be: affirmative and negative Possessive ’s and s’

• apostrophe + s (’s) after a noun indicates possession

Affirmative Negative my brother’s pencil
I’m (am) from Mexico. I’m not (am not) from Brazil. • we use ’s after singular nouns or plural nouns not
You’re (are) French. You aren’t (are not) Chinese. ending in -s
He/She/It’s (is) 15. He/She/It isn’t (is not) 14. my uncle’s house the children’s books
We/You/They’re (are) We/You/They aren’t • we use an apostrophe (’) after plural nouns or names
at school. (are not) in the classroom. ending in -s
my friends’ books James’ bike
• we use be to say a name, nationality, age, etc. or to
describe people and objects
have got
• we usually use contracted forms in conversation
and informal writing Affirmative Negative
• we use not to form the negative I/You’ve (have) got I/You haven’t (have not)
a brother. got a sister.
be: Yes/No questions He/She/It’s (has) got He/She/It hasn’t (has not)
long hair. got short hair.
Questions Short answers We/You/They’ve (have) We/You/They haven’t
Am I in this class? Yes, you are. No, you’re not. got a dog. (have not) got a cat.
Are you from Japan? Yes, I am. No, I’m not. • we use have got for appearance and possession
Is he/she/it new? Yes, she/he/it is. No, she/he/it isn’t. • we use have got with I, you, we and they and has got
Are we/you/they ten Yes, we/you/they are. with he, she and it
years old? No, we/you/they aren’t.
Questions Short answers
• the word order is different in questions. We use am,
Have I/you got a Yes, I/you have.
are or is before the subject (I/you/he, etc.) big family? No, I/you haven’t.
She is the teacher. Is she the teacher? Has he/she/it got Yes, he/she/it has.
curly hair? No, he/she/it hasn’t.
be: Wh- questions Have we/you/they got Yes, we/you/they have.
• we use: brown eyes? No, we/you/they haven’t.
• what to ask about things What’s this? • the word order in questions is different
• where to ask about places Where’s he from? • we don’t use got in short answers
• when to ask about time When’s your birthday?
• who for people Who’s your best friend? can for ability
• why for reasons Why are you tired? Affirmative Negative
• how old for age How old are your friends?
I/You can sing. I/You can’t cook.
• the question word comes before the verb in
Wh- questions He/She/It can draw. He/She/It can’t swim.
We/You/They can spell. We/You/They can’t dance.
Possessive adjectives • we use can to talk about abilities
Subject pronouns • we use the same form of can for all subject pronouns
I you he/she/it we you they • after can we use the infinitive of the verb without to
Possessive adjectives • the negative form of can is can’t
my your his/her/its our your their • the word order in questions is different
Can you play the guitar? Yes, I can

© Macmillan Education Limited 2024

 GRAMMAR REFERENCE AND PRACTICE S
be have got
1 Complete the sentences with the correct 5 Correct the information in the sentences
form of be. using the words in brackets.
1 The Japanese flag is red and white. It 1 I’ve got two brothers. (two sisters)
isn’t (not) blue and white. I haven’t got two brothers. I’ve got two sisters.
2 My best friend from France. He 2 My mum has got blonde hair. (brown hair)
(not) from Spain.
3 My friends happy because it 3 You’ve got three cousins. (four cousins)
Friday.
4 I (not) 15; I
4 Our English teacher has got a beard. (a moustache)
14 years old.
5 My mum’s birthday (not) on
5 My cousins live in a big house. (small house)
12th July. It on 21st July.
6 My favourite football player (not)
Marcus Rashford. It Harry Kane. 6 Write a complete yes/no question. Then write
the short answer.
2 Complete the questions with the question
words in the box. 1 your sister / long hair ? (–)
Has your sister got long hair?
How What When Why Where Who No, she hasn’t.
2 you / my pencil ? (–)
a What What colour is the Japanese flag?
b is your favourite football player?
c old are you?
3 your classroom / a clock ? (+)
d is your best friend from?
e are your friends happy?
f is your mum’s birthday?
4 your friends / bikes ? (+)
3 Match the questions in exercise 2 with the
answers in exercise 1.
a 1 b c d e f 5 we / a lot of homework today ? (–)

Possessive ’s and s’
can for ability
4 Correct the mistakes in the sentences using ’s
or s’. 7 Write sentences with the affirmative, negative
1 My cousin name is Hannah. or question form of can.
My cousin’s name is Hannah. 1 my friends / swim (+).
2 Lena eyes are green. My friends can swim.
2 I / dance (–)
3 My parents car is Italian.
3 my dad / speak German (+)
4 Luis sister is 18 years old.
4 you / play the piano (?)
5 My best friends names are Sam and Alex.
5 your parents / sing (?)

