to supply N to crops will vary depending on the
initial composition of the raw wastes, as well as on the type and duration of the composting process.
Phosphorus in compost is 40-75% available to plants in the first year.
◆ C:N ratio: Compost materials with C:N ratios less than 20:1 act as fertilizers right away, as the compost
will supply nitrogen to the soil. Any compost or other organic waste material which has a C:N ratio greater
than 30:1 will still release nitrogen over the longer term, but may cause a temporary reduction in plant-
available nitrogen.

6.2 SELLING FINISHED COMPOST OFF THE FARM

WARNING:
Some farmers may find that they have enough
compost product to sell off-farm. Several important Agricultural composting for on-farm use is generally
regulations need to be considered if compost is exempted from the Organic Matter Recycling
going to be sold. These include: Regulation (OMRR).

◆ Federal Fertilizers Act and Regulations However, if the operation is processing wastes from
(regulates product safety and labelling) other farms and selling the finished compost, OMRR
Class A compost requirements may be triggered.
◆ AEM Code (regulates record keeping)
◆ Organic Matter Recycling Regulation In order to comply with permitted farm uses under
(see text box) the ALR Regulation, only the production, storage,
and application of compost from agricultural wastes
◆ Agricultural Land Reserve Regulation
produced on the farm for farm purposes is allowed.
Non-agricultural wastes brought onto a farm for
composting purposes will require a permit or
approval from ENV as outlined in the Organic
Matter Recycling Regulation (OMRR), unless all of
the finished product is used on the farm.

38
Paul, J. and D. Geesing. 2009. Compost Facility Operator Manual: A compost facility operator training course reference and guide. Abbotsford Printing Inc.,
Abbotsford, BC, Canada.

28 ON-FARM COMPOSTING IN BRITISH COLUMBIA

According to the AEM Code (SECTION 43), if finished compost is being exported off-farm from an operation with
5 or more animal units (one animal unit = 455kg of livestock and/or poultry), the following requirements must
be met:
1. If exporting compost in amounts less than 5 m3, an annual record of the following information must be kept:
◆ The total amount of compost distributed in m3;
◆ The dates that distribution began and ended; and
◆ The type of agricultural by-product distributed.
2. If finished compost is being exported off-farm in amounts greater than 5 m3, a signed receipt indicating:
◆ The amount distributed in m3;
◆ The date of distribution;
◆ The type of agricultural by-product distributed; and
◆ The name and business contact information of the receiver.
According to the Federal Organic Production Systems General Principles and Management Standards (CAN/
CGSB-32.310), certified organic producers must also maintain records and documentation concerning inputs
and details of their use, the nature and quantity of products that have left the farm.

7.0 Where should my compost system be situated on my farm?

When siting a compost system, a farm operator must first and
foremost consider the legal setback requirements from water BEFORE YOU BEGIN:
sources, septic fields, and property boundaries as set forth in the Review the relevant sections
AEM Code (see Section 7.2 for more information). of the BC Environmental
Site selection will be based upon: the total volume of feedstock, the Management Act’s AEM Code to
composting method and equipment selected, vehicle traffic patterns, make sure you choose a site that
space requirements for storing raw materials, curing compost, storing meets the regulatory setbacks
compost, and buffer areas for noise and odour control, predominant from drinking water sources,
wind direction, and access to water. watercourses, and property
boundaries.
Usually the most convenient composting site is near the barn or
manure storage area. However, convenience must be weighed See Section 10 for more details.
against environmental concerns and proximity to neighbours. These
are further discussed below.

7.1 ESTIMATING FEEDSTOCK VOLUMES AND LAND AREA

REQUIRED
Farmers know their farms better than anyone and tend to be the best decision-makers when it comes to estimating
manure and crop waste volumes that will be available as inputs into the compost system. As a general rule for
windrow composting, 1 m3 of raw feedstock material will require 0.8 m2 of active processing area on the ground.
Aerated static piles may require less space. For reference, a typical tractor front end loader has a volume of 0.8 - 1.5
m3. Many case studies of small and medium farm composting systems indicate area dimensions of the protective
base for bay system composting activities ranging from 100 – 200 m2.
Turning requires somewhat more of a land base than forced aeration, due to the tractor’s need to maneuver
around the site. Forced aeration allows piles to be built higher and in rectangular shapes. Experience has shown
that producers tend to underestimate the amount of finished compost that will be produced, and often do not
have contingency plan for peak feedstock events. A site design example is provided in Figure 15.
Resources such a feedstock volume and site dimension calculators are included in the Appendix.

ON-FARM COMPOSTING IN BRITISH COLUMBIA 29

 Other points to consider include:
◆ Bulking agents need to be stored, sometimes for several weeks, based on seasonal availability.
◆ Sufficient space for collection and eventual disposal of foreign non-compostable objects (i.e. rocks,
plastics) that are present in the feedstock is required.
◆ Appropriate coverings as well as leachate controls may be needed for storage areas.
◆ Equipment maneuverability is also important, and it may be desirable to design the structure so that part
of the covered area protects any equipment or inputs.
◆ Sufficient area for potential future expansion of the composting system.
◆ Ventilation is an important design consideration, so that the compost structure can provide adequate air
flow to minimize condensation, frost build-up and accelerated deterioration of the structure.
Whenever possible, building products should be selected that can withstand the aggressive corrosion caused by
condensates of dissolved ammonia and sulphur compounds that develop in most composting operations. For
example, concrete blocks will last longer than wood, but may be more expensive (see Section 8 of this guidebook
for more details about composting economics).
An Environmental Farm Planning Advisor, as part of the Environmental Farm Plan program, can assist in selecting
the best location for the composting system.

