DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

INSTITUTE
ME-469L IC ENGINE AND OF AVIONICS
POWER ANDLAB
PLANTS AERONAUTICS

IC ENGINE AND POWER PLANTS LAB MANUAL

NAME

ROLL NO

CLASS

INSTRUCTOR

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IC Engine & Powerplant Lab

Assessment Rubric and Grading of Lab Performance

The performance of students in the lab is based on the following criteria

PLO 2: PROBLEM ANALYSIS:

Min
No progress Basics Good Excellent
Attributes Benchmark
1 2 3 4 5
Aware of process
Aware of the Aware of process Aware of
Mostly unaware and follow it.
process but lacks but lack process and
Apparatus of the process of Setup apparatus
competency in competency in follow it rightly
Setup setting up rightly and
following setting up as well as can
apparatus extend its
procedure apparatus setup apparatus
application.
Follows
Follows procedure Follows
Experimenta Does not procedure
Poor in following but not procedure
l Procedure comprehend appropriately and
completely appropriately
devise innovation
Lack proper
competency in Take readings
Can take readings
Unable to note taking readings, Can take accurately,
Readings and tabulate
readings and unable to readings, tabulate properly
properly but
and hence cannot properly tabulate tabulate properly and perform
cannot perform
Calculations perform and comes across and perform supporting
supporting
of Results supporting difficulty in supporting calculations
calculations by
calculations performing calculations through different
right method
supporting methods
calculations

PLO 4: INVESTIGATION:

Min
No progress Basics Good Excellent
Attributes Benchmark
1 2 3 4 5
Can sometimes Can mostly Can validate the Affectively
validate the validate the experiment by utilizes
experiment by experiment by identifying engineering
identifying identifying reasons for knowledge to find
Investigation No progress
reasons for reasons for difference in reasons for
difference in difference in experimental difference in
experimental and experimental and and theoretical experimental and
theoretical data theoretical data data theoretical data

PLO 9: INDIVIDUAL AND TEAMWORK:

Min
No progress Basics Good Excellent
Attributes Benchmark
1 2 3 4 5
Performs all
Fulfill Does not performs Inconsistently
performs duties duties assigned
Assigned No progress any duties performs duties
that are assigned and actively
Duties assigned that are assigned
assists others
Rarely does the Usually does Always does
Always relies on
Shares in assigned work assigned work assigned work
No progress other to do the
work of team often needs rarely needs without having to
work
reminding reminding reminded

IC Engine & Powerplant Lab A

IC Engine & Powerplant Lab

Assessment Rubric And Grading of Lab Reports

PLO 10a: COMMUNICATION WRITTEN:

Note: To be filled by Lab Engineer for Lab Report Assessment.

STUDENT: Class: _________ Roll No: ______________ Section: ________

No Min
Attributes Experiments progress Benchmark Basic Good Excellent
1 2 3 4 5
No Most results OK All results are All results are
calculatio Calculations and the necessary correct and correct and
ns have wrongly calculations have backed with properly
been made, and been carried out, appropriate shown and all
made and Results but some are still calculations, but the
Results contain missing some some have minor calculations
are errors. important or problems or could have been
missing. required features. still be improved. done correctly.
1
2
3
Calculations 4
and Results 5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

All important
Major points in
Both All important points in the
conclusion have
Sources Either one of points in the conclusion and
been stated and
of Error Sources of conclusion and sources of
sources of error are
& Error or sources of error error have
correctly identified
Conclusio Conclusion is have been stated, been clearly
but some points of
n are missing could be better stated, student
both have been
missing stated shows good
misstated
understanding

1
Sources of 2
Error & 3
Conclusion 4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

IC Engine & Powerplant Lab B

IC Engine & Powerplant Lab
No Min
Attributes Experiments progress Benchmark Basic Good Excellent
1 2 3 4 5
All the
Almost all the important
applications are applications
Written but Written but
covered shows are covered
Not the stated Missing some
good enough and well-
written applications important aspects
understanding, but written.
are irrelevant and/or applications
improvement can Student shows
be made. full
understanding.
1
Physical 2
Application 3
s of the 4
Experiment 5
ation 6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

Average Score (Experiment 01) = Average Score (Experiment 02) =

Average Score (Experiment 03) = Average Score (Experiment 04) =

Average Score (Experiment 05) = Average Score (Experiment 06) =

Average Score (Experiment 07) = Average Score (Experiment 08) =

Average Score (Experiment 09) = Average Score (Experiment 10) =

Average Score (Experiment 11) = Average Score (Experiment 12) =

Average Score (Experiment 13) = Average Score (Experiment 14) =

Average Score (Experiment 15) =

Date: _____________________ Signature: __________________

IC Engine & Powerplant Lab C

 ME-469L IC ENGINE AND POWER PLANTS LAB

Contents
Experiment # 1: Lab Layout ....................................................................................................................... 3
Experiment # 2 (Demo Engine) ................................................................................................................ 15
EXPERIMENT # 3 (CI Engine – Characteristic Curves) ................................................................................ 21
EXPERIMENT # 4 (CI Engine – Engine Efficiency, Specific Consumption and Ratio).................................... 28
EXPERIMENT # 5 (CI Engine – Volumetric Efficiency and Average Effective Pressure) ............................... 34
EXPERIMENT # 6 (SI Engine – Characteristic Curves) ................................................................................ 39
EXPERIMENT # 7 (SI Engine - Efficiency, Specific Consumption and Ratio)................................................ 46
EXPERIMENT # 8 (SI Engine – Volumetric Efficiency and Average Effective Pressure) ............................... 52
EXPERIMENT # 9 (Dual Engine – Compression Ratio Variation [Diesel Mode]).......................................... 57
EXPERIMENT # 10 (Study of the power generated by the Aero-generator depending on the incident)......63
EXPERIMENT # 11 (Study the power generated by the Aero-generator depending on the wind speed)..... 66
EXPERIMENT # 12 (Understand the functioning of the Aero-generator, by determining the I-V curve)...... 69