© Macmillan Education Limited 2024

Present simple: affirmative Spelling rules for he/she/it
and negative to form the third person singular:
• add -s to most verbs
Affirmative
clean cleans
I/you finish school.
• add -es to verbs that end in -s, -sh, -ss, -ch, -x
He/She/It goes to sleep.
brush brushes, watch watches, fix fixes
We/You/They get dressed.
• add -es to do and go
• we use the present simple to talk about routines do does, go goes
and habits
• for verbs that end in consonant + y, omit the -y and
I wake up at seven o’clock every morning. add -ies
• we use it to talk about timetables tidy tidies
My first class starts at 8:45 am. • for verbs that end vowel + y, keep the -y and add -s
• we also use it to talk about facts play plays
Some animals sleep during the day. • some verbs are irregular
• with he/she/it the verb ends in -s, -es or -ies (see be is, have has
Spelling rules)
Negative Object pronouns
I/you don’t (do not) start school. Subject pronoun Object pronoun
He/She/It doesn’t (does not) have a break.
I me
We/You/They don’t (do not) wake up.
you you
• we use don’t or doesn’t before the main verb to form he him
the negative she her
• don’t is the contracted form of do not it it
• doesn’t is the contracted form of does not we us
• we usually use contracted forms in conversation you you
and informal writing
they them

Present simple: Yes/No questions I do my homework after school. Do you do it

after school?
Questions Short answers We have got some maths homework. Can you help us?
Do I/you ride your bike Yes, I/you do.
to school? No, I/you don’t.
Does he/she/it go Yes, he/she/it does.
to school? No, he/she/it doesn’t.
Do we/you/they Yes, we/you/they do.
do sports? No, we/you/they don’t.
• we use do or does before the subject (I/you/he etc.).
The main verb doesn’t change form.
She makes her bed in the morning.
Does she make her bed in the morning?
• we don’t repeat the main verb in short answers
Do you tidy your room?
Yes, I do. / No, I don’t.

© Macmillan Education Limited 2024

 GRAMMAR REFERENCE AND PRACTICE 1
Present simple: affirmative Yes/No questions and
short answers
1 Choose the correct words to complete the
sentences. 5 Write complete Yes/No questions.
1 You clean/cleans your teeth every morning. 1 you / get dressed / on Sunday morning ?
2 Alex make/makes his bed every morning. Do you get dressed on Sunday morning?
3 We get/gets changed for PE after lunch. 2 your school / start / at 8 o’clock ?
4 Our dog go/goes to sleep in the evening.
5 My parents watch/watches TV after dinner. 3 your dad / go to work / by car ?
6 I walk/walks to school with my friends.
7 My sister pack/packs her bag at night. 4 your friends / read books / in the evening ?

2 Write the verbs in the third person singular. 5 you / tidy the classroom / every day ?
Be careful with the spelling!
1 do does
6 you and your family / have dinner / together ?
2 play
3 finish
4 have 6 Write short answers for the questions in
5 study exercise 5.
6 be 1 Yes, I do.
2 No, .
3 Complete the sentences with the verbs in 3 Yes, .
exercise 2. 4 No, .
1 My school starts at 8 o’clock. 5 Yes, .
2 My brother karate on Wednesdays. 6 No, .
3 My mum got two brothers.
4 Our PE teacher football for a Object pronouns
local team.
5 My best friend a lot for exams. 7 Complete the sentences with the words
6 Our chemistry teacher very good. in the box.

her him it me them us you

Present simple: negative
1 I have my breakfast at home. I don’t have
4 Rewrite the sentences in the negative form. it at school.
1 I have a shower every morning. 2 I clean my teeth every morning. I also clean
I don’t have a shower every morning. at night.
2 My dad gets up at 6 o’clock. 3 Where are you? I can’t see .
4 I haven’t got a rubber. Can you give
one?
3 My friends go to bed at 10:30 pm.
5 Your brother is in bed. Don’t wake
up!
4 Mrs Maguire teaches English and French.
6 It’s my mum’s birthday but I don’t know what to
buy .
5 I play sports in the park on Saturday morning. 7 We’ve got a lot of difficult homework. Can you
help ?
6 We have lessons in the afternoon.

© Macmillan Education Limited 2024

Adverbs of frequency Present simple: Wh- questions
more frequent be

always How old are you? I’m 13 years old.