4.5 m setback from property boundary

Farm
Septic
Equipment Residence
Shed
Storage
Cropland
Well
Driveway and access Routes
Watercourse
30 m setback from
drinking water sources Barn
and 15 m from other
watercourses Compost
Natural Area
Slope Pasture
Cropland
Direction of Curing
prevailing winds

4.5 m setback from property boundary

Figure 15. Example of a compost system site plan.

Figure 15 is provided as an example of a small farm operation (could be a 5 to 10 acre lot) with a active compost
pad and curing area sited close to the pasture and barn for ease of feedstock movement. Prevailing winds are
directing air flow away from the nearest property boundary. The site is within the required AEM Code setbacks
from drinking water sources, watercourses, and property boundaries. If leachate control is an issue, the curing
area could be moved so leachate does not flow into the cured compost area. Note that this diagram is provided
as an example only and is not necessarily to scale.

30 ON-FARM COMPOSTING IN BRITISH COLUMBIA

7.2 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS
The primary environmental consideration when siting a compost area is the prevention of leachate escapement.
Sites must not be located close to wells or other water sources (30 m setback if it is a drinking water source,
15 m setback for watercourses), near tile drains, or on sandy soils.
Outdoor composting (e.g. not under a roof or on a protective base):
◆ The compost pile must not be located in an area where there is standing water or water-saturated soil, on
any low-lying area of a field prone to annual seasonal flooding, during the flood season, or when flooding
is imminent.
◆ If within a vulnerable aquifer recharge area and storing for longer than two weeks, must not be located
directly on or over coarse-textured soil (e.g. soil with a saturated hydraulic conductivity of more than 10-3
cm/s). This can be ascertained by conducting a percolation test.
◆ Outdoor agricultural composting piles in high-precipitation areas (e.g. receiving 600 mm or more of
precipitation from October 1 to April 30) must be covered from October 1 to April 1.
◆ Piles and windrows should be located on slightly sloping land (0.5%-2%) with the windrow up and down
the slope. This allows for leachate to be managed appropriately. The site must be protected from external
run-off with berms or curbs that direct the runoff away from the composting site. Leachate arising from
the compost site can be collected in order to be land applied. It should not drain directly into a field, which
would be in contravention of the AEM Code (SECTIONS 39-42).
◆ If a compost pile is managed outdoors (e.g. not within a structure) then it must be monitored at least once
a week to ensure compliance with the AEM Code, it must not remain for a period of more than 12 months,
and no other pile must be erected in the same location for at least 3 years. Records must be kept of the
type and source of materials being composted, the location of the pile, and monitoring results.
Composting occurring within structures:
◆ Composting structures must be located on protective base, such as a concrete pad, or a layer of soil
at least 30 cm thick with a saturated hydraulic conductivity of less than or equal to 10-7 cm/s or other
material that does not allow leaks or for liquids to soak through.
◆ Ensure the protective base is maintained to prevent leakage. If in a vulnerable aquifer recharge area, all
storages built or modified after February 27, 2019 must be assessed for leaks at least every 6 months. If
leaks are found, corrective action must be taken. Document the date and outcome of every assessment
and any corrective actions taken.

7.3 NEIGHBOUR CONSIDERATIONS

Odours are usually a primary cause of friction with neighbours. Even well-managed compost systems will result
in some odour or ammonia emissions. Sites near sensitive locations such as residential developments, daycares,
schools, hospitals, and senior care homes should be avoided. Section 5.1 provides an overview of common
compost processing problems and how to solve them.
While the Farm Practices Protection Act (Right to Farm Act) does protect farmers from being charged with
nuisance complaints based on normal farm practices, all of the regulations in the AEM Code and other best
management practices must be followed in order for the farmer to be protected.
Potential odour nuisance complaints or other conflicts with neighbours, such as noise impacts, may be minimized
by using the following practices:
◆ Locate buildings according to the AEM Code;
◆ Locate buildings and operations as far as possible from rural residences or residential areas;
◆ Take advantage of unique topography or microclimate conditions that could affect odour impacts;
◆ Site buildings and operations so that prevailing winds transport odours away from rural residences or
residential areas;
◆ Keep compost material covered (this is required by the AEM Code in some areas);
◆ Install and use simple outdoor weather stations with logging capability. These tools are relatively
inexpensive (a few hundred dollars) and can support composting management decisions and
conflict mitigation;

ON-FARM COMPOSTING IN BRITISH COLUMBIA 31

 ◆ If handling material with high odour potential, ensure to pre-stock adequate volumes of bulking agents so
material is readily on-hand to mix with odourous materials;
◆ Try to avoid compost mixing activities on weekends or in evening hours;
◆ Good housekeeping practices, including frequent clean-up of spilled materials, draining standing water,
will reduce the potential for odour problems;
◆ Log your activities and weather daily. Consult your records in case of complaints to correct future
activities; and
◆ Make sure you follow up diligently on complaints. Neighbors generally like to be taken seriously even
though you may be acting within your rights.

8.0 What building materials do I need, and how much will this cost?
Every decision made on the farm involves a cost-benefit assessment. When
establishing a compost system, operators will want to know what level of FARMER QUOTE:
resources (such as time and money) will be required to maintain the process, “Compost behaves
and how much money it could save them (or earn them) over time. as a liability during its
Farm waste needs to be managed. If composting is not undertaken or managed entire maturation and
incorrectly, it may deprive the farm operation of resources (both nutrients and becomes an asset the
finances), and the process may require more time and money than it gives instant it hits the field.”
back in increased crop productivity or reduced spending on amendments.

8.1 COMPOST SYSTEM BUILDING MATERIALS

This section provides a high-level overview of some of the main cost considerations for compost structure for a
2 or 3 bay pile system design. There are examples of specific calculations and links to online calculators in the
Appendix for a more detailed analysis.

