Normal Distribution

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 Before Starting Normal Distribution
P(8<x < 12) = ?
f (x )

1/10
P( < 12) = ?

5 12 15 x

P( < 8) = ? f (x )

1/10

5 12 15 x

P(8<x < 12) = .7-.3 = .4

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 The Normal Probability Distribution
 Graph of the Normal Probability Density Function
f (x )

x

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 The Normal Curve

 The shape of the normal curve is often illustrated as a

bell-shaped curve.

 The highest point on the normal curve is at the mean

of the distribution.

 The normal curve is symmetric.

 The standard deviation determines the width of the

curve.

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 The Normal Curve

 The total area under the curve the same as any other
probability distribution is 1.

 The probability of the normal random variable

assuming a specific value the same as any other
continuous probability distribution is 0.

 Probabilities for the normal random variable are

given by areas under the curve.

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The Normal Probability Density Function

1  ( x   )2 / 2 2
f ( x)  e
2 

where
 = mean
 = standard deviation
 = 3.14159
e = 2.71828

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The Standard Normal Probability Density Function

where
 =0
 =1
 = 3.14159
e = 2.71828

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Given any positive value for z, the table will
give us the following probability

The table will give this

probability

Given positive z

The probability that we find using the table is

the probability of having a standard normal
variable between 0 and the given positive z.
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 Given z find the probability

z .00 .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09
.0 .0000 .0040 .0080 .0120 .0160 .0199 .0239 .0279 .0319 .0359
.1 .0398 .0438 .0478 .0517 .0557 .0596 .0636 .0675 .0714 .0753
.2 .0793 .0832 .0871 .0910 .0948 .0987 .1026 .1064 .1103 .1141
.3 .1179 .1217 .1255 .1293 .1331 .1368 .1406 .1443 .1480 .1517
.4 .1554 .1591 .1628 .1664 .1700 .1736 .1772 .1808 .1844 .1879

.5 .1915 .1950 .1985 .2019 .2054 .2088 .2123 .2157 .2190 .2224
.6 .2257 .2291 .2324 .2357 .2389 .2422 .2454 .2486 .2518 .2549
.7 .2580 .2612 .2642 .2673 .2704 .2734 .2764 .2794 .2823 .2852
.8 .2881 .2910 .2939 .2967 .2995 .3023 .3051 .3078 .3106 .3133
.9 .3159 .3186 .3212 .3238 .3264 .3289 .3315 .3340 .3365 .3389
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 Given any probability between 0 and .5,, the
table will give us the following positive z value

Given this probability

between 0 and .5

The table will give us

this positive z

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 Given the probability find z find

z .00 .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09
.0 .0000 .0040 .0080 .0120 .0160 .0199 .0239 .0279 .0319 .0359
.1 .0398 .0438 .0478 .0517 .0557 .0596 .0636 .0675 .0714 .0753
.2 .0793 .0832 .0871 .0910 .0948 .0987 .1026 .1064 .1103 .1141
.3 .1179 .1217 .1255 .1293 .1331 .1368 .1406 .1443 .1480 .1517
.4 .1554 .1591 .1628 .1664 .1700 .1736 .1772 .1808 .1844 .1879

.5 .1915 .1950 .1985 .2019 .2054 .2088 .2123 .2157 .2190 .2224
.6 .2257 .2291 .2324 .2357 .2389 .2422 .2454 .2486 .2518 .2549
.7 .2580 .2612 .2642 .2673 .2704 .2734 .2764 .2794 .2823 .2852
.8 .2881 .2910 .2939 .2967 .2995 .3023 .3051 .3078 .3106 .3133
.9 .3159 .3186 .3212 .3238 .3264 .3289 .3315 .3340 .3365 .3389
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What is the z value where probability of a standard
normal variable to be greater than z is .1

10%

40%

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The End

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Standard Normal Probability
Distribution
(Z Distribution)

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 Standard Normal Probability Distribution

 A random variable that has a normal distribution

with a mean of zero and a standard deviation of one
is said to have a standard normal probability
distribution.
 The letter z is commonly used to designate this
normal random variable.
 The following expression convert any Normal
Distribution into the Standard Normal Distribution

x
z
 15
 Example: Pep Zone
Pep Zone sells auto parts and supplies including multi-
grade motor oil. When the stock of this oil drops to
20 gallons, a replenishment order is placed.
The store manager is concerned that sales are being lost
due to stockouts while waiting for an order.
It has been determined that leadtime demand is
normally distributed with a mean of 15 gallons and a
standard deviation of 6 gallons.
In Summary; we have a N (15, 6): A normal random
variable with mean of 15 and std of 6.
The manager would like to know the probability of a
stockout, P(x > 20).
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 Standard Normal Distribution
z = (x -  )/
= (20 - 15)/6
= .83

Area = .5
z
0 .83
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 Example: Pep Zone

z .00 .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09
.0 .0000 .0040 .0080 .0120 .0160 .0199 .0239 .0279 .0319 .0359
.1 .0398 .0438 .0478 .0517 .0557 .0596 .0636 .0675 .0714 .0753
.2 .0793 .0832 .0871 .0910 .0948 .0987 .1026 .1064 .1103 .1141
.3 .1179 .1217 .1255 .1293 .1331 .1368 .1406 .1443 .1480 .1517
.4 .1554 .1591 .1628 .1664 .1700 .1736 .1772 .1808 .1844 .1879

.5 .1915 .1950 .1985 .2019 .2054 .2088 .2123 .2157 .2190 .2224
.6 .2257 .2291 .2324 .2357 .2389 .2422 .2454 .2486 .2518 .2549
.7 .2580 .2612 .2642 .2673 .2704 .2734 .2764 .2794 .2823 .2852
.8 .2881 .2910 .2939 .2967 .2995 .3023 .3051 .3078 .3106 .3133
.9 .3159 .3186 .3212 .3238 .3264 .3289 .3315 .3340 .3365 .338918
 The Probability of Demand Exceeding 20

Area = .2967

Area = .2033

Area = .5
z
0 .83
The Standard Normal table shows an area of .2967 for
the region between the z = 0 line and the z = .83 line
above. The shaded tail area is .5 - .2967 = .2033. The
probability of a stockout is .2033.
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 Example: Pep Zone
If the manager of Pep Zone wants the probability of a
stockout to be no more than .05, what should the
reorder point be?

