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Motion in 2D

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21 views39 pages

Motion in 2D

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asd5 777
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Applied Physics

NS (1001)
Motion in two/three dimensions
Position and Displacement
One general way of locating a particle (or particle-like object) is with a position
vector , which is a vector that extends from a reference point (usually the
origin) to the particle.

r = xiˆ + yˆj + zkˆ (4.1)

where x , y , and z are the vector components of


and the coefficients x, y, and z are its scalar
components.
Position and Displacement
Position vector: extends from the origin of a coordinate system to the particle.

r = xiˆ + yˆj + zkˆ (4.1)
Displacement vector: represents a particle’s position change during a certain
time interval.
  
r = r2 − r1 = ( x2 − x1 )iˆ + ( y2 − y1 ) ˆj + ( z2 − z1 )kˆ (4.2)
Average Velocity and Instantaneous Velocity

Average velocity:
Instantaneous velocity:


 dr dx dy ˆ dz ˆ
v = vxiˆ + v y ˆj + vz kˆ = = iˆ + j+ k (4.4)
dt dt dt dt

-The direction of the instantaneous velocity of a


particle is always tangent to the particle’s path at
the particle’s position
Average acceleration:

  
 v2 − v1 v
aavg = = (4.5)
t t

Instantaneous acceleration:

 dv dv dv y
a = a x iˆ + a y ˆj + a z kˆ = = x iˆ + ˆj + dvz kˆ (4.6)
dt dt dt dt
Example
Free Fall and Gravitational
Acceleration
A free-falling object is one which is falling under the sole influence of
gravity. This definition of free fall leads to two important characteristics
about a free-falling object:

➢Free-falling objects do not encounter air resistance


➢All free-falling objects (on Earth) accelerate downwards at a rate of -9.8 m/s2
➢ This rate is commonly referred to as g
Free Fall and Gravitational
Acceleration
All of the equations that work for HORIZONTAL (x-direction)
motion ALSO work for VERTICAL (y-direction) motion.
Simply substitute g for a and Δy for Δx
Generally, free falling objects start falling from rest, so it
tends to simplify the equations by eliminating vi
Terminal Velocity
Forces cause objects to accelerate (2nd Law).
When the force of gravity on a falling object
equals the force of the air resistance going
against gravity, the forces balance out and the
object stops accelerating.
The object will travel at a constant velocity – the
terminal velocity.
UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION

The acceleration vector in uniform circular motion is


always perpendicular to the path and always points
toward the center of the circle. An Acceleration of this
nature is called a centripetal (center-seeking)
acceleration, and its magnitude is

Consider a particle moving along a curved path


where the velocity changes both in direction and in
magnitude
replace sin with yp/r and cos with xp/r
Tangential and Radial Acceleration
Projectile Motion
Two-dimensional motion of an object
◦ Vertical
◦ Horizontal
Types of Projectile Motion
Horizontal
◦ Motion of a ball rolling freely along a level surface
◦ Horizontal velocity is ALWAYS constant

Vertical
◦ Motion of a freely falling object
◦ Force due to gravity
◦ Vertical component of velocity changes with time

Parabolic
◦ Path traced by an object accelerating only in the
vertical direction while moving at constant
horizontal velocity
Examples of Projectile Motion

Launching a Cannon ball


Final Horizontal and Vertical component of velocity:

vxf = v Cosθ
vyf = v Sinθ -gt
The projectile motion is the superposition of two motions:
(1) constant velocity motion in the horizontal direction and
(2) free-fall motion in the vertical direction.
Equations
X- Component
x f = xi + v xi t

Y- Component
1 2
y f = y i + v yi t − gt
2
v yf = v yi − 2 gy
2 2 Note: g= 9.8
m/s^2
v yf = v yi − gt

Vectors v xi = vi cos( )
v yi = vi sin(  )
The Horizontal Motion
There is no acceleration in the horizontal direction, the horizontal component vx of the
projectile’s velocity remains unchanged from its initial value v0x throughout the motion
a=0

The Vertical Motion


In vertical the acceleration is constant i.e
a = -g
The Equation Path

The path of a projectile, which we call its trajectory, is always a parabola

The Horizontal Range


The horizontal range R of the projectile is the horizontal distance the projectile
has traveled when it returns to its initial height (the height at which it is
launched). To find range R, let us put x - x0 = R and y - y0 = 0
Maximum Height
A particle moves in the xy plane with an x
component of acceleration only, given by ax = 4
m/s2 . The particle starts from the origin at t =0 with
an initial velocity having an x component of 20 m/s
and a y component of -15 m/s. (a)Determine the
components of velocity vector as a function of time
and total velocity vector at any time .(b)Calculate
the velocity and speed of the particle at t=5sec. (c)
Determine the x and y coordinates at any time t
and the displacement vector at this time.
(a) v = [(20 +4t )i – 15j]m/s
(b) V = 42.7 m/s
(c ) x = (20t +2t^2)
y = -15 t m
r = 168m at t =5sec
A long –jumper leaves the
ground at an angle of 20⁰ to the
horizontal and the a speed of 11
m/s. How far does he jump and
what is the maximum height
reached?
R = 7.93 m
H = .7222

R = vi^2 Sin 2theta/ g


H = vi^2 Sin ^2theta/ 2g
A stone is thrown from the top of a building
upward at an angle of 30⁰ to the horizontal
and with an initial speed of 20m/s , as in
figure-1 . If the height of the building is 45
m. (a) How long is the stone “in flight” (b)
What is the speed of the stone just before it
strikes the ground?
Vxi = 17.3 m/s
Vyi = 10m/s
T = 4.22s
|Vf| = 35.9m/s
A ski jumper travel down a slope and
leaves the ski track moving in the
horizontal direction with a speed of
25m/s as in figure-2. The landing incline
below him falls off with a slope of 35⁰.
Where does he land on the incline?
X = 25 t
Y = Vyi – ½ gt^2 = -4.9 t^2
X = d cos theta
Y = d sintheta

d = 109m
X = 89.3m
Y = -26.5m
A tire 0.500 m in radius rotates at a
constant rate of 200 rev/min. Find
the speed and acceleration of a
small stone lodged in the tread of
the tire (on its outer edge).
R = .5
Speed = total distance / total time = 200 X 2pi R /60 sec
V = 10.5m/s
a = v^2/r
a = 220m/s^2

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