8.1.1 Costs Associated with a Concrete Slab Base and Siding

The AEM Code requires that a composting structure must have a protective base. Many farmers address this
requirement by designing their system to include concrete slab as a base. The concrete slab both improves
insulation and slows down nutrient loss due to leaching. Walls of the compost system can be constructed using
cinder blocks or large precast concrete blocks, such as those used for retaining walls (Figure 16). A slight slop of
1-2% can be built into the base so that leachate is collected in a central location.
Depending on the size and scale, rebar may be required. A concrete mixer, forms, and other equipment may also
be required during construction (Figure 17). This equipment can be rented or borrowed, and will not need to be
purchased outright.
Costs would range from about $1,500 to $6,000 depending on materials used, labour costs and size of the bays.
Calculation examples are provided in the Appendix.

Figure 16. Large concrete precast blocks.

32 ON-FARM COMPOSTING IN BRITISH COLUMBIA

Figure 17. Constructing the concrete slab base using forms39

8.1.2 Costs Associated with Roofing

As mentioned previously, the AEM Code requires that manure be covered in areas that receive a total precipitation
average of over 600 mm between October and April (e.g. Lower Mainland, Vancouver Island, and coastal regions).
Tarps are the most simple and inexpensive option, but can be cumbersome when moving material in and out of
the system. It can also be difficult to keep a tarp in place when winds are severe.
A permanent roof structure (e.g. metal, hard plastic, or wooden) that is either stationary and high enough for
equipment maneuvering or that can be moved out of the way when needed, is preferable. It is important to
note that in some municipalities a roofed structure can constitute a new building and a building permit may be
required. An alternative option is a temporary roof structure that can be screwed into place.
Corrugated asphalt roofing tiles are a relatively low-cost solution and provide excellent wind and rain
protection. It should be noted that, while quite durable, asphalt can become brittle with age, and may not
last as long as metal or wood. Sheet metal roofing is perhaps the most long-lasting and stable solution,
however it is usually a more expensive option.

8.1.3 Costs Associated with Forced Air Systems

As described in Section 4.5, aeration systems use blowers or TALLYING UP COSTS:
vacuums to intermittently or constantly disperse air through When labour and material costs are both
the compost pile. Negative aeration may require the addition factored in, farmers indicated that the
of a biofilter, but it minimizes odour problems. Reversing cost of setting up a concrete slab for a
systems (enabling both positive and negative aeration) 2 or 3 bay compost system costs $1,500
require bidirectional or reversible pumps and are the most to $6,000.
effective at dispersing air evenly. Metal roofing for a 3-bin system can
The most common aeration system (whether positive, cost anywhere from $2,000 to $5,000 for
negative or reversing) is known as a Pipe On Grade (POG) materials and labour.
sparger40. To install forced aeration in a windrow or bin Labour was the biggest cost, and those
system using a POG sparger, the required materials include who were able to secure volunteers
2.5 - 3.0 m long perforated PVC pipes at a width of 10 cm. saved the most.
In general, there should be one lengthwise pipe for every 0.5
- 1.0 m of pile width and enough length to protrude slightly
39
Photo is from Manurelink.com
40
Coker, C., & O’Neill, T., 2017. Aeration Floor Fundamentals. Retrieved from BioCycle.

ON-FARM COMPOSTING IN BRITISH COLUMBIA 33

 from the end of the piles. On the blower end, the pipes must be brought together by a manifold and attached
securely to the blower. In negative aeration (vacuum) systems, there is an increased expense and complexity due
to the need to prevent leachate from passing through the blower. The blower itself needs to be non-corrodible,
and the exhaust vent should be covered by a biofilter (e.g. a pile of finished compost material) to capture odour.
For both positive and negative aeration systems, the initial desired airflow through the pile may range from 10 - 13
m3 of air per hour, for every m3 of material in the pile. The blower can be operated for a few minutes every hour
during the active composting stage, or for a few hours a day total.
For example, a 6.5 horsepower blower is capable of drawing air at over 300 m3/hour and could provide adequate
aeration for a 25 - 30 m3 sized windrow41. This type of unit could be purchased for under $500. By covering a pile
or windrow, the allowable ratio of air flow to pile volume can be substantially reduced, because there is minimal
air loss due to natural settling and compression. In this case, a smaller blower, in the range of 2 - 3 horsepower,
would likely suffice.
Figure 18 provides a schematic of a possible layout for a forced aeration pile or windrow. Additional examples of
forced aeration systems and associated costs are provided in the Appendix.

Air entering the system

Air leaving the system

Compost Pile

Perforated PVC Pipes

Exhast fan

Leachate drain pipe

(connects to a collection tank

Biofilter (e.g. wood chips or

sawdust mature compost)

Figure 18. Compost pile or windrow with negative aeration - basic layout.

8.2 COMPOST SYSTEM LABOUR COSTS

Table 9 presents the average amount of time required by farm operators to run their compost system. The data is
based on interviews conducted with farmers as well as a literature review. While the labour associated with the
collection of feedstocks was considered, it is not included in the table, because it was assumed that the material
would need to be managed whether it was going to be composted or not. It is assumed that labour costs are
paid at a rate of $15 per hour.

41
Bryan-Brown, M., & Gage, J., 2010. Lessons Learned in Aerated Static Pile (ASP) Composting.

34 ON-FARM COMPOSTING IN BRITISH COLUMBIA

Table 9. Labour costs for a 3 bay compost system with 200 m3 of composting material.

