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Lecture 8

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7 views58 pages

Lecture 8

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© © All Rights Reserved
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LECTURE

LECTURE88
P I C 3 0 0 1 RSEPS111
E A RP C
SHY CMHEOTLHOOGDI C
S AI LN REEASRELY
A RCCHHI LMDEHTOHOODD E1D U C AT I O N
OUTLINE

Population and Sampling


❑ Probability Sampling
❑ Non-probability Sampling

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POPULATION

Definition

A group of potential participants to


whom you want to generalize the
results of a study.

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Generalize :

The key to a successful study;


because it is only the results that
can be generalized from a sample
to a population; that research
results have meaning beyond the
limited setting.

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Not generalize : The sample
selected is not an accurate
representation of the
population.

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IMPORTANT TERMS:

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POPULATION VS. CENSUS

 Population is a group of people or things you are


interested in.

 Census isa measurement of all the units in the


population

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POPULATION PARAMETER VS. STATISTIC

 PP = number that results from measuring all the units in


the population.
 Statistic = number that results from measuring all the
units in the sample; statistics from samples
are used to estimate PP.

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SAMPLING FRAME VS UNIT OF ANALYSIS

 SF= specific data from which sample is drawn,


e.g., a phone book.

 UA= type of object of interest, e.g., arsons, fire


departments, firefighters.

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SAMPLING FRAME

 Isa list of the members of a population.


 Resource used in the selection of a sample.
 A sample’s representativeness depends directly on
the extent to which a sampling frame contains all
the members of the total population that the
sample is intended to represent.

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E.G., SAMPLING FRAME

The data for this research were obtained


from a random sample of parents of
children in the third grade in
government primary schools in Selangor.

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SAMPLES

Definition :
Sample is a subset of the population.

 Good sampling : include maximizing the


degree to which this selected group
represent the population.

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POPULATION

Sample

Sample

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WHY SAMPLE?

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Types of sampling
1. Probability sampling
2. Non probability sampling

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Sampling Techniques

Nonprobability Probability
Sampling Techniques Sampling Techniques

Convenience Quota Snowball Purposive


Sampling Sampling Sampling Sampling

Simple Random Systematic Stratified Cluster


Sampling Sampling Sampling

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PROBABILITY SAMPLING

 Allows use of statistics, tests hypotheses.


 Can estimate population parameter.
 Eliminates bias.
 Must have random selections of units.

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NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING
Population parameters not of interests.
Adequacy of sample unknown.
Cheaper, easier, quicker to carry out.
Cant generalized findings.
Non-representative.

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PROBABILITY SAMPLING
A type of sampling where the likelihood of
any one member of the population being
selected is known.

 Commonly used because the selection of


participants is determined by chance.

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NON-PROBABILITY

 Where the likelihood of selecting any one


member from the population or where the
probability of selecting a single individual is
not known.

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TYPES OF PROBABILITY SAMPLING

1. Simple Random Sampling


2. Systematic Sampling
3. Stratified Random Sampling
4. Cluster Sampling

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1. Simple Random Sampling

 The researcher selects participants (or units, such as


schools) for the sample so that any individual has an
equal probability of being selected from the
population.
 The intent of simple random sampling is to choose
individuals to be sampled who will be representative
of the population.
 When the population’s members are similar to one
another.

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http://www.google.com.my/search?q=cluster+sampling+design+ppt&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-
8&aq=t&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&client=firefox-a

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Adv:
o Ensures a high degree of
representativeness
Disadv:
o Time consuming and tedious

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PS- SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING

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HOW TO USE A RANDOM NUMBER TABLE?

 Let'sassume that we have a population of 185


students and each student has been assigned
a number from 1 to 185. Suppose we wish to
sample 5 students (although we would
normally sample more, we will use 5 for this
example).

 Since we have a population of 185 and 185 is a


three digit number, we need to use the first
three digits of the numbers listed on the chart.

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 We close our eyes and randomly point to a spot on
the chart. For this example, we will assume that
we selected 20631 in the first column.

 We interpret that number as 206 (first three


digits). Since we don't have a member of our
population with that number, we go to the next
number 899 (89990). Once again we don't have
someone with that number, so we continue at the
top of the next column.

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 As we work down the column, we find that the first
number to match our population is 100 (actually
10005 on the chart). Student number 100 would be
in our sample. Continuing down the chart, we see
that the other four subjects in our sample would be
students 049, 082, 153, and 005.

http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.gifted.uconn.edu/sieg
le/research/Samples/RANTBLE.JPG&imgrefurl

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2. Systematic Sampling

 In this procedure, you choose every nth individual or


site in the population until you reach your desired
sample size.
 When the population’s members are similar to one
another.

