WAR HORSE

Main characters
1. Joey - The protagonist horse, who experiences the horrors of war.
2. Albert Narracott - Joey's young owner, who is deeply attached to him.
3. Ted Narracott - Albert's father, who initially buys Joey.
4. Rose Narracott - Albert's mother, who cares for the family.
5. Captain Nicholls - A British officer who becomes a friend to Joey.
6. Topthorn - A strong black horse who becomes Joey's companion during the war.
7. Friedrich - A kind German soldier who cares for Joey and Topthorn.

Character descriptions
Joey:

Species: Horse
Breed: Thoroughbred
Appearance: Joey is a beautiful chestnut horse with a striking build, showcasing his strength and grace.
He has a flowing mane and large, expressive eyes that reflect his intelligence and sensitivity.
Personality: Joey is initially depicted as spirited and eager. He forms a deep bond with his young owner,
Albert, showcasing loyalty and affection. His intelligence allows him to navigate the complexities of
human emotions and the challenges he faces.

Character Development
Beginning:
At the start of the novel, Joey is a young horse, full of energy and spirit, living on a farm in Devon,
England. He is closely bonded with Albert Narracott, who trains him and loves him deeply. Joey’s life is
filled with the innocence of childhood and the joy of companionship. His strong instincts and sensitivity to
human emotions create a foundation for his character.

Inciting Incident:
When Albert’s father, Ted, sells Joey to the army, Joey’s world is turned upside down. He feels the shock
of separation from Albert, who is devastated. This marks the beginning of Joey’s journey into the harsh
realities of war.

Middle:
As Joey is thrust into the chaos of World War I, he experiences both the brutality of combat and the
kindness of those who care for him. He forms a bond with Topthorn, a strong black horse, providing him
with a sense of companionship amidst the horrors of battle. Joey’s character matures as he learns to
endure the suffering around him, demonstrating resilience and courage.

Throughout the war, Joey encounters various characters, including Captain Nicholls and Friedrich, who
represent the compassion and humanity that still exist in wartime. These relationships deepen Joey’s
understanding of the bond between horses and humans. His experiences shape him from an innocent
farm horse into a wise and enduring creature, capable of navigating both love and loss.
Climax:
The climax of Joey’s journey occurs during the climactic battles, where he witnesses the devastation
and loss of life. His spirit is tested, but he continues to adapt, showcasing his survival instincts. The
emotional weight of war begins to affect him deeply, reflecting the broader impact of conflict on both
animals and humans.

End:
At the conclusion of the novel, after a long and arduous journey, Joey is finally reunited with Albert. This
moment represents the culmination of Joey’s development. He has transformed from a naïve young
horse into a wise, battle-hardened survivor who embodies the resilience of spirit. The reunion is not just
a personal victory but also a testament to the unbreakable bond between Joey and Albert, highlighting
the themes of loyalty, love, and the enduring connection between humans and animals in times of
adversity.

Overall Arc
Joey’s character development is marked by his transition from innocence to experience. He learns to
navigate the complexities of war, forming deep bonds with those who care for him while enduring
immense suffering. By the end, Joey is a symbol of hope and resilience, representing the enduring
power of love amidst the horrors of conflict.

The Vet - A character who represents the medical care for horses during the war.

Albert Narracott:

Age: A young boy at the beginning of the story, around 14 years old.
Appearance: Albert is depicted as an earnest and determined young man, often seen wearing practical
farm clothes. His expressions reveal his strong emotions, especially when it comes to his bond with
Joey.
Personality: Albert is kind-hearted, compassionate, and fiercely loyal. His deep attachment to Joey
showcases his sensitivity and maturity for his age. He possesses a strong sense of responsibility,
particularly towards his family and his beloved horse.

Character Development
Beginning:
At the start of the novel, Albert lives on a farm in Devon, where he develops a close relationship with
Joey, the horse his father, Ted, bought. His love for Joey is evident as he trains and cares for him,
reflecting his youthful innocence and joy. Albert dreams of adventure and believes in the ideal of loyalty
between humans and animals.

Inciting Incident:
When his father sells Joey to the army, Albert is heartbroken. This moment marks the first significant
challenge in his life, forcing him to confront loss and separation. His determination to enlist and find Joey
shows his bravery and commitment to their bond, even at such a young age.