Case Study: Farm with 350 hogs using pile compost system
under a covered structure
A 350 hog farm on Vancouver Island uses a covered pile
compost system to manage its swine manure and straw
bedding wastes (Figure 19). The feedstock is added at a ratio
of approximately 5 to 1 (manure to bedding on a wet weight
basis).
Recently, the farm has invested in an $80,000 compost
structure to manage the hog manure: it is 10 m wide by 25
m long (250 m2 base), with a concrete floor and wooden and
metal roof. It is located directly beside the pig pens which
allows easy access for the front-end loader to deposit the
manure and bedding into the composting structure. Concrete
blocks are used as the bottom side walls, the rest of the sides
are open.
The concrete floor slopes at about 1% grade to one central
point allowing the leachate to flow into a pipe system for
collection. A pump is then used to move the liquid leachate
up to an outflow, recycling the leachate to the top of the pile
to help with moisture content. During hot, dry summers when
moisture gets too low, a sprinkler is used 2 days/week to
maintain desirable moisture levels.
The organic materials are turned with front end loader
several times per week during the active composting stage,
which takes 4 months. After another month or so of curing,
the compost is ready to be spread onto the fields. Swine
carcasses are put into one section of the pile and often can
fully compost in about a month due to the high temperatures
of the pile.
The compost site can hold approximately 580 m3 of feedstock.
Operating costs are approximately $2,400 a year.

ON-FARM COMPOSTING IN BRITISH COLUMBIA 35

 9.0 What rules and regulations do I need to be aware of?
Policies and regulations constantly change, and compost operators should ensure that the information they
are using is as up-to-date as possible. The following section provides a brief outline of the main legislation that
applies to composting. Figure 20 provides a flow chart to indicate how a farm operator may navigate through
these regulations.

Is the compost facility in the ALR?

YES NO
Is it a “farm use” under the ALR? Is it on land otherwise designated
or zoned for agriculture by a local
government?

YES
NO
Permitted in the ALR. Regulated YES
Is it a “Permitted Use” NO
but not prohibited by local Protected by the
by the ALC Act, ALR Not protected
government bylaws except in Farm FPPA if compliant
Regulation, or by order by the FFPA.
Bylaw communities (Kelowna, with the AEM Code.
of the ALC?
Abbotsford, Langley and Delta).

Class A Compost as
Subject to regulation
Agricultural By-Product or per OMRR?
by AEM Code,
Mortalities? Defined by and Defined by and
OMRR, and local
subject to the AEM Code. subject to OMRR,
government bylaws.
100% on-farm use.

Subject to regulation by local NO YES

government bylaws. Protected by Not permitted in If defined by ALR Regulation as
FPPA from nuisance complaints the ALR without Class A compost, 50% on-farm use.
and some local government bylaws. an application Subject to OMRR, local government
Subject to FIRB. to the ALC. bylaws. No protection from FPPA.

Figure 20. Regulatory decision flow chart for composting42

9.1 FEDERAL FERTILIZERS ACT AND REGULATIONS

This Act regulates the requirements for compost for compliance with the safety and labelling standards that must
be met in order to legally sell or import compost into Canada. The Act is administered by the Canadian Food
Inspection Agency (CFIA).

9.2 FEDERAL FISHERIES ACT

Administered by both Fisheries and Oceans Canada and Environment and Climate Change Canada, this Act
is established to manage Canada’s fisheries resources, including fish habitat. The Act can also be administered
provincially by the Ministry of Forests, Lands, Natural Resources, Operations, and Rural Development (FLNRORD)
and BC Ministry of Environment and Climate Change (ENV). The Act applies to all Canadian waters that contain
fish, including ditches, channelized streams, creeks, rivers, marshes, lakes, estuaries, coastal waters and marine
offshore areas. It also applies to seasonally wetted areas that provide fish habitat such as shorelines, stream

42
This flowchart was developed by updating a previous version found in: Hulse, M. 2015. Compost regulation in British Columbia: Regulatory overview, best
practices, and recommendations for law reform. University of Victoria.

36 ON-FARM COMPOSTING IN BRITISH COLUMBIA

banks, floodplains, intermittent tributaries and privately owned land. Provisions for stiff fines and imprisonment
are contained in the Act to ensure compliance.

9.3 FEDERAL HEALTH OF ANIMALS ACT

The Federal Health of Animals Act enables regulatory control over Specified Risk Material (SRM), so that it does
not enter the animal feed system. Regulations under this Act (enhanced feed ban) require that producers do
not feed any animal products containing SRM to livestock and that abattoirs properly identify SRM to ensure
that it is removed from the feed system. A permit from the CFIA is required to handle, transport or dispose of
cattle carcasses and certain cattle tissues if they are moved off of the farm of origin. Composting processes do
not destroy SRM, therefore composted mortalities must be handled in accordance with CFIA regulations as the
compost is still considered to contain SRM.

9.4 PROVINCIAL AGRICULTURAL LAND COMMISSION ACT AND ALR REGULATION

The Agricultural Land Reserve Regulation (ALR Regulation) allows the production, storage and application of
compost from agricultural wastes produced on the farm for farm purposes if produced on the farm and/or if at
least 50% of the compost measured by volume is used on the farm and in compliance with pertinent regulations
under the EMA and associated AEM Code. Commercial-scale composting operations, which source a majority
of inputs from off-site, are not a permitted used in the ALR and require a Non-Farm Use approval from the ALC.
Activities associated with commercial compost, wood residue, and soil conditioning operations require a Non-
Farm Use approval from the ALC.

9.5 PROVINCIAL DRINKING WATER PROTECTION ACT

This Act and Regulations have requirements regarding the protection of drinking water quality. SECTION 23(1):
subject to subsection (3), a person must not (a) introduce anything or cause or allow anything to be introduced
into a domestic water system, a drinking water source, a well recharge zone or an area adjacent to a drinking
water source, or (b) do or cause any other thing to be done or to occur if this will result or is likely to result in a
drinking water health hazard in relation to a domestic water system.

9.6 PROVINCIAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT ACT

The EMA has three Regulations that address composting on farms. In general, industrial and commercial
composting processes fall under the Organic Matter Recycling Regulation (OMRR) and the product may be
distributed as a compost, whereas on-farm composting of agricultural by-products falls under the Code of
Practice for Agricultural Environmental Management (AEM Code). The Spill Reporting Regulation may also apply
under certain circumstances.