Where is your brother? He’s at home.
usually When is our maths class? It’s after lunch.

often • the form is: question word + be + subject

Why are you late?
sometimes have got
What have you got in I’ve got my school things.
hardly ever
your bag?
never How many brothers and She’s got two brothers and
sisters has she got? a sister.
less frequent When have we got PE? We’ve got it at 11 o’clock.
• we use adverbs of frequency to say how often we • the form is: question word + have/has + subject + got
do things How many pets has she got?
• with most verbs, the adverb comes before the verb
Other verbs
We usually play football in the park after school.
Where do you play I play it at school.
• with the verb be, the adverb comes after the verb basketball?
I’m often tired on Monday morning. How does your dad go He walks to work.
to work?
Likes and dislikes When do your friends They watch TV after dinner.
watch TV
• the form is: question word + do/does +
subject + infinitive
love like don’t don’t hate
Where do they play basketball?
mind like

… + verb -ing … + noun

I love listening to music. I love music.
You like playing You like video games.
video games.
She doesn’t mind She doesn’t mind football.
playing football.
We don’t like going to We don’t like the gym.
the gym.
They hate using They hate social media.
social media.
• we use the -ing form of the verb after love, like, don’t
mind, don’t like and hate
My friends love playing chess.
They don’t like playing hockey.
• we can also use love, like, don’t mind, don’t like and
hate with nouns
My friends love chess.
They don’t like hockey.

© Macmillan Education Limited 2024

 GRAMMAR REFERENCE AND PRACTICE 2
Adverbs of frequency 4 Correct one mistake in each sentence.
1 I love make videos.
1 Choose the correct words to complete
I love making videos.
the sentences.
2 We don’t like collect things.
1 She sometimes practises/practises sometimes
the piano.
2 Our teacher is always/always is happy. 3 I love to meeting my friends at the weekend.
3 We watch often/often watch TV after dinner.
4 You hardly ever help/help hardly ever at home. 4 My dad like sleeping.
5 My friends are never/never are in the park on
Saturday morning. 5 My little sister hates make videos.
6 My sister has usually/usually has a shower in the
morning.
7 I am often/often am early for school. Present simple: Wh- questions
2 Order the words to make sentences. 5 Choose the correct words to complete
1 go / gym / to / the / I / usually the questions.
I usually go to the gym. 1 When do/have/are you practise the piano?
2 often / He / volleyball / plays 2 Where does/has/is your brother go horse-
riding?
3 Who does/has/is your maths teacher?
3 We / use / sometimes / media / social
4 What do/have/are we got after this lesson?
4 never / late / am / I / school / for 5 Why do/have/are you tired?
6 How many photos does/has/is your cousin got
on her bedroom wall?
5 video / games / They / play / usually
6 Write complete questions with be, do or have
6 gym / always / is / She / the / in got.
1 Where / the physics class ?
Where’s the physics class?
Likes and dislikes
2 How old / your best friend ?
3 Write sentences with the correct verb in the
box and the verbs in brackets. 3 Where / you go after school ?

love   like   don’t mind 4 How many cousins / you ?

don’t like   hate

5 When / your birthday ?

1 I’m happy when my room is clean. I like tidying

(tidy) it. 7 Write answers for the questions in exercise 6.
2 Our teacher (draw) on the board. 1 The physics class is next to the chemistry class.
2
3 My dad (wash) the cars. 3
4
4 I (get up) early, but I (make) my bed. 5
/

5 We (do) aerobics, it’s fun!



© Macmillan Education Limited 2024

Present continuous Spelling rules
Affirmative Negative to form verbs with the -ing ending:
I’m (am) drawing. I’m (am) not playing chess. • add -ing for most verbs
You’re (are) playing You aren’t (are not) wear wearing, study studying
video games. playing games. • for verbs which end in -e, remove the -e and add
He/She/It’s (is) sleeping. He/She/It isn’t (is not) walking. -ing
We/You/ They’re (are) We/You/They aren’t (are not) make making, have having
wearing boots. wearing boots. • for verbs that end in -ie, change -ie to -y and add -ing
• we use the present continuous to talk about actions lie lying, die dying
that are in progress now • for some verbs that end in consonant + vowel +
• we use subject + be + verb -ing consonant, double the final consonant and add -ing
I’m practising the piano. He’s watching TV. swim swimming, get getting
• we use be + not to form the negative
She isn’t (is not) listening to music.
Present simple and present
We aren’t (are not) having pizza now. continuous
• we use the present simple to talk about routines,
Questions Short answers habits or facts
Am I wearing Yes, you are. We always wear shorts in the summer. We don’t
your sunglasses? No, you aren’t. wear shorts in winter.
Are you having lunch? Yes, I am.
Do you wear smart clothes on Sundays?
No, I’m not.
Yes, I do./No, I don’t.
Is he/she/it waking up? Yes, he/she/it is.
What do you do after school on Mondays?
No, he/she/it isn’t.
Are we/you/they Yes, we/you/they are.
• we use the present continuous to talk about actions
having breakfast? No, we/you/they aren’t. that are in progress now
I’m buying books now. I’m not buying clothes.
• the word order is different in questions. It is
question word + be + subject + verb -ing Are you wearing my T-shirt? Yes, I am./No, I’m not.
You are wearing sandals. Are you wearing sandals? What are you doing now?
• we don’t repeat the verb -ing in short answers
Are they eating in class? No, they aren’t.
• we don’t use the contracted form in affirmative
short answers
Are they eating in class?
Yes, they are. Yes, they’re.