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 ME-469L IC ENGINE AND POWER PLANTS LAB
Experiment # 2 (Demo Engine)

Objectives:
To identify various components/assemblies of the Internal Combustion Engines, be able to
demonstrate the working principle and determine the power transmission of the SI Engine.
Technical Features:
- Petrol engine Coil ignition
- Gear oil pump Oil filter
- Water cooling Dry clutch single plate
- Gearbox 5 forward + reverse Spark plugs with light simulated explosion strokes
- 4 stroke 4 cylinder in line
- Full size model Overhead camshaft
- Chain drive or toothed belt Carburetor
- Air filter

Equipment Required:
 Four Cylinder-Four Stroke Spark Ignition Engine

Four Cylinder-Four Stroke Spark Ignition Engine

Key:
1. SI Engine Working Model
2. Clutch
3. Gearbox

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 ME-469L IC ENGINE AND POWER PLANTS LAB
 Clutch and Gearbox Assembly

Clutch and Gearbox Assembly

Key:

1. Clutch 2. Gear Box

3. Gearbox Lever 4. Clutch Pedal

 Engine Assembly

Engine Assembly

Key:

1. Air Cleaner 2. Overhead Camshaft 3. Distributer 4. Fuel Pump

5. Coil 6. Oil Filter 7. Oil Pump 8. Oil Pan
9. Crankshaft 10. Connecting Rod 11. Piston

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 ME-469L IC ENGINE AND POWER PLANTS LAB
 Timing Gears and Alternator

Timing Gears and Alternator

 Overhead Camshaft

Overhead Camshaft

Key:
1. Overhead Camshaft
2. Exhaust Valve
3. Intake Valve
4. Exhaust Manifold

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 ME-469L IC ENGINE AND POWER PLANTS LAB
Theory:
This is a petrol engine with a capacity of about 1600 cc, 4 stroke, 4 in-line cylinders and overhead
camshaft. The crankcase is a single cast iron block painted blue. Wide windows have been cut out
to allow a total vision of the internal organs and of the transit tubes for the lubricating oil and for the
cooling liquid. Beginning from the bottom, we can see the oil sump, painted yellow inside, with the
lobe pump for lubrication, the main shaft with 5 main bearings, the connecting rods, and the cylinder
liners and the four pistons, one of which is sectioned to show the piston pin and the seats for the
piston rings.
The head of the engine shows: the rocker arms and the valves driven through the camshaft (OHC),
the combustion chamber, the spark plugs. The intake and exhaust manifolds are also sectioned as
well as the carburetor and the air filter.
The connection between the camshaft and the crankshaft is by means of a toothed belt or chain
drive, clearly visible at the front of the engine. In the front we can see the gear for the timing shaft
and for the centrifugal cooling liquid pump. These are driven by a toothed belt from the gearwheel
keyed to the main shaft that drives with pulley the alternator and the water pump through a V-belt.
In addition to the water pump the cooling circuit includes the conduit. On the top, the carburetor
together with the air filter are completely sectioned showing their inside parts (the throttle valve
etc.).
Furthermore the coils (primary and secondary windings) together with the different electrical
connections like the alternator, the distributor and the ignition are clearly visible. The electric motor
connected to the main shaft rotates the entire engine slowly and at a constant speed. The instructor
is thus free to carry out his lesson with the various organs in motion: it will thus be much easier for
the students to understand and see clearly the functions and interdependencies of all the elements
of the engine.
We can start by pointing out the different speed of rotation of the crankshaft and the camshaft (2:1)
and thus identify all the cycles which are repeated at the rate of one for every two engine rotations,
such as the distribution and the ignition.
In the Electric Motor operated version, the beginning of the explosion phase for each cylinder is
also shown by the ignition of a red light inside the spark plug, making it very simple to understand
the firing order in the cylinders (1-34-2) and to explain the exact nature of the ignition itself.
Operation:
The principle of operation of the internal combustion engine can be summarized as follows: an
explosive mixture of fuel and air (ratio of 16 to 1) is compressed in the combustion chamber. The
ignition of the spark across the electrodes of the spark plug determines the explosion and the
instantaneous increase of the pressure that causes the downward movement of the piston.
The cycle has the following four strokes:
 Intake:
With the intake valve open the piston moves downward, creates a depression and causes air mixed
with petrol in the carburetor to enter the cylinder. The quantity of mixture is determined by the
throttle valve operated by the accelerator lever.

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 ME-469L IC ENGINE AND POWER PLANTS LAB
 Compression:
With both valves closed the piston moves back up and the mixture is compressed toward the top
of the cylinder in the combustion chamber.
 Explosion:
With the valves still closed, about 10° before the piston ends its upward stroke, the spark is ignited
across the electrodes of the spark plug to determine the explosion of the mixture in the combustion
chamber. The instantaneous increase in pressure imparts a downward thrust to the piston. This is
useful stroke of the entire cycle.
 Exhaust:
The piston moves back up and, through the open exhaust valve, expels the exhaust gases that
flow through the muffler before being expelled.
With the anticlockwise rotation of the crank it is possible to check the strokes described, also
checking how the movement of the piston, through the connecting rod, determines the rotation of
the main shaft, the flywheel and, by means of two gears, of the camshaft that allows the opening
and closing of the intake and exhaust valves, as well as the creation of the spark across the
electrodes of the spark plug.