9.6.1 The Code of Practice for Agricultural Environmental Management

The AEM Code defines an agricultural composting process distinct from that described in OMRR, where
agricultural by-products, wood residue, mortalities, or processing wastes are mixed or layered and managed with
either periodic turning or forced aeration. If distributed by an operation, products of an agricultural composting
process may not be described as compost or composted (SECTION 43). The AEM Code also sets requirements
for setbacks and practices for compost and composting structures, as summarized below:
SECTION 17: composting structures must be 30 m away from drinking water sources and 15 m away from watercourses,
whereas outdoor composting piles must be 30 m away from both drinking water sources and watercourses. Both
outdoor compost piles and permanent compost storage structures must be 4.5 m away from property boundaries.
SECTION 40: agricultural composting processes must ensure that:
◆ all leachate is collected and contained, as well as contaminated runoff and solids;
◆ runoff is diverted away from compost piles;
◆ if leachate, contaminated runoff and solids do escape, that they do not enter a watercourse, cross a
property boundary or enter groundwater; and that
◆ air contaminants do not cross a property boundary
SECTION 41: a person who carries out a composting process in a structure must ensure that the structure has a
protective base and that the protective base is maintained so it does not leak.

ON-FARM COMPOSTING IN BRITISH COLUMBIA 37

 SECTION 42: requirements for outdoor composting piles:
◆ The pile is not located in an area with standing water, saturated soil and/or that is susceptible to seasonal
flooding
◆ The pile is monitored and that composting records, such as material source, temperature, and location are kept
◆ The pile is not left for more than 12 months
◆ No additional pile is erected in the same location for 3 years
SECTION 43: of the Code requires those who distribute the product of agricultural composting to:
◆ If distributing 5 m3 or less of a product of agricultural composting, keep records of the volume distributed,
the date of distribution and type of by-product distributed
◆ If distributing 5 m3 or more of a product of agricultural composting, ensure each distribution has a receipt
that is signed by the receiver which shows the volume and type of material distributed, the date of
distribution, and the name and business contact information of the receiver
If using a storage structure that has been modified or built on or after February 28, 2019 in a vulnerable aquifer
recharge area, SECTION 22 and 23 requires the protective base of permanent composting structures be assessed
every 6 months for leakage, taking any corrective action necessary to stop the leak. Records must be kept of the
assessment and any corrective actions taken. SECTION 25 also requires that outdoor composting piles must not
be situated on coarse-textured soil if stored longer than 2 weeks.
If in a high-precipitation area (minimum of 600 mm precipitation from October 1 to April 30), SECTION 25
requires outdoor composting piles be covered from October 1 to April 1.
SECTION 67:
◆ (1): A person may dispose of mortalities that died on their land through burial, incineration or composting
◆ (2): A person may only dispose of mortalities that died on the person’s agricultural land base
◆ (3): A person may dispose of processing waste only if it comes from livestock or poultry that were reared,
kept or slaughtered on the person’s agricultural land base
◆ (4): A person must not dispose more than 5 tonnes of livestock processing waste or 1.5 tonnes or more of
poultry, determined on a live weight basis
SECTION 68: people who dispose of mortalities on their land base must ensure:
◆ Mortalities are not to enter a watercourse, but if this occurs, the owner must immediately remove said
mortality
◆ Processing waste does not enter a watercourse
◆ Odours, particulate matter and vector attraction is minimized
SECTION 69: Mortalities must be stored in a manner that prevents putrefaction and the escape of leachate,
whereas processing waste must be stored in a completely enclosed structure on the agricultural land base from
which processing waste and leachate cannot escape
SECTION 70: Mortalities may be transported in containers in which the mortalities and leachate cannot escape
SECTION 71: A person who disposes of mortalities through composting must ensure
◆ Composting occurs in a permanent structure or outdoor agricultural composting pile
◆ Leachate & solids do not enter a watercourse, cross property boundary or enter groundwater
◆ Air contaminants do not cross a property boundary
◆ Vectors, wildlife and domestic pets are deterred from the composting pile
◆ Mortalities and processing waste are completely decomposed before application to land
◆ Composted livestock mortalities are only applied to land on which the composting occurred
◆ A person must not dispose of more than 5 tonnes of mortalities in any 30-day period

38 ON-FARM COMPOSTING IN BRITISH COLUMBIA

SECTION 72: Outdoor composting piles must not be located in areas prone to seasonal flooding and that have
standing water or saturated soils. The pile cannot be left for more than 15 months and another pile must not be
erected in the same spot for 3 years
SECTION 73(4): Compost containing specified risk material cannot be applied to land used to grow crops for
human consumption or to graze domestic ruminants

9.6.2 The Organic Matter Recycling Regulation

This Regulation (also under the Public Health Act) deals with the production of compost and subsequent land
application of recyclable organic matter derived from many non-agricultural (municipal) sources (i.e., sewage
biosolids, yard waste and food waste). It is intended to encourage composting and beneficial use of selected
organic matter. The regulation contains quality criteria for metals, pathogens and vector attraction reduction. It
also covers aspects of land application plans for managed organic matter. It does not typically apply to agricultural
waste composting operations that operate in accordance with the AEM Code. Schedule 12 of the Regulation, lists
suitable organic material for composting under provisions of the Regulation and provides some definition of the
source and constituents of those organic materials.
The OMRR has requirements related to composting that affect operation, product quality and land application.
For instance, the OMRR requires permits for composting facilities that process food waste or biosolids and have
a design production capacity of 5,000 or greater tonnes (dry weight) of finished compost per year.
SECTION 12 of the OMRR specifies the requirements for Class A and Class B compost. Compost that is produced
solely from yard waste or untreated and unprocessed wood residuals must meet pathogen reduction process
and vector attraction reduction requirements and quality criteria (trace elements). Compost that contains any of
the other permitted organic materials (Schedule 12) must additionally meet pathogen reduction limits and must
meet sampling and record keeping requirements as outlined in Schedules 5 and 6 of the OMRR. If the compost
meets these requirements, it is considered Class A compost and it can be distributed freely without volume
restriction. To be designated as Class A compost, fecal coliforms must be measured at less than 1000 MPN per
gram of total solids (dry weight basis). If compost is made from yard waste alone, determination of fecal coliform
levels is not required. Class A compost must also meet the quality criteria as outlined in Schedule 4, column 1.