© Macmillan Education Limited 2024

 GRAMMAR REFERENCE AND PRACTICE 3
Present continuous Spelling rules

1 Complete the sentences with the present 4 Write the -ing form of the verbs.
continuous affirmative form of the verbs 1 pack packing
in brackets. 2 go
1 I ’m watching (watch) my favourite TV series. 3 use
2 My brother (play) table tennis at 4 tidy
the moment.
5 swim
3 We (do) karate in PE this week.
6 win
4 I (wear) comfortable shoes
7 skate
because I’m going cycling.
8 plan
5 My mum and dad aren’t at home. They
(have) dinner with their friends. 9 lie
6 You (take) a lot of photos today.
Present simple and present
2 Correct the sentences using the words continuous
in brackets. 5 Choose the correct words to complete
1 My teacher’s drawing a dog on the board. (a cat) the sentences.
My teacher isn’t drawing a dog on the board. 1 You don’t do/aren’t doing gymnastics
He’s drawing a cat. this morning.
2 We’re studying chemistry. (biology) 2 My school starts/’s starting at 8 o’clock
every day.
3 She’s helping me. (her friend) 3 I have/’m having lunch at my grandmother’s
house today.
4 My dad doesn’t write/isn’t writing an email
4 I’m wearing baggy jeans. (tight jeans)
right now.
5 Do you like/Are you liking this music?
5 You’re practising the guitar. (the piano)
6 My friends often play/are often playing chess
after school.
6 My friends are going home. (the park) 7 We haven’t got/aren’t having got history
after English today.

3 Write complete questions. Then write Time expressions

short answers.
6 Write complete sentences in the present
1 you / listen to music ? (+)
simple or present continuous.
Are you listening to music?
1 I / go to a dance class / on Mondays
Yes, I am.
and Wednesdays
2 your friends / have lunch ? (–) I go to a dance class on Mondays and Wednesdays.
2 You / wear / a cool hoodie / today

3 your aunt / do yoga ? (+) 3 We / often / listen to music / in our French lesson

4 My grandmother / never / wear / jeans

4 I / wear my new shirt today ? (+)
5 I / not use social media / right now

5 your dad / play chess ? (–) 6 My friends / not go skateboarding / every day

© Macmillan Education Limited 2024

Comparative and Spelling of comparative and
superlative adjectives superlative adjectives
Comparative adjectives Comparative Superlative
This dress more comfortable that skirt. Most short longer the longest
Istanbul is bigger than London. adjectives: long
My mum taller me. Short adjectives larger the largest
ending in -e: large
• we use comparative adjectives to compare two
Short adjectives wetter the wettest
things, places or people
ending in consonant,
• to form the comparative adjective, we add -er to a vowel, consonant: wet
short adjective
Short adjectives windier the windiest
I’m shorter than my mum. ending in -y: windy
• we add more to a longer adjective Long adjectives: more comfortable the most
My trainers are more comfortable than my boots. comfortable comfortable
• when we compare two things, places or people, we Irregular adjectives: better, worse the best,
use than after the comparative adjective good, bad the worst
London is colder than Madrid.
can/can’t, must/mustn’t
Superlative adjectives
This the most in the shop.
• we use can to give or ask about permission
comfortable dress Can I open the window? Yes, you can./No, you can’t.
Istanbul
is
the biggest city in Europe. • we use must to talk about obligation
My mum the tallest person in her family. You must do your homework.
• we use can’t and mustn’t to talk about prohibition
• we use superlative adjectives to compare more than
You can’t eat in class. You mustn’t write on your desk.
two things, places or people and to describe the one
that is the most (or least) something e.g. tall, big, etc.
Affirmative Negative
• to form the superlative adjective, we add -est to a
I/You/We/They can/must I/You/We/They can’t/
short adjective
go home now. mustn’t eat here.
I’m the shortest person in my class.
He/She/It can/must go He/She/It can’t /mustn’t
• we add most to a longer adjective home now. eat here.
These are the most uncomfortable shoes in
the world.
• we use subject + can/can’t/must/mustn’t + verb
without to for all subject pronouns
• when we compare words, we use the before
He must make his bed before school.
the superlative adjective and we use in after
the adjective He must to make his bed before school.
My brother is the youngest person in the school.
Questions Short answers
My brother is the youngest person of the school.
Can I/you/we/they Yes, I/you/we/they can.
swim here? No, I/you/we/they can’t.
Can he/she/it have Yes, he/she/it can.
lunch here? No, he/she/it can’t.
• for all subject pronouns, we use Can + subject + verb
without to + ? for questions, and Yes, + subject +
can/No, + subject + can’t for short answers
Can Teo play outside today? Yes, he can./No, he can’t.