Four Stroke Cycle

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 ME-469L IC ENGINE AND POWER PLANTS LAB
Conclusion:
1.

2.

Physical Applications:

1.

2.

3.

4.

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 ME-469L IC ENGINE AND POWER PLANTS LAB
EXPERIMENT # 3 (CI Engine – Characteristic Curves)

Objectives:

 Determination of the torque-velocity and power-velocity characteristic curves of an

alternative internal combustion (CI) engine for various intake degrees.

Equipment Required:
The elements required to carry out the practical exercise will be:
- TBMC unit.
- Fuel and oil suitable for our engine.
- Internal combustion engine (accessory).

Apparatus:

IC Engine and Test Bench Assembly

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 ME-469L IC ENGINE AND POWER PLANTS LAB
Theory:
Characteristic curves of an internal combustion alternative engine:
 Power and torque curves:
The most representative curves of an engine are those of power and engine torque at full load.
These curves are obtained by testing the engine in the conditions of maximum opening of the
regulator element of engine load.

Motor Torque and Power Curve

The power curve grows in a progressive way almost constant until reaching its maximum value,
after which it quickly decreases. The torque curve is not so pronounced, although it is concave.
The maximum torque is at smaller rpm number. Both maximum values are representative of the
internal combustion engine.
Furthermore, the previous curves are generally accompanied by the representation of the specific
consumption curve.
Sometimes, the engine test is completed by obtaining the power and torque curves at partial loads.

 Characteristic curves of constant load degree:

To obtain the constant load degree characteristic curves in the test bench, the regulator element
of engine load is fixed (zipper of the engines of ignition by compression CI and butterfly valve in
the engines of induced ignition SI) at the position that is desired to test and, acting on the resistant
load regulation of the brake, all of the admissible regimes field is gradually swept.

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 ME-469L IC ENGINE AND POWER PLANTS LAB
 Corrected power:
Each Norm defines the reference atmospheric state to determine the engine power.
If the test is carried out in conditions that are different from the reference state ones in natural
aspiration engines, the measured power value must be multiplied by the correction factor k which
the Norm indicates.

Definition of concepts and formulas:

 Motor Torque M
Torque exerted by the engine on its shaft. In an engine bench it can be calculated as:

 = . 
Where:
- M: Motor Torque in (N.m).
- F: Force measured by load cell (N).
- b: Lever arm of the load cell with respect to the drive shaft (m).

 Power N
Mechanical power given by the engine shaft. It can be calculated as:
. 
 = .

Where:
- N: Mechanical Power in (W).
- M: Motor Torque in (N.m).
- n: Engine rotation speed in (rpm).

Experimental Procedure:

1. Decide the number of points of the curves that will be taken depending on the desired
accuracy.

2. Record the readouts of the room conditions provided by the unit:

- Room temperature (ST-5)
- Room pressure (SP-1)

3. Follow the steps described in Data Collection in OPERATION section, selecting the
maximum intake (position MAX of actuator AV-1). Thus, the curves of the engine at full
intake are obtained (they are normally the ones provided by the manufacturer).

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 ME-469L IC ENGINE AND POWER PLANTS LAB
4. Repeat the previous steps selecting a different intake degree in step 2. Save data obtained
with a different name to be able to visualize them afterwards.

Results:

Student: _______________ Year: _______________

Trial 1 Intake Degree (rpm) =

N (rpm) M (N.m) N (kW)

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ME-469L IC ENGINE AND POWER PLANTS LAB
Trial 2 Intake Degree (rpm) =
N (rpm) M (N.m) N (kW)

Trial 3 Intake Degree (rpm) =

N (rpm) M (N.m) N (kW)

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 ME-469L IC ENGINE AND POWER PLANTS LAB
Trial 4 Intake Degree (rpm) =
N (rpm) M (N.m) N (kW)

Corresponding rpm Maximum Torque (N.m) Maximum Power (kW)

Results Analysis:

1. Plot and in function of velocity at full intake.

2. Compare the velocity at which the maximum torque and maximum power are obtained.
Which is higher?

3. Observing the curves obtained for the engine working at full intake:
- Record for the point where the maximum torque is given, the value of the torque
and the velocity at which it is obtained.
- Record for the point at which the maximum power is given, the value of the power
and the velocity at which it is obtained.

4. Calculate from the maximum power recorded in the previous point the value of the
maximum power of the engine, applying for that purpose the corresponding correction
factor:

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 ME-469L IC ENGINE AND POWER PLANTS LAB

Where:
- T is the absolute temperature (in K) at the intake. The value of ST-1 must be used,
performing the corresponding change of units.
- ps is the atmospheric pressure for dry air measured in kPa, it is the atmospheric
pressure minus the steam pressure at the intake temperature.

 =  − 
p0: it is obtained from the room pressure sensor, performing the change to kPA.
pv: it is obtained by looking up in a table/chart the steam pressure at room temperature.

5. Compare data recorded in the previous point with those provided by the manufacturer (look
up in Specifications section data provided for each engine).

6. Draw the torque and power curves for the different intake degrees employed.

7. Compare the curves obtained at different intake degrees and explain how the torque curve
and the power curve change with the intake degree.

Discussion:
Plot relevant graphs here and address all questions above from 1 to 7 here!!!
It should be in a mini report format, (3-5 pages). (Include all calculations) and attach the report
below before the start of next experiment.