9.6.3 The Spill Reporting Regulation

The Spill Reporting Regulation requires spills of a polluting substance (including mortalities) be reported
immediately to Provincial Emergency Program at 1-800-663-3456 (24 hour service). Report spills of mortalities
greater than 200 kg or 200 litres. Or report any amount, if the mortality spill contains organisms that are or that
are reasonably believed to be infectious.

9.7 PROVINCIAL FARM PRACTICES PROTECTION ACT (RIGHT TO FARM ACT)

Administered by AGRI, this Act provides that farmers on agricultural land are not liable to legal actions resulting
from nuisance complaints regarding farming activities when they meet certain conditions. The Act defines a
normal farm practice as an activity “that is conducted by a farm business in a manner consistent with proper
and accepted customs and standards as established and followed by similar farm businesses under similar
circumstances.”
SECTION 2: protects a farmer from liability in lawsuits alleging nuisance for odour, noise, dust or other disturbance
resulting from a farm operation if:
◆ The farmer uses normal farm practices;
◆ The operation is conducted in the ALR, land zoned for farm use, or, in the case of fish farming, has a valid
license under the provincial Fisheries Act;
◆ There is no contravention of other listed legislation, such as the Environmental Management Act, the AEM
Code and land use regulations (e.g. a zoning bylaw).
In addition, the Act establishes a Farm Industry Review Board (FIRB) to receive complaints regarding odour, noise,
dust or other disturbances resulting from farm operations. FIRB will hear complaints and determine whether the
complaint issue results from a normal farm practice.

ON-FARM COMPOSTING IN BRITISH COLUMBIA 39

 9.8 PROVINCIAL PUBLIC HEALTH ACT
The Public Health Act prohibits activities that may cause a health hazard. Administered by the Ministry of Health,
this Act has a specific prohibition that “a person must not willingly cause a health hazard, or act in a manner that
the person knows, or ought to know, will cause a health hazard”. This prohibition would apply to farm practices
that may result in a health hazard, such as when nutrients, contaminants or pathogens are discharged to land,
water or air to pose a public health problem. Any situation that entails a health hazard will enable health officers
to investigate using their powers under the Act. Under the Public Health Act, the local Health Authority must
investigate any health hazard and has authority to order that a person prevent or stop a health hazard, or mitigate
the harm or prevent further harm from a health hazard amongst other powers. Similar regulatory provisions exist
for addressing health hazards to drinking water supplies under the Drinking Water Protection Act.
The Act also has conditions under the Health Hazards Regulation, SECTION 8(1): separation distance from wells
to be at least 30 m from any probable source of contamination (probable source of contamination could include
compost materials and leachate.

40 ON-FARM COMPOSTING IN BRITISH COLUMBIA

Appendices
Appendix I: List of Helpful Online Calculators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II
Appendix II: Examples of optimal Carbon: Nitrogen ratios in feedstocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III
Appendix III: Calculating the area required for your compost system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV
Appendix IV: List of compost equipment specialists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VI
Appendix V: Laboratories, sampling, and interpretation of results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VII
Appendix VI: Calculating compost system costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIII

ON-FARM COMPOSTING IN BRITISH COLUMBIA 41

 APPENDIX I: LIST OF HELPFUL ONLINE CALCULATORS

1. Cornell Composting Calculator (Excel):

http://compost.css.cornell.edu/download.html
2. Government of Alberta calculator for N input, C input, and desired moisture content:
http://www.agric.gov.ab.ca/app19/calc/manure/manure.jsp
3. Klickitat County, Washington for total C:N ratio for up to four feedstock inputs
https://www.klickitatcounty.org/1030/Compost-Mix-Calculator
4. University of Washington: Compost mixture calculator
https://puyallup.wsu.edu/soils/compost-mix-calculator/
5. New Hampshire Department of Agriculture:
https://nerc.org/documents/manure_management/manure_generation_calculator.xls
6. Storage and Volume needs: Manurelink BC:
http://www.manurelink.com/manure-composting/how-to-compost/step-4-calculate-volume/

42 ON-FARM COMPOSTING IN BRITISH COLUMBIA

APPENDIX II: EXAMPLES OF OPTIMAL CARBON: NITROGEN RATIOS IN FEEDSTOCKS
Here are some examples of the typical manure, crop waste, and bedding amounts that will result in a C:N ratio
of 30:1. These numbers were determined using the calculators listed in Appendix 1.
Broiler Litter:
◆ One broiler bird (2 kg) produces around 1.1 kg of litter over its lifetime43. If a farm had 300 broiler birds that
would mean 340 kg of broiler litter to manage and 180 kg of woodchips would have to be added.
Layer litter:
◆ For 45 kg of laying hen litter waste, 90 kg of straw are needed.
Swine manure:
◆ A 90 kg swine produces around 6 kg of litter per day. Over a whole year, 2,150 kg of swine manure are
produced, and 360 kg of sawdust is needed.
Sheep manure:
◆ A 45 kg lamb produces 2 kg of manure a day. Over a whole year 675 kg of manure would be produced
requiring 275 kg of straw.
Horse manure:
◆ One (450 kg) horse produces approximately 8,200 kg of manure per year, approximately 1,360 kg of straw
is needed per year or 115 kg of sawdust per year.
Crop wastes:
◆ For 1 m3 of vegetable wastes, 7 m3 of straw is needed to obtain the optimal C:N ratio.
◆ 1 m3 of vegetable wastes + 0.5 m3 laying hen manure + 12 m3 of softwood chips.
◆ 90 kg of vegetable wastes + 45 kg of fruit wastes + 275 kg of horse manure + 15 kg of dry leaves

43
Ritz, C.W. and W.C. Merka. 2013. Maximizing Poultry Manure Use Through Nutrient Management Planning. University of Georgia Extension. Bulletin 1245.

