Formulas for Stress and Strain

Raymond J. Roark and Warren C. Young

Sixth Edition
 Contents
List of Tables

to the Sixth Edition

to the First Edition

Definitions

Part I

Chapter 1 Definitions 3

References

Part 2 Facts; Principles; Methods

Chapter 2 The Behavior of Bodies under Stress 19

Methods of Loading. Elasticity; Proportionality of Stress and Strain.

Factors Affecting Elastic Properties. Load-Deformation Relation for a
Body. Plasticity. Creep and Rupture under Long-Time Loading. Criteria of
Elastic Failure and of Rupture. Fatigue. Brittle Fracture. Stress
Concentration. Effect of Form and Scale on Strength; Rupture Factor.
Pre-stressing. Elastic Stability. References.

Chapter 3 Principles and Analytical Methods 43

Equations of Motion and of Equilibrium. Principle of Superposition.

Principle of Reciprocal Deflections. Method of Consistent Deformations
-Strain Compatibility). Principles and Methods Involving Strain Energy.
Dimensional Analysis. Remarks on the Use of Formulas. References.

Chapter 4 Experimental Methods 51

Measurement of Strain. Photoelastic Analysis. Detection of Plastic

Yielding. Analogies. References.

Chapter 5 Properties of a Plane Area 59

 Contents
Part 3 Formulas and Examples

Chapter 6 Tension, Compression, Shear, and Combined Stress

75

Bar under Axial Tension (or Compression),- Common Case. Bar under
Tension (or Compression), Special Cases. Composite Members. Trusses.
Body under Pure Shear Stress. Cases of Direct Shear Loading. Combined
Stress.

Chapter 7 Beams; Flexure of Straight Bars 93

Straight Beams (Common Case) Elastically Stressed. Composite Beams

and Bimetallic Strips. Three-Moment Equation. Rigid Frames. Beams on
Elastic Foundations. Deformation due to the Elasticity of Fixed Supports.
Beams under Simultaneous Axial and Transverse Loading. Beams of
Variable Section. Slotted Beams. Beams of Relatively Great Depth. Beams
of Relatively Great Width. Beams with Wide Flanges; Shear Lag. Beams
with Very Thin Webs. Beams Not Loaded in Plane of Symmetry; Flexural
Center. Straight Uniform Beams (Common Case), Ultimate Strength.
Plastic, or Ultimate Strength, Design. References.

Chapter 8 Curved Beams 233

Bending in the Plane of the Curve. Deflection of Curved Beams. Circular

Rings and Arches. Elliptical Rings. Curved Beams Loaded Normal to
Plane of Curvature. References.

Chapter 9 Torsion 345

Straight Bars of Uniform Circular Section under Pure Torsion. Bars of

Noneircular Uniform Section under Pure Torsion. Effect of End
Constraint. Effect of Longitudinal Stresses. Ultimate Strength of Bars in
Torsion. Torsion of Curved Bars; Helical Springs. References.

Chapter 10 Flat Plates 391

Common Case. Bending of Uniform-Thickness Plates with Circular

Boundaries. Circular-Plate Deflection due to Shear. Bimetallic Plates.
Nonuniform Loading of Circular Plates. Circular Plates on Elastic
Foundations. Circular Plates of Variable Thickness. Disk Springs.
Narrow Ring under Distributed Torque about Its Axis. Bending of
Uniform-Thickness Plates with Straight Boundaries. Effect of Large
 Deflection; Diaphragm Stresses. Plastic Analysis of Plates. Ultimate
Strength. References.

Contents
Chapter 11 Columns and Other Compression Members 487

Columns; Common Case. Local Buckling. Strength of Latticed Columns.

Eccentric Loading; Initial Curvature. Columns under Combined
Compression and Bending. Thin Plates with Stiffeners. Short Prisms
under Eccentric Loading. References.

Chapter 12 Shells of Revolution; Pressure Vessels; Pipes 515

Circumstances and General State of Stress. Thin Shells of Revolution

under Distributed Loadings Producing Membrane Stresses Only. Thin
Shells of Revolution under Concentrated or Discontinuous Loadings
Producing Bending and Membrane Stresses. Thin Multielement Shells of
Revolution. Thin Shells of Revolution under External Pressure. Thick
Shells of Revolution. Pipe on Supports at Intervals. References.

Chapter 13 Bodies under Direct Bearing and Shear Stress 647

Stress due to Pressure between Elastic Bodies. Rivets and Riveted Joints.
Miscellaneous Cases. References.

