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Lesson 4

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19 views4 pages

Lesson 4

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oneclickcyberservice
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Time Varying Electromagnetic Fields

In our study of static fields we concluded that

1. static electric fields are created by charges


2. static magnetic fields are produced by charges in motion or steady currents
3. the static electric field is a conservative field because it has no curl
4. the static magnetic field is continuous because its divergence is zero
5. the static electric field can exist even if there is no magnetic field and vice versa

In this section we will show that a time varying electric field can be produced by a time varying
magnetic field and vice versa.

Faraday’s Law

According to Faraday's experiments, a static magnetic field produces no current flow, but a time-
varying field produces an induced voltage (called electromotive force or simply emf) in a closed
circuit, which causes a flow of current.

Faraday’s law states that the induced emf, 廐໨ , around a closed path is equal to the negative
rate of change of the magnetic flux with respect to time passing through the area enclosed by the
path (circuit).

Mathematically

Ψ
廐໨ h
ᬠ ᬠ

Where h is the number of turns in the circuit and Ψ is the flux through each turn. Ψh is the
flux linkage. The negative sign shows that the induced voltage acts in such a way as to oppose
the flux producing it. This is known as Lenz's law, and it emphasizes the fact that the direction of
current flow in the circuit is such that the induced magnetic field produced by the induced
current will oppose the original magnetic field.

Recall that for electric fields caused by electric charges; the flux lines begin and end on the
charges. However, there are other kinds of electric fields not directly caused by electric charges.
These are emf produced fields. Sources of emf include electric generators, batteries,
thermocouples, fuel cells, and photovoltaic cells, which all convert nonelectrical energy into
electrical energy.

Consider the electric circuit shown below where the battery is a source of emf. The
electrochemical action of the battery results in an emf produced field . Due to the
accumulation of charge at the battery terminals, an electrostatic field ∇ also exists.
The total electric field at any point is
Note that is zero outside the battery, and have opposite directions in the battery, and
the direction of inside the battery is opposite to that outside it. Integrating E over a closed
path we get

⿏ ⿏ ⿏ ⿏
h

Since ⿏ . The emf of the battery is the line integral of the emf-produced field; that is,

廐໨ ⿏ ⿏
h h

since and are equal but opposite within the battery. It may also be regarded as the
potential difference h between the battery's open-circuit terminals.

It is important to note that:

1. An electrostatic field cannot maintain a steady current in a closed circuit since


$ ⿏ .
2. An emf-produced field is non conservative.
3. Except in electrostatics, voltage and potential difference are usually not equivalent.

Transformer and Motional EMF

From Faraday’s law, if h , that is for a circuit with one turn, we have

Ψ
廐໨
ᬠ

In terms of and we have


廐໨ ⿏
ᬠ

Where S is the surface area of the circuit bounded by the closed path L. It is clear that in a time-
varying situation, both electric and magnetic fields are present and are interrelated. The variation
of flux with time may be caused in one of the following three ways:

1. By having a stationary loop in a time-varying B field


2. By having a time-varying loop area in a static B field
3. By having a time-varying loop area in a time-varying B field.

Transformer EMF

Consider a stationary conducting loop is in a time varying magnetic B field.

The above equation becomes

廐໨ ⿏
ᬠ

This emf is often referred to as transformer emf in power analysis since it is due to transformer
action. By applying Stokes's theorem to the middle term we get

Therefore

ᬠ
This is one of the Maxwell's equations for time-varying fields. It shows that the time varying E
field is not conservative i.e. .

Motional EMF

When a conducting loop is moving in a static B field, an emf is induced in the loop. We recall
that the force on a charge moving with uniform velocity u in a magnetic field is

Let us define the motional electric field as

If we consider a conducting loop, moving with uniform velocity u as consisting of a large


number of free electrons, the emf induced in the loop is

廐໨ ⿏ ⿏

This type of emf is called motional emf or flux-cutting emf because it is due to motional action.
It is the kind of emf found in electrical machines such as motors, generators, and alternators.
Applying stokes theorem we get

Therefore

Moving Loop in Time-Varying Field

This is the general case in which a moving conducting loop is in a time-varying magnetic field.
Both transformer emf and motional emf are present, which gives the total emf as

廐໨ ⿏ ⿏
ᬠ

And

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