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Biology Notes - Microbe Notes

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Biology Notes - Microbe Notes

Uploaded by

Kedir Mohammed
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Microbe Notes

Home All Notes Category Wise Notes Microorganisms Note Microbiology Terms A Level Biology Search Notes

Biology Topics / Categories


Agricultural Microbiology (16)
Biology is a vast discipline that deals with the study of living beings and their vital
Bacteriology (123)
processes, that deal with the physicochemical aspects of life.
Basic Microbiology (62)
Biology is a natural science that utilizes different structural and functional concepts for the
Biochemical Test (114)
differentiation of living beings from non-living beings.
At present times, as a result of cross-disciplinary research, other disciplines like chemistry, Biochemistry (164)

physics, computer science, and medicine have been integrated with biology, resulting in areas Bioinformatics (22)

like biochemistry, biophysics, biomedicine, and bioinformatics. Biology (211)


Biology is further divided into separate branches for the convenience of study, even though all Biotechnology (33)
of these branches are interrelated to one another. Cell Biology (107)
Biology is separated into botany (the study of plants) and zoology (the study of animals), Culture Media (67)
morphology (structure), and physiology (function).
Difference Between (89)
Living beings have been divided into different kingdoms, phylum, classes, orders, and genus to
Diseases (32)
make the identification and studies related to different organisms more feasible.
Environmental Microbiology (9)
Traditionally, biology was only associated with the structure and function of living beings.
Epidemiology (25)
With time, however, biology deals with the fundamental levels of life, resulting in a separate
discipline termed, molecular biology. Food Microbiology (52)

Biology has now been developed into modern biology which is based on certain foundations Genetics (79)

like cell theory, evolution, genetics, homeostasis, and chemical energy. Human Anatomy and Physiology (75)

Biology defines cell as the fundamental unit of life, which is common in all living beings, Immunology (115)
microscopic, and macroscopic. Instrumentation (64)
Besides, other concepts like evolution and genomics further help in understanding the origin, Microscopy (27)
evolution, and relationship among living beings.
Molecular Biology (84)
Genetics is another component of biology that helps in the differentiation of living beings based
Mycology (33)
on their genomic composition.
Parasitology (26)
Homeostasis is another crucial unit of biology which suggests that all living organisms maintain
Pharmacology (14)
a constant internal environment.
Phycology (2)
Non-living parts of the world like the air, water, and soil have been closely related to the living
world, which creates a close relationship between biology and the environment. Protocols (9)

Research Methodology (20)


Developmental biology is a branch of natural science that studies various interactions
Staining (29)
involved in the formation of the heterogeneous shape, structure, and size of different
organisms that occur during the development of an embryo into an adult. Syllabus (19)

Virology (50)
In short, developmental biology is a discipline that deals with the processes involved in
the development of a multicellular organism as controlled by genetic information.
Developmental biology studies the mechanisms of development, differentiation, and
growth in plants and animals at the cellular, molecular, genetic, and evolutionary levels.
Different forms of reproduction like sexual reproduction, asexual reproduction,
metamorphosis, and germination of seeds and embryos are essential aspects of
developmental biology.
Developmental biology is a fast-growing discipline that is interrelated with a vast array of
disciplines like molecular biology, anatomy, cancer biology, immunology, ecology,
evolutionary biology, cell biology, and physiology.
Studies done in developmental biology have provided information on the molecular
genetics of development, growth factors, oncogenes, the evolution of developmental
control, mechanisms of differentiation, gametogenesis, fertilization, and control of gene
expression.
Other areas of emphasis in developmental biology include transcriptional control, cell-cell
interactions, regulatory hierarchies, signal transduction, etc.
The development of developmental biology as an important discipline is due to its
applications in different areas.
The results of the research are used in fertility clinics where the information is used for
artificial insemination, test-tube culture, and to treat other infertility issues.
Tissue engineering is another essential technique that utilizes concepts of developmental
biology to grow replacement tissues in plastic dishes and to control the formation of
cancer cells.
Reactivation of stem cells to grow replacement tissues is also by virtue of
accomplishments made in developmental biology.
In agriculture, techniques developed for selective breeding by optimizing root systems,
plant size, and flowering time has allowed for a better and increased harvest.

Cancer biology is a branch of biology that studies the complex expression of genes,
proteins, and biological processes that initiated the development and growth of cancers.