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 ME-469L IC ENGINE AND POWER PLANTS LAB
EXPERIMENT # 4 (CI Engine – Engine Efficiency,
Specific Consumption and Ratio)

Objectives:

 Determination of the efficiency, specific consumption and ratio of an alternative internal

combustion engine (CI).

Required elements:
The elements required to carry out the practical exercise will be:
- TBMC unit.
- Fuel and oil suitable for our engine (not supplied).
- Internal combustion engine (accessory).

Apparatus:

IC Engine and Test Bench Assembly

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 ME-469L IC ENGINE AND POWER PLANTS LAB
Aim:
 This practical exercise aims to represent the following parameters of the engine in function
of the velocity:

1. Efficiency ƞ
2. Specific consumption gef
3. Relative ratio Fr

Experimental procedure:
1. Decide the number of points of the curves that will be taken depending on the desired
accuracy.

2. Follow the steps described in Data Collection in the OPERATION section taking into
account:

- To choose in the first step of the data collection process (7.3.4.2) the maximum
intake (position MAX of the AV-1 actuator).

- To record in a table the following data for each operation point:

a) ̇ : the flow of fuel consumed by the engine in mL/min

b) N: power in kW
c) n: velocity in rpm (SV-1)
d) ̇ : flow of air at the intake (SC-1)

Fuel Parameters:

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 ME-469L IC ENGINE AND POWER PLANTS LAB

Results:

Student: _______________ Year: _______________

Maximum Intake Degrees: 2000 rpm approx.

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ME-469L IC ENGINE AND POWER PLANTS LAB
Intermediate Intake Degrees: 1800 rpm approx.

Minimum Intake Degrees: 1200 rpm approx.

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 ME-469L IC ENGINE AND POWER PLANTS LAB
Results Analysis:

1. Complete the table calculating the consumption ̇ values in g/s. For that purpose, the density
of the fuel employed must be consulted (refer to ANNEXES).

̇ = ̇ . 

Where  refers to the density of the fuel.

- ̇ in cm3/s
-  in g/cm3
- ̇ in g/s

2. Complete the table calculating the values of the thermal engine efficiency. For that purpose
the lower calorific value of the fuel must be consulted (refer to ANNEXES). Pay attention to
the units, the efficiency must be dimensionless.


=
. ̇
Where:
- N in kW
- LCV in kJ/kg
- ̇ in kg/s

3. Complete the table calculating the values of the specific consumption. This variable is
always expressed in g/kWh.

̇
 =


Where:
- ̇ in g/h
- N in kW
-  in g/kWh

4. Complete the table calculating the values of the air mass flow at the intake: ̇ in g/h.

̇ = ̇ × 
Where:
- ̇ in m3/h
-  in kg/m3
- ̇ in kg/h

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 ME-469L IC ENGINE AND POWER PLANTS LAB
Where  refers to the density of the air taken in. Remember that  will depend on
pressure and temperature. From the ideal gases equation it is obtained that:

. 
 =


Where:
- P: pressure in atm
- T: temperature in K
- R: constant of the ideal gases R=0.082 atm.L/mol.K
- MM: molar mass of air. MM depends on the degree of humidity, but we can take MM
= 29 g/mol as mean value.

5. Complete the table calculating the absolute ratio. The ratio is dimensionless, so you must
make sure that both mass flows are in the same units.

̇
=
̇

6. Complete the table calculating the relative ratio. You must consult the stoichiometric ratio
(Fe) of the fuel in ANNEXES.


 =


7. Plot in function of velocity the values of ƞ, gef and Fr for all three tables above.

8. Explain the relation between the maximum efficiency point and the minimum effective
consumption point.

9. Explain the relation between the minimum effective consumption point and the maximum
torque point.

10. Explain the difference between the three graphs plotted in “7”.

Discussion:
Plot relevant graphs here and address all questions above from 1 to 10 here!!!
It should be in a mini report format, (5 pages approx.) (Include all calculations), and attach the
report below before the start of next experiment.

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 ME-469L IC ENGINE AND POWER PLANTS LAB
EXPERIMENT # 5 (CI Engine – Volumetric Efficiency
and Average Effective Pressure)

Objectives:

 Determination of the volumetric efficiency of the engine (CI) and the average effective
pressure and be able to plot them against the engine velocity.

Required elements:
The elements required to carry out the practical exercise will be:
- TBMC unit.
- Fuel and oil suitable for our engine (not supplied).
- Internal combustion engine (accessory).

Apparatus:

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 ME-469L IC ENGINE AND POWER PLANTS LAB

Aim:
 This practical exercise aims to obtain and plot the following parameters vs velocity:

1. Volumetric efficiency ƞv
2. Effective average pressure pme

Experimental Procedure:

1. Decide the number of points of the curves that will be taken depending on the desired
accuracy.

2. Follow the steps described in Data Collection in the OPERATION section.

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 ME-469L IC ENGINE AND POWER PLANTS LAB

Results:

Student: _______________ Year: _______________

Results Analysis:

1. Complete the table calculating the values of the mass flow at the intake: ̇ in g/h.

̇̇ = ̇ . 
Where:

- ̇ in m3/h
-  in kg/m3

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ME-469L IC ENGINE AND POWER PLANTS LAB
- ̇ in kg/h
Where  refers to the density of the air taken in. Remember that  depends on pressure
and temperature. From the ideal gases equation we have that:
. 
 =

Where:
- P: pressure in atm
- T: temperature in K
- R: constant of the ideal gases R=0.082 atm.L/mol.K
- MM: molar mass of air. MM depends on the degree of humidity, but we can take MM
= 29 g/mol as mean value.