© Macmillan Education Limited 2024

 GRAMMAR REFERENCE AND PRACTICE 4
Comparative and 4 Complete the sentences with the
superlative adjectives comparative or superlative form of the
adjectives in brackets.
1 Write the comparative and superlative form 1 March is longer (long)
of the adjective. than April.
1 tall taller tallest 2 February is
(short) month.
2 big
3 Madrid is usually
3 old-fashioned
(warm) than London.
4 sunny
4 Mexico is (big)
5 comfortable than Turkey.
6 cloudy 5 That guitar player is amazing! She’s
7 good (good) player in
8 bad the band.
6 My brother thinks hockey is
2 Write complete sentences with the correct (difficult)
form of the comparative adjective. than volleyball.
1 my shoes / my boots (comfortable)
My shoes are more comfortable than my boots. can/can’t, must/mustn’t
2 my jeans / my trousers (baggy) 5 Complete the sentences with can, can’t, must
 or mustn’t.
3 January / July in Australia (hot) 1 When it’s sunny, you must wear
sun cream.

2 We play sports in the classroom.
4 my coat / my jacket (warm)
3 It’s dry today so we go horse-riding

if you like.
5 these trainers / those boots (expensive)
4 I use my sister’s beach towel. She
 hates it!
6 making my bed / tidying my room (easy) 5 You take photos here. It’s fine.
 6 I wake up early tomorrow. I’ve got a
7 playing tennis / watching it on TV (good for you) maths exam at 8 o’clock.

6 Write complete questions with can and then
3 Complete the sentences with the superlative write the short answer with can/can’t.
form of one of the adjectives in the box. 1 your teachers / wear T-shirts and shorts / in the
summer ? (+)
bad cheap cold comfortable heavy tall Can your teachers wear T-shirts and shorts in
the summer? Yes, they can.
1 It’s -4ºC outside. It’s the coldest
day of the year. 2 you / watch TV / after you do your homework ? (+)
2 My best friend is 1.85 m. He’s 
boy in our school. 3 you / draw on the board in your classroom ? (–)
3 There’s a mobile here for €75. It’s 
phone in the shop.
4 your mum / get up late / on Mondays ? (–)
4 I love wearing these trainers. They’re

shoes I’ve got.
5 people / go skateboarding in the park ? (+)
5 Don’t watch that film – it’s
film in the world. 
6 I can’t carry your bag. It’s
in the class.

© Macmillan Education Limited 2024

Countable and uncountable nouns there is/are …
• countable nouns are nouns we can count
Affirmative Negative
books, grapes, chairs
Singular noun There’s (is) a book on There isn’t (is not)
• they have got singular and plural form:
the table. a pencil.
book books
Uncountable There’s (is) some There isn’t
grape grapes
noun water in the fridge. any rice.
• uncountable nouns are nouns we can’t count Plural noun There are (some) There aren’t any
snow, oil, water cinemas in my town. skate parks.
• they haven’t got a plural form
water waters • we use there is with singular countable nouns and
uncountable nouns
butter butters
There’s a bus stop near my house.

a, an, some/any There is some ice on the window.

• we use a/an with singular countable nouns • we use there are with plural countable nouns
• we use a before a consonant sound There are some cool cafés in our town.
a bag, a melon, a skate park • we add not to form the negative
• we use an before a vowel sound There isn’t any butter.
an animal, an egg, an hour There aren’t any cycle lanes.
• we use some and any with plural countable nouns
and uncountable nouns Is there … ? Are there … ?
• we usually use some in affirmative sentences • we use Is there … ? and Yes, there is./No, there
I’ve got some smart shoes for the party. isn’t. with singular countable nouns and
uncountable nouns
My dad often has some cheese after dinner.
Is there a train station near here?
• we usually use any in negative sentences Yes, there is./No, there isn’t.
and questions
Is there any sauce? Yes, there is./No, there isn’t.
We haven’t got any water.
• we use Are there … ? and Yes, there are./No, there
Have you got any books? aren’t. with plural countable nouns
• we can also use no article when we are talking Are there any music venues in your town?
about something plural or uncountable for the first Yes, there are./No, there aren’t.
time or in general
I like pasta , but I don’t like grapes. How much/many … ?
Questions Short answers
How much snow is there? a lot/some/not much
How many shops are there? a lot/some/not many

• we use How much to ask about quantity with

uncountable nouns
• we often answer this question with a lot, some or
not much
How much ice cream is there? There’s a lot./There’s
some./There isn’t much.
• we use How many to ask about quantity with
countable nouns
• we often answer this question with a lot, some or
not many
How many apples are there? There are a lot./
There are some./There aren’t many.