Understanding the many different biological systems underlying cancer’s development is


essential for understanding cancer and identifying new targets for treatment.
LEAM Solution Fluorescence Microscope
Most of the researches in cancer biology are concerned with genomic conservation; in
particular, how the genetic composition of cell ensure that no errors occur during
processes like copying the genome or repairing it after damage.
The genetic conservation also ensures that a complete copy of the genome is inherited
by each daughter cell.
Cancer results when one or all of these processes go wrong, which leads to inconsistency
in cancer cells that can successfully be exploited for treatment.
Another critical aspect of cancer biology is studies related to protein function and
interactions on a systems-wide scale to identify how signaling pathways are restructured
in cancer cells, and how this affects cell behavior, cell shape, and cell metabolism.
Cancer cells are transformed cells after acquiring a series of changes that permit them to
form tumors, which behave differently depending on the genetic changes that result in
this transformation.
The hallmarks of cancer cells include signs like self-sufficiency in growth signals, evasion
of programmed cell death, insensitivity to growth-inhibitory signals, limitless replicative
potential, sustained angiogenesis, and tissue invasion.
Cancer biology is a vast branch that studies the process of carcinogenesis, mutations,
carcinogens, and cellular changes.
The role of cancer biology in the perioperative period is of increasing interest as it
provides evidence regarding fundamental principles of cancer biology, especially tumor
microenvironment, and discusses new therapeutic opportunities.
Different researches in cancer biology help in the identification of cancer symptoms and
the formation of malignant tumors of different cells found in living beings.
These researches also enable the differentiation between normal cells and cancer cells
which assists in the early diagnosis of cancer.

Selaginella (Spikemoss): Morphology, Reproduction, Uses


October 3, 2024 by Nirmita Sharma

Systematic Position (Source: USDA Plants Database)


Kingdom- Plantae Sub-Kingdom- Trachaeobionta
Division- Lycopodiophyta (Lycophyta) Class-
Lycopodiopsida Order- Selaginellales. Family-
Selaginellaceae Genus- Selaginella It is the only
living genus in the Selaginellaceae … Read more

Ocean (Marine) Habitats: Definition, Types, Examples


August 25, 2024 by Nawang Sherpa

Ocean is the largest biomass on Earth. Each biome in


the ocean is supported by a unique biodiversity,
climate, geology, and oceanography. Plants and
animals adapt to specific habitat conditions … Read
Coxiella burnetii: Characteristics,
more
Pathogenesis, Diagnosis

SOLiD Sequencing: Principle, Steps,


Marine Ecosystem and its Abiotic and Biotic Components Applications
August 21, 2024 by Nawang Sherpa
Water Quality: Categories, Importance,
Assessment
Marine Biology is the branch of biology that studies
Measures of Association and Effects in
living beings in marine surroundings such as seas
Epidemiology
and oceans. What is a Marine Ecosystem? Marine
Cambridge IGCSE Biology 0610 Syllabus
ecosystems take over about seventy-one … Read
(2023-2025)
more

Homeostasis: Definition, Types, Examples, Applications


August 20, 2024 by Anupama Sapkota

Homeostasis is the ability of living systems to


maintain a steady and uniform internal environment
to allow the normal functioning of the systems. How
is Homeostasis maintained? Maintaining
homeostasis/Homeostasis Mechanisms … Read more

Lycopodium (Clubmoss): Structure, Reproduction, Uses


August 15, 2024 by Nirmita Sharma

Systematic Position of Lycopodium Kingdom- Plantae


(Plants) Sub-Kingdom- Trachaeobionta (Vascular
plants) Division- Lycopodiopsida (Lycopods) Order-
Lycopodiales Family- Lycopodiaceae Genus-
Lycopodium Sub-Genus a) Urostachya– In this type,
the branching dichotomous and … Read more

Classification of Pteridophytes (6 ways) with Examples


August 8, 2024 by Nirmita Sharma

The classification of pteridophytes has undergone


various changes over the years. The traditional
system of classification of vascular plants was based
on the presence or absence of seeds. The vascular …
Read more

Fossil Pteridophytes: Characteristics, Examples, Diagrams


August 7, 2024 by Nirmita Sharma

Fossil pteridophytes are one of the important groups


of ancient vascular plants that provide valuable
insights into the evolution of plant life on Earth.
Some of the important fossil pteridophytes … Read
more

Anthoceros: Structure, Reproduction, Life Cycle, Diagram, Uses


August 6, 2024 by Nirmita Sharma

Classification of Anthoceros (Source: USDA, NRCS.


2024. The PLANTS Database) Kingdom
Plantae (Plants) Division
Anthocerotophyta (Hornworts) Subdivision
Anthocerotae Class Anthocerotopsida Order
Anthocerotales Family Anthocerotaceae Genus
Anthoceros Habitat and Distribution of Anthoceros Anthoceros … Read more

Pteridophytes Life Cycle with Economic Importance


August 5, 2024 by Nirmita Sharma

The term “Pteridophyta” is originated from Greek


word- “Pteron” which means feather and “phyton”
means plants i.e. the plants having feather like
fronds. The pteridophytes formed a dominant part of
… Read more

Lichens: Characteristics, Types, Structure, Reproduction, Uses


July 31, 2024 by Nirmita Sharma

Lichens are group of organisms of composite nature,


having two dissimilar organisms (algae and fungus)
bounded in a symbiotic relationship. Algae or
cyanobacteria and fungus forms beneficial symbiotic
relationship to … Read more

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