2. Calculate the displacement of the engine.

 = . 

 = .

- s in cm
- D in cm
- VD in cm3 (c.c.)

*Look up the values of and for each engine in the Specifications section.

3. Complete the table calculating the volumetric efficiency values.

̇
 =

  .  . 

Where  refers to the density of air in the reference conditions.
Where:
- ̇ in kg/s
- n in rpm
-  in m3
-  in kg/m3

Complete the table calculating the values of the average effective pressure. For four stroke
engines:
For four stroke engines:

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ME-469L IC ENGINE AND POWER PLANTS LAB

 =

   . 

For two stroke engines:


 =


  . 

Where:
- N in W
- Ƞ in rpm
-  in m3
-  in Pa

4. Plot  and  in function of velocity.

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 ME-469L IC ENGINE AND POWER PLANTS LAB
EXPERIMENT # 6 (SI Engine – Characteristic Curves)

Objectives:

 Determination of the torque-velocity and power-velocity characteristic curves of a spark-

ignition (SI) engine for various intake degrees.

Equipment Required:
The elements required to carry out the practical exercise will be:
- TBMC unit.
- Fuel and oil suitable for our engine.
- Internal combustion engine (accessory).

Apparatus:

IC Engine and Test Bench Assembly

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 ME-469L IC ENGINE AND POWER PLANTS LAB
Theory:
Characteristic curves of an internal combustion alternative engine:
 Power and torque curves:
The most representative curves of an engine are those of power and engine torque at full load.
These curves are obtained by testing the engine in the conditions of maximum opening of the
regulator element of engine load.

Figure 1: Motor Torque and Power Curve

The power curve grows in a progressive way almost constant until reaching its maximum value,
after which it quickly decreases. The torque curve is not so pronounced, although it is concave.
The maximum torque is at smaller rpm number. Both maximum values are representative of the
internal combustion engine.
Furthermore, the previous curves are generally accompanied by the representation of the specific
consumption curve.
Sometimes, the engine test is completed by obtaining the power and torque curves at partial loads.

 Characteristic curves of constant load degree:

To obtain the constant load degree characteristic curves in the test bench, the regulator element
of engine load is fixed (zipper of the engines of ignition by compression CI and butterfly valve in
the engines of induced ignition SI) at the position that is desired to test and, acting on the resistant
load regulation of the brake, all of the admissible regimes field is gradually swept.

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 ME-469L IC ENGINE AND POWER PLANTS LAB
 Corrected power:
Each Norm defines the reference atmospheric state to determine the engine power.
If the test is carried out in conditions that are different from the reference state ones in natural
aspiration engines, the measured power value must be multiplied by the correction factor k which
the Norm indicates.

Definition of concepts and formulas:

 Motor Torque M
Torque exerted by the engine on its shaft. In an engine bench it can be calculated as:

 = . 
Where:
- M: Motor Torque in (N.m).
- F: Force measured by load cell (N).
- b: Lever arm of the load cell with respect to the drive shaft (m).

 Power N
Mechanical power given by the engine shaft. It can be calculated as:
. 
 = .

Where:
- N: Mechanical Power in (W).
- M: Motor Torque in (N.m).
- n: Engine rotation speed in (rpm).

Experimental Procedure:

1. Decide the number of points of the curves that will be taken depending on the desired
accuracy.

2. Record the readouts of the room conditions provided by the unit:

- Room temperature (ST-5)
- Room pressure (SP-1)

3. Follow the steps described in Data Collection in OPERATION section, selecting the
maximum intake (position MAX of actuator AV-1). Thus, the curves of the engine at full
intake are obtained (they are normally the ones provided by the manufacturer).

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 ME-469L IC ENGINE AND POWER PLANTS LAB
4. Repeat the previous steps selecting a different intake degree in step 2. Save data obtained
with a different name to be able to visualize them afterwards.
Results:

Student: _______________ Year: _______________

Trial 1 Intake Degree (rpm) =

N (rpm) M (N.m) N (kW)

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ME-469L IC ENGINE AND POWER PLANTS LAB
Trial 2 Intake Degree (rpm) =
N (rpm) M (N.m) N (kW)

Trial 3 Intake Degree (rpm) =

N (rpm) M (N.m) N (kW)

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 ME-469L IC ENGINE AND POWER PLANTS LAB
Trial 4 Intake Degree (rpm) =
N (rpm) M (N.m) N (kW)

Corresponding rpm Maximum Torque (N.m) Maximum Power (kW)

Results Analysis:

1. Plot and in function of velocity at full intake.

2. Compare the velocity at which the maximum torque and maximum power are obtained.
Which is higher?

3. Observing the curves obtained for the engine working at full intake:
- Record for the point where the maximum torque is given, the value of the torque
and the velocity at which it is obtained.
- Record for the point at which the maximum power is given, the value of the power
and the velocity at which it is obtained.

4. Calculate from the maximum power recorded in the previous point the value of the
maximum power of the engine, applying for that purpose the corresponding correction
factor:

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 ME-469L IC ENGINE AND POWER PLANTS LAB

Where:
- T is the absolute temperature (in K) at the intake. The value of ST-1 must be used,
performing the corresponding change of units.
- ps is the atmospheric pressure for dry air measured in kPa, it is the atmospheric
pressure minus the steam pressure at the intake temperature.