ON-FARM COMPOSTING IN BRITISH COLUMBIA I

 APPENDIX III: CALCULATING THE AREA REQUIRED FOR YOUR COMPOST SYSTEM

WINDROW COMPOSTING

3m
3m 3-6m Windrow 3m

5-6m

3m 3-6m Windrow 3m

5-6m
Height

3m 3-6m Windrow 3m
Width Space

3m
The calculations below roughly estimate composting pad area requirements based on daily volumes (in cubic
meter, m3) or weight (in kg) of the compost mix (for example manure mixed with wood shavings). The calculations
allow for the separate estimation of the area needed for active composting and the area needed for curing. The
combined area of active composting and curing is the total composting area.
In addition to the total composting area, you will also need to account for space at both ends of the windrows for
vehicle access and, if applicable, space for mixing, screening, storage of bulking agents and non-compostable
waste (stored for a limited time until disposal).
The width of windrows is generally determined by machinery used for turning, loading and unloading. It should,
however, generally not exceed 6 m. The height of windrows is also determined by machinery but should not
exceed 3 m (active composting) or 4 m (curing) to avoid anaerobic conditions. If forced aeration is used, the
height of the active composting pile can be increased to up to 4 m.
It is not unusual to observe that composting sites run short of space only a few years after the beginning of the
operation. This often results in oversized piles and operational challenges which can then cause emissions (e.g.
leachate) and result in a poorer quality of the end product. Therefore, it is generally recommended to plan the
composting site in a location that allows for expansion, or to design the site with at least 20% more space than
area calculations suggest.
Equation (1): Windrow area without space for vehicle access between the windrows:
P x n / (H x CF) = area (m2)
Equation (2): Windrow area including space for vehicle access between windrows:
P x n x (W+ S)/(H x W x CF) = area (m2)
where,
P = total daily weight (in kg) OR total volume (in m3) of compost mix.
n = Number of active composting or curing days. The minimum for active composting should be 30 days
(n=30); the minimum for curing should be 60 days (n = 60).
H = Pile height. Maximum 3 m unless forced aeration.
W = Pile width – account for operational restraints such as equipment, vehicle access, compost methods
and material flow. Generally, not larger than 6 m.
S = Space between windrows for vehicle access. Minimum 5 m.
CF = Correction factor (rounded) – see table next page.

II ON-FARM COMPOSTING IN BRITISH COLUMBIA

 Correction Factor (CF) Formula

DAILY WEIGHT OF COMPOSTING MIX IS KNOWN (KG)

Active Composting CF = 500 CF = bd x sc/sf

Curing CF = 700 CF = bd x sc/(sf x sfc )

DAILY VOLUME OF COMPOST MIX IS KNOWN (M3)

Active Composting CF = 0.8 CF = sc/sf

Curing CF = 1 CF = sc / (sf x sfc )

where,
bd = Bulk density of the compost mix. Assumption 700 kg/m3.
sc = Windrow shape correction. Assumption: 0.66.
sf = Average shrink factor for active composting. Assumption: 0.8 for 30 days of composting.
sfc = Average shrink factor for curing. Assumption: 0.8 for 60 days of curing.

OTHER COMPOSTING SYSTEMS

For (active) composting systems using bays, equation (1) can also be used to obtain an estimate of the area
requirements. The Correction Factor (CF) in this case is 800 if weight (in kg) of the composting mix that is
produced daily is known. Alternatively, a CF of 1.2 can be used if the volume (in m3) of the composting mix that
is produced daily is known. The results can then be further divided by the number of bays (typically 2 or 3) to
obtain the area per bay. Pile width should not exceed 3 m unless forced aeration is used, in which case 4 m
is acceptable.
Additional resources for sizing a compost area:
Selecting, Siting, Sizing and Constructing Compost Pads. Cornell Waste Management Institute
http://www.manuremanagement.cornell.edu/Pages/General_Docs/Fact_Sheets/compostfs6.pdf
Turned windrow composting: Sizing your compost pad. Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, Department
of Environmental Conservation
https://dec.vermont.gov/sites/dec/files/wmp/SolidWaste/Documents/ANR%20Sizing%20Your%20
Composting%20Pad.pdf
Composting aeration floor functions and designs. Biocycle.net
https://www.biocycle.net/2017/07/05/composting-aeration-floor-functions-designs/

ON-FARM COMPOSTING IN BRITISH COLUMBIA III

 APPENDIX IV: LIST OF COMPOST EQUIPMENT SPECIALISTS
This is a non-exhaustive list of agricultural and industrial suppliers who service compost systems and sell
equipment for monitoring compost (e.g. long thermometers, moisture metres).
Transform Compost Systems, Abbotsford BC
604-856-2722
[email protected]
http://www.transformcompostsystems.com/design-aerated-windrow-system.php
Wika Instruments Ltd, Chilliwack, BC
780-463-7035
[email protected]
https://www.wika.ca
Huber Farm Equipment, Prince George, BC
250-560-5411
http://www.huberfarmequipment.com
Meinen Brothers Agri Services, Agassiz, BC
604-819-5557
https://www.mbagri.ca
Omega Spectris thermometers, St Eustache, QC
1-888-826-6342
https://www.omega.ca/en/sensors-and-sensing-equipment/temperature/thermometers/p/A12P
ReoTemp Instruments: thermometers and moisture meters, San Diego, CA
1-800-648-7737
https://reotemp.com/compost/heavy-duty-compost-thermometer/
https://reotemp.com/compost/moisture-meters/long-stem-compost-moisture-meter/

