Lecture # 12

XLAT & XLATB,

PTR Operator,
INT 10H, INT 16H
Engr. Fiaz Khan

Engr. Muhammad Fiaz 1

XLAT Instruction
• XLAT is used as translate data of AL register from Lookup table.
• First, You will have to make lookup table with the memory pointer BX.
• After that execute XLAT instruction
• AL  [BX+AL]

Engr. Muhammad Fiaz 2

Engr. Muhammad Fiaz 3
XLAT Instruction – Example
MOV BX,2050H
Address Data
MOV AL, 05H
204FH
XLAT BX 2050H 0’
2051H 1’
2052H 2’
Here 0’,1’,2’,3’,4’,5’… are the 2053H 3’
2054H 4’
equivalent codes of
BX+AL 2055H 5’
0,1,2,3,4,5…respectively.

Engr. Muhammad Fiaz 4

Little Endian Order
• Little endian is a way of storing multi-byte data types (such as
integers) in memory, where the least significant byte (LSB) is stored at
the lowest memory address and the most significant byte (MSB) is
stored at the highest memory address.
• For example, consider the 32-bit hexadecimal value 0x12345678. In
little endian order, it would be stored as follows:
Address | Data
---------|------
Start | 78h ; LSB
Start+1| 56h
Start+2| 34h
Start+3| 12h ; MSB

Engr. Muhammad Fiaz 5

PTR Operator
• In assembly language, the PTR operator is used in conjunction with data
declarations to specify the size of the data being defined. It's commonly used in
NASM (Netwide Assembler) syntax.
• name PTR name PTR type
• name: The name of the variable or label being declared.
• PTR: Stands for "pointer".
• type: Specifies the size and type of the data. It can be one of the following:
• BYTE: 8-bit data (1 byte)
• WORD: 16-bit data (2 bytes)
• DWORD: 32-bit data (4 bytes)
• QWORD: 64-bit data (8 bytes)

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PTR Operator
• To declare an array of bytes named myData with values 12h, 34h,
56h, and 78h:

Engr. Muhammad Fiaz 7

 .model small
.stack 100h
Example .data
myData DB 12h, 34h, 56h, 78h

.code
main PROC
mov ax, @data
mov ds, ax

mov ax, word PTR [myData] s; AX = 3412h

mov ax, word PTR [myData+2]; AX = 7856h
mov eax, DWORD PTR myData ; EAX= 78563412h

mov ah, 4Ch ; Exit program

int 21h
main ENDP

END main
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 .data
varB BYTE 65h,31h, 02h, 05h
Over to You Guys. varW WORD 6543h,1202h
varD DWORD 12345678h

.code

mov ax, WORD PTR [VARB+2] ;

mov bl, BYTE PTR VARD ;
mov bl, BYTE PTR [varW+2] ;
mov ax, WORD PTR [varD+2] ;
mov eax, DWORD PTR varW ;

mov ah, 4Ch ; Exit program

int 21h
main ENDP

END main

Engr. Muhammad Fiaz 9

 .data
varB BYTE 65h,31h, 02h, 05h
Result Match? varW WORD 6543h,1202h
varD DWORD 12345678h

.code

mov ax, WORD PTR [VARB+2] ; 0502h

mov bl, BYTE PTR VARD ; 78h
mov bl, BYTE PTR [varW+2] ; 02h
mov ax, WORD PTR [varD+2] ; 1234h
mov eax, DWORD PTR varW ; 12026543h

mov ah, 4Ch ; Exit program

int 21h
main ENDP

END main

Engr. Muhammad Fiaz 10

INT 10H
• In assembly language, int 10h is a BIOS interrupt used to perform
various video services.
• It allows direct interaction with the display hardware, such as setting
video modes, changing cursor position, displaying characters, and
more, depending on the specific function called.

Engr. Muhammad Fiaz 11

INT 10H –Service Routines
• Set Video Mode (AH = 0): Sets the video display mode.
• Set Cursor Position (AH = 2): Sets the cursor position on the screen.
• Get Cursor Position and Size (AH = 3): Retrieves the current cursor position and size.
• Read Character and Attribute at Cursor (AH = 8): Reads the character and attribute at the
current cursor position.
• Write Character and Attribute at Cursor (AH = 9): Writes the character and attribute at
the current cursor position.
• Scroll Window Up (AH = 6): Scrolls the entire window up by one or more lines.
• Scroll Window Down (AH = 7): Scrolls the entire window down by one or more lines.
• Get Video Mode (AH = 0Fh): Retrieves the current video mode.

Engr. Muhammad Fiaz 12

Program to draw the box
;program to draw the box mov dh, 50
.model small mov dl, 50
.stack 100h int 10h
.data
.code
main PROC mov ah, 4Ch ; Exit program
mov ah,6 int 21h
mov al, 10 main ENDP
mov bh,01010000b
END main
mov ch,0
mov cl,0
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INT 16H -Introduction
• Assembly Language Interrupt: int 16h
• Purpose: Keyboard Input
• Function: Triggers a software interrupt for BIOS keyboard services

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INT 16H -Introduction
mov ah, 0 ; Wait for a keypress
int 16h ; Call interrupt 16h

mov dl, al ; Move ASCII code to DL

mov ah, 2 ; Print character function
int 21h ; Call interrupt 21h to display character

mov ah, 4Ch ; Terminate program

int 21h ; Call interrupt 21h to exit

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Explanation
• mov ah, 0: Set AH register for keyboard input
• int 16h: Call BIOS keyboard service interrupt
• mov dl, al: Move ASCII code to DL register
• mov ah, 2: Set AH for character output
• int 21h: Call BIOS character output interrupt
• mov ah, 4Ch: Set AH for program termination
• int 21h: Call DOS program termination interrupt

Engr. Muhammad Fiaz 16

Conclusion
• int 16h is a key instruction for keyboard input in assembly.
• It utilizes BIOS services for keyboard handling.
• Combining with other interrupts like int 21h, it enables interactive
assembly programs.

Engr. Muhammad Fiaz 17

 ENGR. MUHAMMAD FIAZ
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Engr. Muhammad Fiaz 18