 =  − 
p0: it is obtained from the room pressure sensor, performing the change to kPA.
pv: it is obtained by looking up in a table/chart the steam pressure at room temperature.

5. Compare data recorded in the previous point with those provided by the manufacturer (look
up in Specifications section data provided for each engine).

6. Draw the torque and power curves for the different intake degrees employed.

7. Compare the curves obtained at different intake degrees and explain how the torque curve
and the power curve change with the intake degree.

Discussion:
Plot relevant graphs here and address all questions above from 1 to 7 here!!!
It should be in a mini report format, (3-5 pages). (Include all calculations) and attach the report
below before the start of next experiment.

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 ME-469L IC ENGINE AND POWER PLANTS LAB
EXPERIMENT # 7 (SI Engine - Efficiency, Specific
Consumption and Ratio)

Objectives:

 Determination of the efficiency, specific consumption and ratio of a spark-ignition (SI)

engine.

Required elements:
The elements required to carry out the practical exercise will be:
- TBMC unit.
- Fuel and oil suitable for our engine (not supplied).
- Internal combustion engine (accessory).

Apparatus:

IC Engine and Test Bench Assembly

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 ME-469L IC ENGINE AND POWER PLANTS LAB
Aim:
 This practical exercise aims to represent the following parameters of the engine in function
of the velocity:

1. Efficiency ƞ
2. Specific consumption gef
3. Relative ratio Fr

Experimental procedure:
1. Decide the number of points of the curves that will be taken depending on the desired
accuracy.

2. Follow the steps described in Data Collection in the OPERATION section taking into
account:

- To choose in the first step of the data collection process (7.3.4.2) the maximum
intake (position MAX of the AV-1 actuator).

- To record in a table the following data for each operation point:

a) ̇ : the flow of fuel consumed by the engine in mL/min

b) N: power in kW
c) n: velocity in rpm (SV-1)
d) ̇ : flow of air at the intake (SC-1)

Fuel Parameters:

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 ME-469L IC ENGINE AND POWER PLANTS LAB
Results:

Student: _______________ Year: _______________

Maximum Intake Degrees: rpm approx.

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ME-469L IC ENGINE AND POWER PLANTS LAB
Intermediate Intake Degrees: rpm approx.

Minimum Intake Degrees: rpm approx.

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 ME-469L IC ENGINE AND POWER PLANTS LAB
Results Analysis:

1. Complete the table calculating the consumption ̇ values in g/s. For that purpose, the density
of the fuel employed must be consulted (refer to ANNEXES).

̇ = ̇ . 

Where  refers to the density of the fuel.

- ̇ in cm3/s
-  in g/cm3
- ̇ in g/s

2. Complete the table calculating the values of the thermal engine efficiency. For that purpose
the lower calorific value of the fuel must be consulted (refer to ANNEXES). Pay attention to
the units, the efficiency must be dimensionless.


=
. ̇
Where:
- N in kW
- LCV in kJ/kg
- ̇ in kg/s

3. Complete the table calculating the values of the specific consumption. This variable is
always expressed in g/kWh.

̇
 =


Where:
- ̇ in g/h
- N in kW
-  in g/kWh

4. Complete the table calculating the values of the air mass flow at the intake: ̇ in g/h.

̇ = ̇ × 
Where:
- ̇ in m3/h
-  in kg/m3
- ̇ in kg/h

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 ME-469L IC ENGINE AND POWER PLANTS LAB
Where  refers to the density of the air taken in. Remember that  will depend on
pressure and temperature. From the ideal gases equation it is obtained that:

. 
 =


Where:
- P: pressure in atm
- T: temperature in K
- R: constant of the ideal gases R=0.082 atm.L/mol.K
- MM: molar mass of air. MM depends on the degree of humidity, but we can take MM
= 29 g/mol as mean value.

5. Complete the table calculating the absolute ratio. The ratio is dimensionless, so you must
make sure that both mass flows are in the same units.

̇
=
̇

6. Complete the table calculating the relative ratio. You must consult the stoichiometric ratio
(Fe) of the fuel in ANNEXES.


 =


7. Plot in function of velocity the values of ƞ, gef and Fr for all three tables above.

8. Explain the relation between the maximum efficiency point and the minimum effective
consumption point.

9. Explain the relation between the minimum effective consumption point and the maximum
torque point.

10. Explain the difference between the three graphs plotted in “7”.

Discussion:
Plot relevant graphs here and address all questions above from 1 to 10 here!!!
It should be in a mini report format, (5 pages approx.) (Include all calculations), and attach the
report below before the start of next experiment.

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 ME-469L IC ENGINE AND POWER PLANTS LAB
EXPERIMENT # 8 (SI Engine – Volumetric Efficiency
and Average Effective Pressure)

Objectives:

 Determination of the volumetric efficiency of the engine (SI) and the average effective
pressure and be able to plot them against the engine velocity.

Required elements:
The elements required to carry out the practical exercise will be:
- TBMC unit.
- Fuel and oil suitable for our engine (not supplied).
- Internal combustion engine (accessory).

Apparatus:

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 ME-469L IC ENGINE AND POWER PLANTS LAB
Aim:
 This practical exercise aims to obtain and plot the following parameters vs velocity:

1. Volumetric efficiency ƞv
2. Effective average pressure pme

Experimental Procedure:

1. Decide the number of points of the curves that will be taken depending on the desired
accuracy.

2. Follow the steps described in Data Collection in the OPERATION section.

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Results:

Student: _______________ Year: _______________

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 ME-469L IC ENGINE AND POWER PLANTS LAB
Results Analysis:

1. Complete the table calculating the values of the mass flow at the intake: ̇ in g/h.

̇ ̇  = ̇ . 