© Macmillan Education Limited 2024

 GRAMMAR REFERENCE AND PRACTICE 5
Countable and uncountable nouns Is there/Are there … ?
1 Write C (countable) or U (uncountable). 4 Write questions with Is there/Are there … ?
1 rice U and a, an or any. Then write short answers.
2 egg 1 bus station / near here ? (+)
3 banana Is there a bus station near here?
4 chip Yes, there is.
5 water 2 towels / in your room ? (–)
6 wind 
7 T-shirt 
8 pasta 3 suitcase / under your bed ? (–)
9 pizza 
10 fog 
11 game 4 good films / on TV ? (+)
12 hockey 

a, an, some/any 5 oil / in that bottle ? (–)

2 Choose the correct words to complete

the sentences.
1 I haven’t got a/any dance class today.
How much/many … ?
2 Wear some/a jeans with that top.
3 Have you got a/some comfortable shoes for 5 Write complete questions with How much … ?
the walk? and How many … ?
4 Has your friend got some/a new bike? 1 How many cousins have you got?
5 We haven’t got any/some food. Let’s go to I’ve got a lot of cousins.
a café. 2
6 Do you play in a/an ice hockey team? There’s some ice cream in the box.
3
there is/are …
We’ve got three TVs in our house.
3 Match the sentence halves. 4
1 There’s a a onion. Do you need one? There are 26 students in my class.
2 There’s some b people in the skate park 5
because it’s wet. We’ve got some homework tonight.
3 There isn’t any c 
new cinema near my
house. Let’s go! 6 Correct the mistakes.
4 There isn’t an d 
milk so we can’t make 1 How many players there are in your team?
hot chocolate. How many players are there in your team?
5 There are some e 
snow so wear your 2 How many rice would you like?
winter boots. 
6 There aren’t any f 
sunglasses on the table. 3 Have you got a umbrella?
Can I wear them?

4 There aren’t a gyms in my school.

5 Are there any cheese on the pizza?


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Past simple: be Past simple of regular verbs:
Affirmative Negative affirmative and negative
I was I wasn’t (was not)
Affirmative Negative
You were You weren’t (were not)
I/You visited I/You didn’t (did not) visit
He/She/It was He/She/It wasn’t (was not)
He/She/It visited He/She/It didn’t (did not) visit
We/You/They were We/You/They weren’t
We/You/They visited We/You/They didn’t (did not) visit
(were not)
• we use the past simple to describe finished actions
there was/were or situations in the past
I played volleyball with my friends last Monday.
There was There wasn’t (was not)
• the form is the same for I, you, he, she, it, we, you
There were There weren’t (were not) and they
• we use was/were to describe situations, people and Josh watched TV and his mum played cards with
objects in the past his brother.
It was cold last night so he was at home. • we use didn’t (did not) before the verb to form
• we use not to form the negative the negative
You were not at school last Monday. We didn’t organise a party.
• wasn’t is the contracted form of was not
Spelling: past simple regular verbs
• weren’t is the contracted form of were not
She wasn’t at the gym at 8 o’clock.
• many verbs are regular in the past simple:
• for most regular verbs, add -ed
Questions Short answers start started
Was I late? Yes, I was. • for verbs that end in -e, add -d
No, I wasn’t.
like liked
Were you bored? Yes, you were.
No, you weren’t. • for verbs that end in consonant + -y, omit the -y
and add -ied
Was he/she/it sad? Yes, he/she/it was.
No, he/she/it wasn’t. study studied
Were we/you/they happy? Yes, we/you/they were. • for verbs that end in stressed vowel + consonant
No, we/you/they weren’t. (except -w or -y), double the final consonant and
add -ed
• the word order is different in questions plan planned
prefer preferred
• for verbs that end in -l, double the l
travel travelled

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 GRAMMAR REFERENCE AND PRACTICE 6
Past simple: be Past simple of regular verbs:
affirmative and negative
1 Complete the sentences with the past simple
affirmative or negative form of be. 3 Correct the information in the sentences
1 Jack wasn’t at school yesterday. (–) using the words in brackets.
2 My friends at my party on Saturday. (+) 1 I studied maths last night. (English)
3 It windy last night. (–) I didn’t study maths last night. I studied English.
4 We tired after the school trip. (+) 2 My mum donated our old toys to charity. (clothes)
5 You here at 10:00 am. (–) 
6 There a large spider in the bath. (+) 3 My brother and I tidied the kitchen last night.
(our bedroom)
2 Write questions in the past simple. Then 
write short answers. 4 My dad travelled to Australia last year.
1 they / at the beach last weekend ? (+) (South Africa)
Were they at the beach last weekend? 
Yes, they were. 5 They listened to the news. (music)
2 it / hot / in August ? (+) 
 6 You stopped the game. (the film)
 