Chapter 14 Elastic Stability 667

General Considerations. Buckling of Bars. Buckling of Flat and Curved

Plates. Buckling of Shells. References.

Chapter 15 Dynamic and Temperature Stresses 701

Dynamic Loading; General Conditions. Body in a Known State of Motion.

Impact and Sudden Loading. Impact and Sudden Loading; Approximate
Formulas. Remarks on Stress due to Impact. Temperature Stresses.
References.

Appendix Factors of Stress Concentration 727

Name Index 745

Subject Index 763

 List of Tables
1. Properties of Sections 62

2 Formulas for Combined Stress 88

3 Shear, Moment, Slope, and Deflection Formulas for Elastic Straight Beams 100

4. Reaction and Deflection Formulas for In-Plane Loading of Elastic Frames 122

5 Numerical Values for Functions Used in Table 7 138

6 Numerical Values for Denominators Used In Table 7 139

7 Shear, Moment, Slope, and Deflection Formulas for Finite-Length Beams on

Elastic Foundations 140

8 Shear, Moment, Slope, and Deflection Formulas for Semi-infinite Beams on

Elastic Foundations 146

9a Reaction and Deflection Coefficients for Beams under Simultaneous Axial and
Transverse Loading: Cantilever End Support 157

9b Reaction and Deflection Coefficients for Beams under Simultaneous Axial and
Transverse Loading: Simply Supported Ends

9c Reaction and Deflection Coefficients for Beams under Simultaneous Axial and
Transverse Loading: Left End Simply Supported, Right End Fixed 159

9d Reaction and Deflection Coefficients for Beams under Simultaneous Axial and
Transverse Loading; Fixed Ends 150

9e Shear, Moment, Slope, and Deflection Formulas for Beams under Simultaneous
Axial Compression and Transverse Loading 162

11 Shear, Moment, Slope, and Deflection Formulas for Beams under Simultaneous
Axial Tension and Transverse Loading 176

12 Beams Restrained against Horizontal Displacement at the Ends 179

13a Reaction and Deflection Coefficients for Tapered Beams; Moments of Inertia
Vary as (I+ Kx/l)n, Where n = 1.0 183

13b Reaction and Deflection Coefficients for Tapered Beams; Moments of Inertia
Vary as (1 + Kx/l)n, Where n = 2.0 186
13c Reaction and Deflection Coefficients for Tapered Beams; Moments of Inertia
Vary as (1 + Kx/l)n, Where n=3.0 189

13d Reaction and Deflection Coefficients for Tapered Beams; Moments of Inertia
Vary as (1 + Kx / l)n, Where n = 4.0 192

14 Position of Flexural Center 0 for Different Sections 214

15 Collapse Loads with Plastic Hinge Locations for Straight Beams 223

16 Formulas for Curved Beams Subjected to Bending in the Plane of the Curve 236

17. Formulas for Circular Rings 262

18. Reaction and Deformation Formulas for Circular Arches 286

19. Formulas for Curved Beams of Compact Cross Section Loaded Normal to the Plane

of Curvature 308

20. Formulas for Torsional Deformation and Stress 348

21. Formulas for Torsional Properties and Stresses In Thin-Walled Open Cross Sections 386

22. Formulas for the Elastic Deformations of Uniform Thin-Walled Open Members under
Torsional Loading 370
23. Numerical Values for Functions Used in Table 24 396

24. Formulas for Flat Circular Plates of Constant Thickness 398

25. Shear Deflections for Flat Circular Plates of Constant Thickness 444

26. Formulas for Flat Plates with Straight Boundaries and Constant Thickness 4sa

27. Formulas for Short Prisms Loaded Eccentrically; Stress Reversal Impossible 506

28. Formulas for Membrane Stresses and Deformations in Thin-Walled Pressure

Vessels

29. Shear, Moment, Slope, and Deflection Formulas for Long and Short Thin-Walled
Cylindrical Shells under Axisymmetric Loading 530

30. Formulas for Bending and Membrane Stresses and Deformations In Thin-Walled
Pressure Vessels 544

31. Formulas for Discontinuity Stresses and Deformations at the Junctions of Shells and Plates 584

32 Formulas for Thick-Walled Vessels under Internal and External Loading 638

33. Formulas for Stress and Strain Due to Pressure on or between Elastic Bodies 650

34. Formulas for Elastic Stability of Bars, Rings, and Beams 670
35. Formulas for Elastic Stability of Plates and Shells 884

36. Natural Frequencies of Vibration for Continuous Members 714

37. Factors of Stress Concentration for Elastic Stress (k) 728

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