Where:

- ̇ in m3/h
-  in kg/m3
- ̇ in kg/h
Where  refers to the density of the air taken in. Remember that  depends on pressure
and temperature. From the ideal gases equation we have that:
. 
 =

Where:
- P: pressure in atm
- T: temperature in K
- R: constant of the ideal gases R=0.082 atm.L/mol.K
- MM: molar mass of air. MM depends on the degree of humidity, but we can take MM
= 29 g/mol as mean value.

2. Calculate the displacement of the engine.

 = . 

 = .

- s in cm
- D in cm
- VD in cm3 (c.c.)

*Look up the values of and for each engine in the Specifications section.

3. Complete the table calculating the volumetric efficiency values.

̇
 =

  .  . 

Where  refers to the density of air in the reference conditions.
Where:
- ̇ in kg/s
- n in rpm

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ME-469L IC ENGINE AND POWER PLANTS LAB
-  in m3
-  in kg/m3

Complete the table calculating the values of the average effective pressure. For four stroke
engines:
For four stroke engines:

 =


  . 
For two stroke engines:

 =

   . 

Where:
- N in W
- Ƞ in rpm
-  in m3
-  in Pa

4. Plot  and  in function of velocity.

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 ME-469L IC ENGINE AND POWER PLANTS LAB
EXPERIMENT # 9 (Dual Engine – Compression Ratio
Variation [Diesel Mode])

Objectives:

 Study the effect of the compression ratio on the performance and power of an engine (CI),
be able to plot the torque, and power curve for different values of the compression ratio.

Required elements:
The elements required to carry out the practical exercise will be:
- TBMC unit.
- Fuel and oil suitable for our engine (not supplied).
- Internal combustion engine (accessory).

Apparatus:

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 ME-469L IC ENGINE AND POWER PLANTS LAB
Aim:

 This practical exercise aims to plot the torque, and power curves for five different values of
the compression ratio of a compression ignition engine and to compare the results.

Experimental Procedure:
1. Set the value of the compression ratio of the engine to a value suitable for the mode
(procedure and values indicated in the annex related to the engine). Record the value of
the compression ratio employed.

2. Follow the steps described in Data Collection in the OPERATION section taking into
account that you may:
- Select the maximum intake (position MAX of the actuator AV-1).
- Record in a chart for each operation point:
a) ̇ : the flow of fuel consumed by the engine in mL/min.
b) N: power in kW.
c) n: velocity in rpm (SV-1).
d) ̇ : air flow at the intake (SC-1).

3. Repeat the steps 2 and 3 for different values of the compression ratio within the operation
range suitable to the fuel.
Results:
Student: _______________ Year: _______________

Table 1

Intake Degrees Compression Depth Gauge Max Power Max Torque

n (rpm) Ratio Reading (mm) (kW) (N.m)
17.5
18
18.5
19
19.5

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Table 2 (Compression Ratio: 17.5)

Table 3 (Compression Ratio: 18)

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ME-469L IC ENGINE AND POWER PLANTS LAB
Table 4 (Compression Ratio: 18.5)

Table 5 (Compression Ratio: 19)

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Table 6 (Compression Ratio: 19.5)

Results Analysis:
1. Complete the charts calculating the consumption values in g/s. For that purpose, refer to
the density of the fuel employed in the ANNEXES.

̇ = ̇ . 
Where  refers to the density of the fuel.

̇ in cm3

 in g/cm3

̇ in g/s

2. Complete the charts calculating the values of the thermal engine performance. To that end,
refer to the lower heating value of the fuel (refer to ANNEXES).
Pay attention to the units, the efficiency must be dimensionless.

=
. ̇
Where:
- N in kW
- LCV in kJ/kg
- ̇ in kg/s

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3. Plot power versus velocity for different values of the compression ratio.

4. Plot the efficiency of the engine in function of the compression ratio.

5. Plot maximum power vs compression ratio for the engine.

6. Plot maximum torque vs compression ratio for the engine.

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 ME-469L IC ENGINE AND POWER PLANTS LAB
EXPERIMENT # 10

Objectives:

 Study of the power generated by the aero-generator depending on the incident angle at
different levels of air speed.

Required elements:
- Fan.
- Rotor of six blades.
- Anemometer.
- Speed sensor.
- Voltage probe (Wattmeter).
- Current probe (Wattmeter).
- Loads module.
- Temperature sensor, J type thermocouple.
- Regulator.
- Control System (SCADA).

Apparatus:

Experimental Setup:
There are two ways of carrying out this exercise:

 In the first one, for a fixed fan speed, we can put the rotor in a fixed angular position with
regards to the incident air, and take data (the same ones as in the first practice). Then, we
can represent the captured power against the angular position of the rotor. Repeat the
process for different fan speeds, that is to say, for different wind speeds.

 In the second one, once you have made the first one, you can measure data for a fixed
angular position of the rotor changing the air speed. You can obtain the power against air
speed for a fixed angular position. Repeat the same process for different angular positions.

Important: In order to fix the angular position of the rotor in the tunnel, we will use the black
hexagonal screw: to change this position we just need to unscrew it, put it in the new
position and screw it again.

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 ME-469L IC ENGINE AND POWER PLANTS LAB
Experimental Procedure:
Before starting the practice, make sure the fan is turned off. After this, follow the steps described
below:
1. Turn ON the main interface.