3 Lucia / at the theme park with you ? (–)
 Spelling: Past simple regular verbs

4 Write the past simple of the verbs.
4 there / any books in that box ? (+)
1 join joined

2 raise

3 play
5 you / at the sports day on Saturday ? (–)
4 plan

5 try

6 protect

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Past simple of irregular verbs: Past simple: question forms
affirmative and negative and ago
Regular past simple Irregular past simple Questions Short answers
I/You started/walked/ I/You went/had/came etc. Did I/you make your bed? Yes, I/you did.
played etc. No, I/you didn’t.
He/She/It started/walked/ He/She/It went/had/ Did he/she/it have dinner? Yes, he/she/it did.
played etc. came etc. No, he/she/it didn’t.
We/You/They started/ We/You/They went/had/ Did we/you/they watch TV? Yes, we/you/they did.
walked/played etc. came etc. No, we/you/they didn’t.

• for the use of the past simple, see Unit 6 Grammar • the word order is different in questions. The form is Did
reference p94 + subject + infinitive ?
• for all subject pronouns, we use the same past tense I went to the wildlife park.
form (except be, see p94): Did you go to the wildlife park?
I played football. • the form in short answers is Yes, + subject + did./No, +
She played football. subject + didn’t..
They played football. • we don’t repeat the verb in short answers
• some verbs are regular in the past simple. We add -ed Did he play hockey?
to the verb to make these (see p94 for Spelling rules) Yes, he did. Yes, he played.
start started No, he didn’t. No, he didn’t play.
walk walked
• we use ago to say when we did something in the
• other verbs are irregular and have different forms past. We can use different time words:
and spelling When did you tidy your room?
go went
five minutes ago/three hours ago/a month ago
have had
• we often use these time expressions to talk about
do did the past:
get got in (2017)
• see p80 for a list of irregular verbs when I was ten
at the age of six
Negative
three days ago
I/You didn’t (did not) see
He/She/It didn’t (did not) see
We/You/They didn’t (did not) see

• we use didn’t (did not) before the infinitive form of

the negative
I didn’t have breakfast yesterday.
I didn’t had breakfast yesterday.

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 GRAMMAR REFERENCE AND PRACTICE 7
Past simple of irregular verbs: Past simple: question forms
affirmative and negative and ago
1 Write the past simple form of the verbs. 5 Write complete questions and short answers.
1 do did 5 try 1 your aunt / see poisonous snakes in Australia ? (–)
2 enjoy 6 meet Did your aunt see poisonous snakes in Australia?
3 know 7 hear No, she didn’t.
4 tell 8 write 2 your friends / collect things ? (+)

2 Complete the sentences with the past simple
3 it / rain a lot at the weekend ? (+)
affirmative form of the verbs in the box.

go help leave rain snow study 4 you / start a blog about music ? (–)

1 This cake is good because my mum helped
me. 5 I / take your sleeping bag ? (–)
2 My mum maths when she was 18. 
3 We horse-riding two days ago. 6 we / solve the problem ? (+)
4 It last week so we went skiing! 
5 My brother home at 9 o’clock so he 6 Order the words to make questions.
was late for school.
1 wake up / What time / you / did ?
6 It a lot last night so we stayed
What time did you wake up?
at home.
2 your friends / play / did / Where / hockey ?
3 Complete the table with the infinitive of the 
verbs in exercises 1 and 2. 3 do / did / What / on Saturday morning / you ?

Regular verbs Irregular verbs
4 take / the photographer / How many photos / did ?
help do 
5 go / to the police station / you / did / Why ?