Middle:
As Albert joins the army to search for Joey, he matures rapidly. The realities of war begin to shape his
character; he faces not only the physical hardships of being a soldier but also the emotional struggles of
witnessing the horrors of battle. Albert’s journey is fraught with loss, but he also finds friendship and
camaraderie among fellow soldiers.

Throughout the war, Albert’s thoughts often drift back to Joey, symbolising hope, and the life he left
behind. His resilience grows as he learns to navigate the complexities of war, balancing the
responsibilities of a soldier with his deep yearning for home and for Joey.

Climax:
The climax of Albert’s development occurs when he is caught up in the chaotic battles of World War I.
He faces moments of despair, but his unwavering commitment to find Joey fuels his determination. This
experience transforms him from an innocent boy into a young man shaped by the brutal realities of war.

End:
In conclusion, when Albert is finally reunited with Joey, it represents the culmination of his emotional
journey. He has grown from a boy into a mature young man who has faced immense challenges. The
reunion is filled with joy and relief, underscoring the strength of their bond. Albert’s character embodies
the themes of loyalty, courage, and the enduring connection between humans and animals.

Overall Arc
Albert’s character development is marked by his transformation from a naïve, innocent boy to a brave
young man shaped by the trials of war. His journey reflects the pain of loss and the power of love and
loyalty. By the end of the novel, Albert emerges as a symbol of resilience, embodying the enduring hope
that sustains him throughout the horrors of conflict.

Ted Narracott

Albert’s Father

Characteristics:

Stubborn and Proud:

Ted is portrayed as a man with pride, but sometimes this pride manifests as stubbornness. His impulsive
decision to buy Joey at the auction is driven more by his competitive nature than by practical
considerations for the farm.

Alcoholic:
Ted struggles with alcoholism, which worsens his relationship with his son Albert and his wife, Rose.
This flaw often causes tension and affects his judgment.

Financially Unstable:
He is not a great manager of his family’s resources, which leads the family to struggle. His decision to
sell Joey to the army is driven by his financial desperation.

Hardworking but Flawed:

Despite his many faults, Ted is hardworking and tries to do his best for his family, even if his actions
often result in unintended harm.
Character Development:
Initial Conflict:

At the start of the novel, Ted’s decision to buy Joey puts a strain on the family. His inability to care for the
horse and his financial recklessness make him seem irresponsible and emotionally distant.

Guilt and Redemption:

After selling Joey, Ted experiences guilt, knowing how much Albert loved the horse. His decisions are
often out of desperation rather than malice, and there is a sense that his actions stem from his internal
struggles with poverty and alcohol.

End of the Novel:

Although Ted’s character does not undergo a dramatic transformation, there is a subtle recognition of his
guilt and an understanding that he is a flawed but loving father. His relationships with Albert and Rose
improve slightly after the war.

Rose Narracott – Albert’s Mother

Characteristics:
Strong and Caring:

Rose is the emotional backbone of the family. She cares deeply for her son and her husband, even
when Ted’s actions create difficulties. Her strength is quiet but evident through her perseverance.

Nurturing:

Rose is nurturing toward both Albert and Joey. She provides the stability and emotional support that the
family needs, especially as Ted struggles with his flaws.

Patient and Loyal:

Rose remains loyal to Ted despite his drinking and impulsive decisions, showing patience and resilience
in maintaining the family unit.

Character Development:
Initial Role:

At the beginning, Rose is largely a background figure, trying to manage the household and keep peace
between Ted and Albert. She is the voice of reason and understanding in a challenging family dynamic.

Supportive Influence:

As Albert grows and takes on more responsibility, particularly when he bonds with Joey, Rose supports
him emotionally. She becomes a symbol of home and comfort for both Albert and the reader.
Strength Through Adversity:

Rose remains strong throughout the novel, particularly when Albert goes off to war. Her emotional
endurance mirrors the theme of hope and survival in the face of adversity.

End of the Novel:

By the end of the novel, Rose’s loyalty and love have sustained the family through war and hardship.
Though her character doesn’t undergo significant change, her presence remains a constant source of
stability and warmth.