IV ON-FARM COMPOSTING IN BRITISH COLUMBIA

APPENDIX V: LABORATORIES, SAMPLING, AND INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS
Taking Samples:
Test methods for the examination of composting and compost (TMECC). US Department of Agriculture
and the Composting Council Research and Education Foundation. Adopted in 1995, revised 2001.
https://www.compostingcouncil.org/page/tmecc
Best practices on taking compost samples: A&L Laboratories. Compost handbook. Appendix D, pages 1 -5.
https://www.alcanada.com/pdf/Compost_Handbook.pdf

List of Laboratories:
List of nutrient testing laboratories in BC, 2010. Revised in 2015. Order reference No. 631-500-8.
https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/farming-natural-resources-and-industry/agriculture-and-seafood/
agricultural-land-and-environment/soil-nutrients/600-series/631500-8_nutrient_testing_labs_factsheetno1_
may2015.pdf
AGAT Laboratories 120 - 8600 Glenlyon Parkway, Burnaby, BC V5J 0B6 Phone: (778) 452-4000
www.agatlabs.com
Exova #104, 19575 - 55A Avenue, Surrey, BC V3S 8P8
Phone: (604) 514-3322
Toll free: (800) 889-1433
www.exova.com
Maxxam Analytics (formerly Cantest Ltd.) 4606 Canada Way, Burnaby BC V5G 1K5
604-734-7276
[email protected]
www.maxxam.ca
MB Laboratories Ltd.
By Courier: 4 - 2062 West Henry Ave, Sidney BC V8L 5Y1
By Mail: PO Box 2103, Sidney BC V8L 3S6
250-656-1334
[email protected]
www.mblabs.com
Pacific Soil Analysis Inc. 5 – 11720 Voyageur Way, Richmond BC V6X 3G9
604-273-8226
[email protected]
Plant Science Lab (affiliated with TerraLink Horticulture Inc.) 464 Riverside Road, Abbotsford, BC V2S 7M1
(604) 864-9044 x1602
[email protected]

Interpretation of Laboratory Results:

Interpreting compost analyses.
2018. Sullivan, D.M., Bary, A. I., Miller, R.O., and L. J. Brewer. Oregon State University Extension Service.
https://catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu/sites/catalog/files/project/pdf/em9217.pdf
Understanding a compost test report. Nova Scotia Department of Agriculture, 2010.
https://novascotia.ca/agri/documents/lab-services/analytical-lab-manure-compost-report.pdf
Understanding different soil test methods.
Canada – British Columbia Growing Forward program. Nutrient Management Factsheet – No. 3 in Series.
2010. Order reference No. 631.500-9.
https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/farming-natural-resources-and-industry/agriculture-and-seafood/
agricultural-land-and-environment/soil-nutrients/600-series/631500-9_soil_test_methods_factsheet_no3_
sep2010.pdf

ON-FARM COMPOSTING IN BRITISH COLUMBIA V

 APPENDIX VI: CALCULATING COMPOST SYSTEM COSTS
The prices included in these two examples assume new or rented materials (no secondhand) and are current to
2019 Canadian pricing. Actual prices may vary depending on the size of the compost system, materials chosen,
and specific design features.
Example 1
A 3-pile system in bays, turned on a 100 m2 footprint with concrete block walls, a concrete slab and a metal roof
Construction materials:
Concrete slab:
◆ Concrete mix: 575 x 25 kg bags at $6 per bag = $3,450
◆ Concrete molds and mixing equipment (rented): $400
Walls:
◆ Concrete blocks: 2 high x 3 deep x 7 sides = 42 blocks total @ $40 each = $1,680
Roof:
◆ Lumber and hardware for frame: $250
◆ Corrugated Galvanized steel roofing panel: sheet sizes 3.6 m x 1 m would require 34 sheets to cover a roof
area of 120 m2 (in order to slightly overhang the concrete base) at $30 per sheet = $1,020
◆ Roofing screws: $50
Total costs before labour = $6,880
Labour requirements:
◆ Several full days of high-intensity labour, demanding both physical strength and skill.
◆ The concrete slab will require the assistance of several people for setting up the forms, and rebar if
necessary, and then pouring the concrete.
◆ The roof construction will also require some basic framing knowledge.
◆ In general, the construction work for this project is intermediate-to-high in physical demand and
technical knowledge.
◆ It is estimated that it would take 5-7 days with an effort level of 2 people.

VI ON-FARM COMPOSTING IN BRITISH COLUMBIA

Example 2
A forced aeration windrow system (140 m2 footprint).
Construction materials:
Concrete Slab (note –a protective base other than concrete could be used as an alternative):
◆ Concrete mix: 1 m3 x 14 @ $110 = $1,540
◆ Concrete delivery: $250
◆ Rebar: 3 m x 131 @ $10 = $3,930
◆ Formwork: $400
Aeration System:
PVC piping: 17 pipes (3 m x 0.10 m) at $20 each = $340
PVC caps and manifold parts: $40
◆ PVC cement/solvent: $10
◆ Airfoil Centrifugal Fan: $400
Total costs before labour = $6,910
Labour requirements:
◆ Several days work to clear slab site and achieve desired 1-2% slope, build formwork and arrange rebar.
◆ One day for delivery of concrete, spreading and smoothing, which is best done with several people.
◆ One day for assembly of piping system and installing the fan (blower) unit properly and ensuring that
it is successfully sealed to the PVC manifold will be essential to the success of the aeration system.
◆ All together, this project involves at least a week of preparation and construction for a crew of at least
two people.

ON-FARM COMPOSTING IN BRITISH COLUMBIA VII