2. Put the selector of the DC module to position 4.

3. Turn ON the DC module.

4. Run the SCADA by EDIBON, EEEC.exe. Make sure that the PC is connected to the main
interface via the SCASI cable.

5. Set the Meas selector to Before.

6. Turn on the fan.

7. Fix a low fan speed, about 3m/s.

8. Set an angular position for the rotor.

9. Take the speed value. Write down the voltage, current and rotation speed given by the
software in the table.

10. Change the rotor angular position.

11. Repeat step 9.

12. Turn the fan off.

Important: if you want to proceed as in the second case, you have to take different measurements
for the same angular position at different fan speeds.

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 ME-469L IC ENGINE AND POWER PLANTS LAB
Results:
After any test you should analyze the relation between the power and the angular position of the
rotor. It would be good if changes when the fan speed varies, for a fixed angular position, were
studied as well.

Also, we can try to obtain the characteristic curve of the rotor.

Results Analysis:
Comment how the wind speed influences on the angle of the aero generator blade:
_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

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 ME-469L IC ENGINE AND POWER PLANTS LAB
EXPERIMENT # 11

Objectives:

 To study the power generated by the aero-generator depending on the wind speed, and
demonstrate how the speed of the wind influences on the working of the rotor.

Required elements:
The elements required to carry out the practical exercise will be:
- Fan.
- Rotor of six blades.
- Anemometer.
- Speed sensor.
- Voltage probe (Wattmeter).
- Current probe (Wattmeter).
- Loads module.
- Temperature sensor.
- J type thermocouple.
- Regulator.

Apparatus:

Aim:

 One of the factors which has more influence in the available wind power is the speed. For
that reason, we will study the influence of this factor in a practical way. It is desired to
demonstrate how the speed of the wind influences on the working of the rotor.

Theory:
Power changes with air density, the rotor area and the cube of wind speed. In order to study the
power as a function of the wind speed, we will try to keep the density and the area of the rotor
constant. We will use a density value of 1225 Kg/m3. The fan speed will be changed and, for each
fixed speed, every data will be taken: voltage, current, rotation speed.

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 ME-469L IC ENGINE AND POWER PLANTS LAB
Experimental Procedure:
Make sure the fan is turned off before starting the practice. Afterwards, follow the steps described
below:
1. Turn ON the main interface.
2. Put the selector of the DC module to position 4.
3. Turn ON the DC module.
4. Run the SCADA by EDIBON, EEEC.exe. Make sure that the PC is connected to main
interface via the SCASI cable.
5. Set Meas selector to Before.
6. Turn on the fan.
7. Fix a low fan speed, it will be gradually increased.
8. Take speed values. Write down the voltage, current and rotation speed given by the
software in the table.
9. Increase the fan speed.
10. Repeat steps 8 and 9 at least 6 times.
11. Turn off the fan.

Results:

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Results Analysis:
Comment how the wind speed influences on the captured power:
_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

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 ME-469L IC ENGINE AND POWER PLANTS LAB
EXPERIMENT # 12

Objectives:

 To understand the functioning of the aero-generator, by determining the I-V curve and the
typical operational parameters, as the short circuit current (I SC), the open-circuit voltage
(VOC), as well as the maximum power (Pmax).

Required elements:
- Wind power equipment.

Apparatus:

Experimental Procedure:
1. Connect the single-phase power supply and put the interface in operation. Do that after
verifying that every sensor is correctly connected to it.

2. Turn ON the main interface.

3. Turn ON the DC module.

4. Run the SCADA by EDIBON, EEEC.exe. Make sure that the PC is connected to main
interface via the SCASI cable.

5. Set Meas selector to Before.

6. Turn on the fan.

7. Verify that the position of the DC-load rheostat is at maximum resistance (LEFT
POSITION).

8. Place the DC-load selector to position 2.

9. Disconnect the DC-lamps which are connected in parallel with the rheostat (LOWER
SWITCH POSITION).

10. Turn the After/Before MEAS switch to Before.

11. Move the controls AVE-1 to the maximum position, in this way we will obtain the maximum
air speed. Write down the values measured by the current sensor I_DC, the voltage V_DC
and the air speed SVA-1.

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ME-469L IC ENGINE AND POWER PLANTS LAB

12. Change the position of the load rheostat approximately to the 90% of R and write down the
values of the parameters obtained.

13. Repeat the point 12 with an approximate increase or decrease of 10% of the load rheostat
value until the 0% of R is reached. This is the short-circuit point of the solar panel.

14. Slowly change the load rheostat position from 100 % down to 0%, looking for the
approximate point where the highest value of power (VxI) is obtained, (or first, trace the
curve I-V to obtain the maximum point). Write down the values measured by the sensors
of current I_DC, voltage V_DC and air speed SVA-1.

15. Repeat the point 14 with the relatively proportional declines of the control AVE-1 in such a
way that the 4 points of measurement between the maximum and minimum values and air
speed can be obtained.

16. In order to obtain the open circuit voltage of the panel, place the DC-Load selector in
position 1.

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 ME-469L IC ENGINE AND POWER PLANTS LAB
Results (I-V Curve):
Write the results according to the following table:

ISC = VOC =

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 ME-469L IC ENGINE AND POWER PLANTS LAB
Results Analysis:

 Draw the curve I-V and comment on the results.

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

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 ME-469L IC ENGINE AND POWER PLANTS LAB
Results (Maximum Power Output of the Aero-generator):
Write the results according to the following table:

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 ME-469L IC ENGINE AND POWER PLANTS LAB
Draw the graph Pmax – Air_Speed according to the air speed or maximum efficiency curve and
comment on the results.

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

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