Captain Nicholls – British Officer

Characteristics:

Honourable and Compassionate:

Captain Nicholls is portrayed as a gentleman and a compassionate officer who genuinely cares for Joey
and the men under his command. His respect for life, both human and animal, is a key aspect of his
character.

Brave and Principled:

He is a brave soldier who values honour and duty. His strong principles are evident in how he treats
Joey with kindness and forms a bond with the horse, showing that he values loyalty and fairness.

Artistic and Thoughtful:

Nicholls has a creative side—he sketches Joey, revealing a sensitive, artistic aspect to his personality
that contrasts with the brutal realities of war.

Character Development:

Bond with Joey:

When Nicholls purchases Joey for the British army, he immediately forms a connection with the horse,
treating him with kindness and respect. This bond highlights his compassionate nature, setting him apart
from other officers who may not view animals with the same care.

Growth as a Leader:
As the war progresses, Nicholls grows into his role as a leader, balancing the harsh demands of combat
with his personal values of empathy and fairness. He remains dedicated to his duty while holding onto
his humanity in the chaos of war.

Tragic Death:
Captain Nicholls’ death in battle marks a turning point in the novel. His death is not only a loss for the
army but also for Joey, who experiences the sudden change of losing a compassionate and caring
owner. Nicholls’ death represents the personal cost of war, and his loss is deeply felt in the story.
Legacy:
Though Nicholls’ life is cut short, his kindness leaves a lasting impact on Joey. The fact that he takes the
time to sketch Joey before the battle symbolises his deep connection with the horse and his respect for
life, human and animal alike.

Topthorn:

Physical Description:

Topthorn is described as a large, powerful black horse. His physical presence is commanding and
awe-inspiring, marking him as one of the strongest and most capable horses in the war.

Role in the Story:

Topthorn becomes Joey's closest companion during the war. Together, they pull heavy artillery and
endure the brutal conditions of the battlefield. Topthorn's strength and resilience make him an essential
part of the team, and his bond with Joey represents loyalty and mutual support during hardship.

Personality and Traits:

Despite his physical power, Topthorn has a gentle and calm temperament. He is stoic in the face of
danger and hardship, embodying bravery and determination. His ability to lead and inspire the other
horses, including Joey, showcases his quiet strength.

Character Development:

Throughout the novel, Topthorn faces the increasing strain of war. Although he is initially able to
withstand the extreme conditions, he eventually succumbs to exhaustion and illness. His decline
highlights the relentless toll of war on even the strongest beings. His death is a pivotal moment in the
novel, illustrating the tragic consequences of conflict and deepening Joey's emotional experience.

Significance:

Topthorn symbolises strength, endurance, and camaraderie. His death serves as a turning point,
showing that even the most resilient are vulnerable to the horrors of war. The bond between Topthorn
and Joey emphasises the theme of friendship and solidarity, even amidst the most challenging
circumstances.

Friedrich:

Physical Description:

Friedrich is a German soldier, often described as kind-hearted and gentle, especially in contrast to the
violence of the war around him. He looks after Joey and Topthorn with great care, highlighting his
compassionate nature.
Role in the Story:

Friedrich plays a crucial role as a caretaker for the horses. His sensitivity towards them sets him apart
from the other soldiers who may view the horses as mere tools of war. He recognises their suffering and
goes out of his way to ensure they are well-treated, even when he himself is struggling with the brutal
realities of the war.

Personality and Traits:

Friedrich is empathetic, humane, and tender. He is often seen as a "fatherly" figure to both Joey and
Topthorn, providing them with food, water, and comfort. His compassion is evident not just towards the
horses but also towards his fellow soldiers, whom he cares for despite the horrors they face. Friedrich is
disillusioned with the war, and his kindness is contrasted with the brutality of the battlefield.

Character Development:

Over the course of the novel, Friedrich's character illustrates the emotional toll of war. His kindness
remains intact, but it is clear that he is struggling emotionally, especially as the war drags on and the
conditions worsen. He becomes a symbol of the ordinary soldier caught in a conflict he does not believe
in, caring for the horses as a way to preserve his humanity.