7 Rewrite the sentences with the time

expressions in brackets.
1 I had breakfast at 8 o’clock. It’s now 10 o’clock.
(ago)
4 Write the sentences in the past simple I had breakfast two hours ago.
negative form. 2 I’m now 14 years old. I visited the zoo five years
1 My mum / organise / a party for Dad’s birthday ago. (when)
last week 
My mum didn’t organise a party for Dad’s
3 It’s now 2021. My mum went to university 25
birthday last week. years ago. (in)
2 I / spend three hours on my computer yesterday 
 4 My brother’s 16 years old. He started going
3 My sister / study for her exams before summer surfing six years ago. (age)
 
4 My uncle / do / karate at the age of 15 5 It’s now Wednesday. I went to the dentist on
 Monday. (ago)
5 I / stop / collecting things two years ago 


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will/won’t be going to
Affirmative Affirmative
I/You’ll (will) live in another country. I’m (am) going to visit a gallery.
He/She/It’ll (will) have a big house. You’re (are) going to have lunch.
We/You/They’ll (will) be famous. He/She/It’s (is) going to stay in a hotel.
• we use will to make predictions about the future We/You/They’re (are) going to sunbathe.
People will have flying cars. • we use be + going to to talk about future plans
We’ll all live to be 120! and intentions
• the form is subject + will + infinitive without to • the form is subject + be + going to + infinitive
We’ll go on virtual holidays.
We’ll to go on virtual holidays. Negative
• the form is the same for all subject pronouns I’m not (am not) going to play tennis.
I’ll (will) work as a web designer. You aren’t (are not) going to meet friends.
It’ll (will) snow next winter. He/She/It isn’t (is not) going to be bored.
We/You/They aren’t (are not) going to have dinner.
Negative
I/You won’t (will not) walk to school. • we use not to form the negative
He/She/It won’t (will not) have cars. be going to: question forms
We/You/They won’t (will not) go to the beach.
Questions Short answers
• we use not to form the negative Am I going to visit my Yes, you are. No, you aren’t.
• won’t is the contracted form of will not grandparents?
• the form is the same for all subject pronouns Are you going to have Yes, I am. No, I’m not.
He won’t have much free time. breakfast?
We won’t have long holidays. Is he/she/it going to listen Yes, he/she/it is. No, he/she/
to music? it isn’t.
will: question forms Are we/you/they going to Yes, we/you/they are. No,
watch TV? we/you/they aren’t.
Questions Short answers
Will I/you live in a Yes, I/you will. No, I/ Wh- questions
big house? you won’t.
What am I going to wear tonight?
Will he/she/it watch Yes, he/she/it will. No, he/
When is he/she/it going to arrive?
more TV? she/it won’t.
Where are you/we/they going to stay in London?
Will we/you/they visit Yes, we/you/they will.
museums on holiday? No, we/you/they won’t. • the word order is different in questions. The form is
question word + be + subject + infinitive
• the word order is different in questions
• to make questions, we use question word + will +
• the form of short answers is Yes, + subject + am/is/
are./No, + subject + ’m not/aren’t/isn’t.
subject + infinitive
• the form is the same for all subject pronouns
• we don’t repeat going to or the infinitive in
short answers
Will we go for walks in the future?
Is he going to go swimming?
• we don’t repeat the verb in short answers
Yes, he is. No, he isn’t.
Yes, you will. No, you won’t.
Yes, you will go. No, you won’t go.

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 GRAMMAR REFERENCE AND PRACTICE 8
will for predictions 4 Complete the questions with be going to and
the verbs in the box.
1 Order the words to make questions.
Then write short answers. be meet pack play stay watch wear
1 next week / it / Will / hot / be ? (+) 1 Are you going to watch the match
Will it be hot next week? Yes, it will. on TV?
2 the bike hire / Will / expensive / be ? (–) 2 you your hat to
the beach today?
3 it dry for sports
3 have / the hotel / Will / a swimming pool ? (+)
day?
4 your aunt in a B
4 we / Will / see / penguins ? (–) & B on her city break?
5 I my suitcase
5 your friends / Will / go to university ? (+) tonight?
6 your friends you
in the park later?
2 Write complete sentences with the correct 7 Hugo in the
form of will. basketball match tomorrow?
1 I / not study / chemistry at university
5 Write short answers for the questions in
I won’t study chemistry at university. exercise 4.
2 We / not live / in houses under the water 1 (–) No, I’m not.
2 (+)
3 I / buy / a large apartment 3 (+)
4 (–)
4 It / not rain / all summer 5 (–)
6 (+)
7 (–)
5 You / have fun / at the theme park
6 Write complete questions with the correct
form of be going to.
Future with be going to 1 What / you / do on your holiday ?
3 Complete the sentences with the correct form What are you going to do on your holiday?
of be going to. 2 How / your friends / make their video ?
1 I ’m going to play (play) badminton. I’m
not going to do (not do) yoga.
3 Where / your brother / go to university ?
2 She (wear) her smart trousers.
She (not wear) her jeans.
3 It (not be) warm. It 4 When / it / be hot and sunny ?
(be) freezing.
4 We (stay) in an apartment and 5 What time / I / see the doctor ?
we (have) a barbecue.
5 My friends (play) in a band but
6 Where / we / buy Lily's present ?
they (not be) rich and famous.
6 You (watch) athletics, you
(not do) athletics.

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