Area = .05

Area = .5 Area = .45

0 z.05
Let z.05 represent the z value cutting the tail area of .05.

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 Example: Pep Zone
 Using the Standard Normal Probability Table
We now look-up the .4500 area in the Standard
Normal Probability table to find the corresponding
z.05 value. z.05 = 1.645 is a reasonable estimate.
z .00 .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09
.
1.5 .4332 .4345 .4357 .4370 .4382 .4394 .4406 .4418 .4429 .4441
1.6 .4452 .4463 .4474 .4484 .4495 .4505 .4515 .4525 .4535 .4545
1.7 .4554 .4564 .4573 .4582 .4591 .4599 .4608 .4616 .4625 .4633
1.8 .4641 .4649 .4656 .4664 .4671 .4678 .4686 .4693 .4699 .4706
1.9 .4713 .4719 .4726 .4732 .4738 .4744 .4750 .4756 .4761 .4767
.
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 Example: Pep Zone

The corresponding value of x is given by

x =  + z.05
= 15 + 1.645(6)
= 24.87
A reorder point of 24.87 gallons will place the
probability of a stockout during leadtime at .05.
Perhaps Pep Zone should set the reorder point at 25
gallons to keep the probability under .05.

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 Example: Aptitude Test
A firm has assumed that the distribution of the aptitude test of
people applying for a job in this firm is normal.
The following sample is available.

71 66 61 65 54 93
60 86 70 70 73 73
55 63 56 62 76 54
82 79 76 68 53 58
85 80 56 61 61 64
65 62 90 69 76 79
77 54 64 74 65 65
61 56 63 80 56 71
79 84
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 Example: Mean and Standard Deviation

We first need to estimate mean and standard deviation

x
 x i

3421
 68.42
n 50

s
 (x  x) 2


5310.04
 10.41
n 1 49

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 z Values
What test mark has the property of having 10% of test
marks being less than or equal to it

To answer this question, we should first answer the

following
What is the standard normal value (z value), such that
10% of z values are less than or equal to it?

10%

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 z Values
We need to use standard Normal distribution in Table 1.

10%

10%

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z Values

10%

40%

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 z Values

40%

z = 1.28

10%

z = - 1.28

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 z Values and x Values
The standard normal value (z value), such that 10% of z values are
less than or equal to it is z = -1.28
To transform this standard normal value to a similar value in our
example, we use the following relationship

x μ
z
σ
x  68.42
 1.28
10.41
x  10.41( 1.28 )  68.42  55.1

The normal value of test marks such that 10% of random

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variables are less than it is 55.1.
 z Values and x Values
Following the same procedure, we could find z values for cases
where 20%, 30%, 40%, …of random variables are less than these
values. Following the same procedure, we could transform z
values into x values.
x
z

Lower 10% -1.28 55.1
Lower 20% -.84 59.68
Lower 30% -.52 63.01
Lower 40% -.25 65.82
Lower 50% 0 68.42
Lower 60% .25 71.02
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 Example : Victor Computers

Victor Computers manufactures and sells a

general purpose microcomputer. As part of a study
to evaluate sales personnel, management wants to
determine if the annual sales volume (number of
units sold by a salesperson) follows a normal
probability distribution.
A simple random sample of 30 of the salespeople
was taken and their numbers of units sold are below.
33 43 44 45 52 52 56 58 63 64
64 65 66 68 70 72 73 73 74 75
83 84 85 86 91 92 94 98 102 105
(mean = 71, standard deviation = 18.54)
Partition this Normal distribution into 6 equal
probability parts 31
 Example : Victor Computers

Areas
= 1.00/6
= .1667

53.02 71 88.98 = 71 + .97(18.54)

63.03 78.97
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The End

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 Normal Approximation
of Binomial Probabilities
 When the number of trials, n, becomes large,
evaluating the binomial probability function by hand
or with a calculator is difficult.
 The normal probability distribution provides an
easy-to-use approximation of binomial probabilities
where n > 20, np > 5, and n(1 - p) > 5.
 Set  = np
  np(1  p )
 Add and subtract a continuity correction factor
because a continuous distribution is being used to
approximate a discrete distribution. For example,
P(x = 10) is approximated by P(9.5 < x < 10.5).
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 The Exponential Probability Distribution

 Exponential Probability Density Function

1
f ( x)  e x / for x > 0,  > 0


where  = mean
e = 2.71828
 Cumulative Exponential Distribution Function

P( x  x0 )  1  e  x0 / 

where x0 = some specific value of x

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 Example: Al’s Carwash
The time between arrivals of cars at Al’s Carwash
follows an exponential probability distribution with a
mean time between arrivals of 3 minutes. Al would like
to know the probability that the time between two
successive arrivals will be 2 minutes or less.

P(x < 2) = 1 - 2.71828-2/3 = 1 - .5134 = .4866

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 Example: Al’s Carwash

 Graph of the Probability Density Function

F (x )

.4
.3 P(x < 2) = area = .4866

.2
.1
x
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

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The End

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