Significance:

Friedrich represents the "good" soldier – someone who maintains his humanity in the face of war's
dehumanising effects. His relationship with Joey and Topthorn is one of the more touching
human-animal connections in the novel, emphasising themes of compassion, empathy, and the shared
suffering of humans and animals in wartime.

The Vet:

Role in the Story:

The Vet appears as a figure representing medical care for the horses during the war. Though not a
central character, his presence is symbolic of the attempts to preserve life amidst the destruction of war.
The Vet’s role is crucial in providing essential care to the horses, ensuring they can continue their duties
despite the harsh conditions.

Personality and Traits:

While the Vet does not have a deeply personal narrative in the story, his role is practical and important.
He embodies the compassion that exists within the chaos of war, specifically towards the animals that
are often overlooked in the narrative of conflict. His work reflects a sense of duty and responsibility
towards the horses, even when the broader environment is one of destruction.
Character Development:

The Vet does not undergo significant development as a character, but his presence in the story is an
important one. His role illustrates the care and attention that some individuals gave to the welfare of the
horses, amidst a world where life, both human and animal, was often treated as disposable.

Significance:

The Vet's character represents hope and healing, even in a setting as brutal as war. His work caring for
Joey and the other horses provides a glimmer of humanity in a world otherwise marked by suffering and
death. The Vet reminds readers that, even in the darkest times, there are those who work to preserve
life and offer compassion.

THEMES AND ATMOSPHERES

Themes:

Friendship and Loyalty

War Horse revolves around the deep friendship and loyalty between Albert and his horse, Joey. From
the start, Albert is devoted to Joey, training and caring for him, creating a bond that becomes central to
the story. Even when they’re separated by war, Albert never forgets Joey, and he joins the army to find
him. This theme teaches the importance of forming strong, trusting relationships and staying loyal to
those we care about, no matter the circumstances.
Bravery and Sacrifice

Both humans and animals show immense bravery throughout the novel. Joey endures gruelling
conditions and dangerous situations, while Albert risks his life to find his beloved horse. Many characters
sacrifice their safety and lives for the greater good, reflecting the courage people and animals displayed
during the war. This theme allows students to explore what it means to act bravely and the costs that
sometimes come with doing the right thing.

The Horrors of War

Through Joey’s perspective, Morpurgo vividly depicts the brutal realities of World War I. Joey witnesses
horrific sights on the battlefield: men and horses dying, the chaos of gunfire, and the immense physical
and emotional toll of war. The novel doesn’t glamorise conflict; instead, it highlights the senseless
destruction and suffering war brings. This theme challenges readers to think critically about the impact of
war on individuals and society as a whole.
Hope and Perseverance
Despite the bleakness of war, characters maintain hope and resilience. Joey survives terrible conditions
by holding onto hope of reuniting with Albert, and Albert keeps searching for Joey against all odds. This
persistence demonstrates how hope can sustain us even in the darkest times, encouraging readers to
believe in the possibility of positive outcomes, no matter how challenging life becomes.

Innocence in the Face of War

Joey, as a horse, experiences war without fully understanding it, embodying a kind of innocence. This
innocence is echoed in other characters, like young soldiers who are thrust into battle. Morpurgo uses
Joey’s perspective to show how creatures and young people are often caught in the violence of adult
conflicts. This theme can help students consider the effects of war on those who are unable to
comprehend it fully, emphasising the importance of protecting innocence.

Human and Animal Connection

The novel highlights the strong connection between humans and animals. Joey forms bonds with many
people, from Albert to the soldiers who care for him during the war. This connection brings comfort and
companionship, suggesting that animals can provide emotional support, healing, and a sense of
purpose, especially in difficult times. This theme encourages students to appreciate the mutual
compassion that exists between humans and animals.

Atmospheres:

Nostalgic and Pastoral

Early in the novel, the atmosphere is calm and pastoral, reflecting Joey’s life on the farm with Albert.
This peaceful setting conveys a sense of nostalgia for rural life and a close bond with nature. Morpurgo
contrasts this warm, tranquil atmosphere with the chaos of war, making the disruption more striking. It
allows students to appreciate the stability and beauty of peaceful life before it’s shattered by conflict.