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http://www.google.com.my/search?q=cluster+sampling+design+ppt&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-
8&aq=t&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&client=firefox-a

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 Population = 27 people
 Sample size = 9 people for your study.
 k = population/ sample size, so 27/9 = 3
 Start with any random number (1st Respondent),
then select every kth

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Adv :
 Ensures a high degree of
representativeness; no need to use a
table of random numbers.
Disadv :
 Less truly random than simple
random sampling

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3. Stratified Random Sampling

 When the population is heterogeneous in nature and


contains several different groups.
 Researchers divide (stratify) the population on some
specific characteristic (e.g., gender) and then, using
simple random sampling, sample from each subgroup
(stratum) of the population (e.g., females and males).
 This guarantees that the sample will include specific
characteristics that the researcher wants included in
the sample.

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http://www.google.com.my/search?q=cluster+sampling+design+ppt&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-
8&aq=t&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&client=firefox-a

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Adv :
 Ensures a high degree of

representativeness of all the strata


in the population.
Disadv :
 Time consuming and tedious

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TWO TYPES OF STRATIFIED RANDOM
SAMPLING (SRM)

 ProportionateSRM
 Non-Proportionate SRM

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PROPORTIONATE SRM

 Sampleselected is in proportion to the size of each


stratum in the population

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EXAMPLE: PSRM

 Population = 100
 Layer 1 = 40 males
 Layer 2 = 60 females
 For a sample size of 10, you will take 4 males + 6
females.

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NON-PROPORTIONATE SRM

 Selection ofsample is not according to size of stratum


in the population

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E.G., NPSRM

 Population = 100
 Layer 1 = 40 males
 Layer 2 = 60 females
 For a sample size of 10, you will take 5 males + 5
females.

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4. Cluster Sampling
When the population consist of units rather
than individuals.

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http://www.google.com.my/search?q=cluster+sampling+design+ppt&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-
8&aq=t&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&client=firefox-a

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A TWO-STEP AREA CLUSTER SAMPLE (SAMPLING SEVERAL CLUSTERS) IS
PREFERABLE TO A ONE-STEP (SELECTING ONLY ONE CLUSTER) SAMPLE
UNLESS THE CLUSTERS ARE HOMOGENEOUS

http://www.google.com.my/search?q=cluster+sampling+design+ppt&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-
8&aq=t&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&client=firefox-a

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Adv :
 Easy and convenient
Disadv :
 Possibility that members of units are
different from one another,
decreasing the sampling’s
effectiveness

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TYPES OF NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING

1. Convenience Sampling
2. Quota sampling
3. Purposive Sampling
4. Snowball sampling

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1. Convenience Sampling
When the sample is captive.
 Adv :
 convenient and inexpensive
 Disadv :
 results in questionable representativeness.

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2. Quota sampling
When strata are present, and stratified,
sampling is not possible
 Adv :
 Ensures some degree of representativeness of all the strata
in the population
 Disadv :
 Results in questionable representativeness

50
3. Purposive Sampling

 Researcher uses own judgment in the selection of


sample members

 Sometimes called a judgmental sample.

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4. Snowball sampling

A technique often used in rare


populations; each subject interviewed
is asked to identify others.

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SAMPLING ERROR
 Lack
of fit between the sample and the
population.

 Thedifference between the characteristics of


the sample and the characteristics of the
population from which the sample was
selected.

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Reducing sampling error is the major
goal of any selection technique.

Larger sample, lower sampling error.

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SAMPLE SIZE

 How big?
 Depends on type of research design.
 Desired confidence level of results.
 Amount of accuracy wanted.
 Characteristics of population of interest.

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SAMPLE SIZE

 Bigenough to answer research question.


 But not so big that the process of sampling becomes
uneconomical.

 Heterogeneous sample= bigger size


 Homogeneous sample = smaller size

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General Rule of Thumb
30 participants/ respondents in
each group.

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GENERAL GUIDE FOR SAMPLE SIZE:

1. Larger sample, smaller sampling error,


better representativeness.
2. If using several subgroups, starts with large
enough subjects to account for the eventual
breaking down of subject groups.
3. If mailing out surveys or questionnaires,
increase sample size by 40-50% to account
for lost mails or uncooperative subjects.
4. Big is good, but appropriate is better.

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