Tense and Chaotic

Once Joey enters the war, the atmosphere becomes tense and chaotic. Morpurgo describes loud
explosions, frantic battle scenes, and the overwhelming noise of gunfire. This creates a sense of danger
and urgency, immersing readers in the disorientation and fear that accompany warfare. It helps students
feel the intensity of the battlefield and understand the emotional strain soldiers and animals endure.

Bleak and Desolate

There are moments in the novel where the atmosphere feels bleak and desolate, especially when Joey
is exhausted or separated from those he trusts. Scenes in the muddy trenches and the barren,
bombed-out landscapes amplify the feeling of hopelessness and abandonment. This atmosphere
reflects the despair many feel during war, reminding students of the severe impact war has on both
people and animals.

Hopeful and Triumphant

Towards the end of the novel, when Albert and Joey are finally reunited, the atmosphere becomes
hopeful and triumphant. After the hardships they’ve both faced, their reunion brings relief, joy, and a
sense of justice. This shift to a positive atmosphere allows readers to feel the emotional reward of
perseverance and loyalty, underscoring the power of hope and resilience even amidst adversity.

Reflective and Sombre

Throughout the novel, there are also reflective moments where characters consider the cost of war.
These somber instances give readers a chance to pause and think about the reasons behind the
conflict, as well as the loss of life it causes. This atmosphere allows students to understand the reflective
side of the story, where the tragedy of war is acknowledged, prompting them to consider the deeper
consequences of human conflict.

CHAPTER SUMMARIES

Chapter 1
Summary: Joey, a young colt, is separated from his mother and sold at auction to a farmer. The farmer
is rough and intimidating, but Albert, his son, befriends Joey and treats him kindly, taking on the
responsibility of training him.
Explanation: This chapter introduces Joey’s perspective and sets up the bond between him and Albert,
laying the foundation for their friendship and trust.

Chapter 2
Summary: Albert names the colt Joey and patiently trains him, despite his father’s disapproval. The two
develop a close bond, but the farm is struggling financially, and Albert’s father threatens to sell Joey to
pay off debts.
Explanation: The chapter builds on Joey and Albert’s connection and introduces the family’s financial
problems, foreshadowing the difficulties ahead.

Chapter 3
Summary: Albert’s father sells Joey to the army to serve as a war horse, breaking Albert’s heart. Albert
tries to stop him but fails, making a promise to Joey that they will be reunited someday.
Explanation: This chapter marks the beginning of Joey’s journey into the war. Albert’s promise creates a
sense of hope and determination that drives much of the novel’s plot.
Chapter 4
Summary: Joey is trained for battle by Corporal Perkins and assigned to Captain Nicholls, who is kind
and careful with him. Joey also meets Topthorn, a strong, impressive black horse who becomes his
close friend.
Explanation: The chapter highlights Joey’s resilience and adaptability as he undergoes training. His
friendship with Topthorn introduces another powerful bond in his life.

Chapter 5
Summary: Joey experiences his first battle. Captain Nicholls is killed, leaving Joey traumatised and
fearful. Joey realises the violence of war and the constant danger it brings.
Explanation: Through Joey’s eyes, readers witness the shock and horror of battle. Nicholls’ death marks
the beginning of Joey’s direct exposure to loss and tragedy.

Chapter 6
Summary: Joey is transferred to Trooper Warren, a kind but inexperienced young soldier. Although
Warren is clumsy, Joey senses his good intentions and grows close to him.
Explanation: This chapter reinforces the theme of friendship and resilience as Joey adapts to yet
another new companion. It also highlights the vulnerability of young soldiers in the war.

Chapter 7
Summary: Joey and Topthorn continue through battles together, enduring harsh conditions. The two
horses rely on each other for strength and support, forming a strong bond.
Explanation: This chapter develops the friendship between Joey and Topthorn, illustrating the
importance of companionship in coping with the horrors of war.

Chapter 8
Summary: Joey and Topthorn are captured by German soldiers and put to work pulling ambulances.
They are cared for by a gentle German soldier named Friedrich, who treats them with kindness.
Explanation: This chapter provides a different perspective on the war, showing that kindness and
compassion exist on both sides. Friedrich’s care for Joey and Topthorn exemplifies humanity in the face
of conflict.

Chapter 9
Summary: Joey and Topthorn work tirelessly transporting the wounded from the battlefield. Friedrich
grows attached to the horses and shares his thoughts with them, expressing his disillusionment with the
war.
Explanation: This chapter deepens Friedrich’s character and underscores the emotional burden carried
by soldiers. His connection with the horses reveals his own vulnerabilities.
Chapter 10
Summary: The toll of constant work and poor conditions starts to weaken Topthorn. Friedrich does his
best to help the horses, but Joey senses his friend’s growing exhaustion.
Explanation: This chapter shows the physical effects of war on both humans and animals. Joey’s
concern for Topthorn highlights the emotional connections that sustain him.

Chapter 11
Summary: Topthorn eventually succumbs to exhaustion and dies. Soon after, Friedrich is killed in
combat, leaving Joey alone and deeply saddened. He wanders into the no-man’s-land between the
trenches.
Explanation: Joey’s isolation in this chapter represents the toll of war on individuals. The death of his
friend and caretaker brings a sense of despair and loss.

Chapter 12
Summary: Joey becomes entangled in barbed wire in no-man’s-land. In a rare moment of peace, British
and German soldiers work together to free him. After a coin toss, Joey is taken to the British side.
Explanation: This chapter highlights the humanity shared by both sides in war. The cooperation between
enemies demonstrates how shared compassion can transcend conflict.

Chapter 13
Summary: Joey is taken to a British veterinary hospital, where he falls seriously ill with tetanus. Despite
the bleak outlook, he is given treatment and slowly begins to recover.
Explanation: The hospital setting offers a glimpse of hope. Joey’s illness and recovery symbolise
resilience, even when survival seems unlikely.

Chapter 14
Summary: Albert, now a soldier, is reunited with Joey at the hospital after recognising his distinctive
markings. The two rekindle their bond, and Albert cares for Joey during his recovery.
Explanation: This chapter marks a hopeful turning point in the story as Albert and Joey’s reunion
symbolises the fulfilment of a promise and the power of loyalty.

Chapter 15
Summary: As Joey heals, he becomes stronger under Albert’s care. Although the war has taken a toll on
both of them, their friendship helps them endure. The war is nearing its end, but there is uncertainty
about what will happen to Joey.
Explanation: This chapter reinforces the themes of loyalty and resilience, showing how mutual support
can help overcome hardship.
Chapter 16
Summary: After the war ends, Joey is put up for auction. Albert is heartbroken as he cannot afford to
buy Joey, but an elderly French farmer who recognises their bond buys Joey and gifts him back to
Albert.
Explanation: This chapter emphasises compassion and generosity. The farmer’s kindness allows Albert
and Joey to remain together, showing the positive impact of empathy.

Chapter 17
Summary: Albert and Joey return home to the farm, ready to start a new life together. They are finally
safe and at peace, free from the horrors of war.
Explanation: The final chapter completes Joey’s journey, bringing him back to where he started but
profoundly changed. It highlights the theme of homecoming and the healing that follows the trauma of
war.

Chapter 18
Summary: Back home, Albert and Joey try to adjust to life after the war. Albert reflects on the bond he
and Joey share, appreciating their shared experiences and resilience.
Explanation: This chapter emphasises the importance of companionship and loyalty, showing how the
experiences of war have deepened Albert and Joey’s connection.

Chapter 19
Summary: Joey’s presence on the farm brings joy to Albert’s family and neighbours. People come to see
the “war horse” and marvel at his survival.
Explanation: This chapter highlights the inspirational impact of Joey’s story on others, symbolising hope
and strength in the face of adversity.

Chapter 20
Summary: Albert decides to start a riding school to share Joey’s skills and gentle nature with others.
Joey’s experiences allow him to help young riders, bringing peace to his post-war life.
Explanation: This chapter represents new beginnings and the idea of using past experiences to help
others. Joey’s gentleness and strength become a source of learning and joy.

Chapter 21
Summary: The novel concludes with Albert and Joey’s future secure on the farm, content and
surrounded by friends. Joey reflects on his journey and the bonds he has formed, happy to be with
Albert.
Explanation: The final chapter emphasises healing and the comfort of returning home. Joey’s journey
ends with peace and friendship, celebrating loyalty and resilience.