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    Summary of Electric Circuit for Four Chapters

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    Summary of Electric Circuit for Four Chapters

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    2 views5 pages

    Summary of Electric Circuit for Four Chapters

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Summary and key terms of all 4 chapter In electric circuit

    Chapter 6 : Parallel circuit


    ◆ Resistors in parallel are connected between two points (nodes).

    ◆ A parallel combination has more than one path for current.

    ◆ The total parallel resistance is less than the lowest-value resistor.

    ◆ The voltages across all branches of a parallel circuit are the same.

    ◆ Current sources in parallel add algebraically.

    ◆ Kirchhoff’s current law: The sum of the currents into a junction (total current in) equals the sum

    of the currents out of the junction (total current out).

    ◆ The algebraic sum of all the currents entering and leaving a junction is equal to zero.

    ◆ A parallel circuit is a current divider, so called because the total current entering the junction of

    parallel branches divides up into each of the branches.

    ◆ If all of the branches of a parallel circuit have equal resistance, the currents through all of the

    branches are equal.

    ◆ The total power in a parallel-resistive circuit is the sum of all of the individual powers of the

    resistors making up the parallel circuit.

    ◆ The total power for a parallel circuit can be calculated with the power formulas using values of

    total current, total resistance, or total voltage.

    ◆ If one of the branches of a parallel circuit opens, the total resistance increases, and therefore the

    total current decreases.

    ◆ If a branch of a parallel circuit opens, there is no change in current through the remaining
    branches.

    Key terms of parallel circuit


    Branch : One current path in a parallel circuit.

    Current divider : A parallel circuit in which the currents divide inversely proportional to the parallel
    branch resistances.

    Kirchhoff’s current law :A circuit law stating that the total current into a node equals the total
    current out of the node. Equivalently, the algebraic sum of all the currents entering and leaving a

    node is zero.

    Node :A point in a circuit at which two or more components are connected; also known as a

    junction.

    Parallel : l The relationship between two circuit components that exists when they are connected
    between the same pair of nodes.

    Chapter 7 : Series – parallel circuit


    ◆ A series-parallel circuit is a combination of both series and parallel current paths.
    ◆ To determine total resistance in a series-parallel circuit, identify the series and parallel
    relationships,
    and then apply the formulas for series resistance and parallel resistance.

    ◆ To find the total current, apply Ohm’s law and divide the total voltage by the total
    resistance.
    ◆ To determine branch currents, apply the current-divider formula, Kirchhoff’s current law,
    or
    Ohm’s law. Consider each circuit problem individually to determine the most appropriate
    method.
    ◆ To determine voltage drops across any portion of a series-parallel circuit, use the voltage-
    divider
    formula, Kirchhoff’s voltage law, or Ohm’s law. Consider each circuit problem individually to

    determine the most appropriate method.


    ◆ When a load resistor is connected across a voltage-divider output, the output voltage
    decreases.
    ◆ The load resistor should be large compared to the resistance across which it is connected,
    in order
    that the loading effect may be minimized.
    ◆ To find total resistance of a ladder network, start at the point farthest from the source and
    reduce
    the resistance in steps.

    ◆ A balanced Wheatstone bridge can be used to measure an unknown resistance.


    ◆ A bridge is balanced when the output voltage is zero. The balanced condition produces
    zero current through a load connected across the output terminals of the bridge.
    ◆ An unbalanced Wheatstone bridge can be used to measure physical quantities using
    transducers.
    ◆ Opens and shorts are typical circuit faults.

    ◆ Resistors normally open when they burn out

    Key terms : series - parallel circuit


    Balanced bridge : A bridge circuit that is in the balanced state is indicated by 0 V across the
    output.
    Bleeder current : The current left after the total load current is subtracted from the total

    current into the circuit.


    Unbalanced bridge : A bridge circuit that is in the unbalanced state as indicated by a voltage
    across the output that is proportional to the amount of deviation from the balanced state.
    Wheatstone bridge : A 4-legged type of bridge circuit with which an unknown resistance can

    be accurately measured using the balanced state. Deviations in resistance can be measured
    using theunbalanced state.

    Chapter 8 : Circuit theorems and conversion


    ◆ An ideal voltage source has zero internal resistance. It provides a constant voltage across
    its terminals regardless of the load resistance.
    ◆ A practical voltage source has a nonzero internal resistance.
    ◆ An ideal current source has infinite internal resistance. It provides a constant current
    regardless of
    the load resistance.
    ◆ A practical current source has a finite internal resistance.
    ◆ The superposition theorem is useful for multiple-source circuits.

    ◆ Thevenin’s theorem provides for the reduction of any two-terminal linear resistive circuit
    to
    an equivalent form consisting of an equivalent voltage source in series with an equivalent
    resistance.
    ◆ The term equivalency, as used in Thevenin’s and Norton’s theorems, means that when a
    given load resistance is connected to the equivalent circuit, it will have the same voltage
    across it and the same current through it as when it was connected to the original circuit.

    ◆ Norton’s theorem provides for the reduction of any two-terminal linear resistive circuit to
    an equivalent form consisting of an equivalent current source in parallel with an equivalent
    resistance.
    ◆ Maximum power is transferred to a load from a source when the load resistance equals

    the internal source resistance.

    KEY TERMS of circuit theorem and conversion


    Maximum power transfer For : a given source voltage, a transfer of maximum power from a
    source to a load occurs when the load resistance equals the internal source resistance.
    Norton’s theorem :A method for simplifying a two-terminal linear circuit to an equivalent
    circuit with only a current source in parallel with a resistance.

    Superposition theorem : A method for the analysis of circuits with more than one source.
    Terminal equivalency : The concept that when any given load resistance is connected to two
    sources, the same load voltage and load current are produced by both sources.
    Thevenin’s theorem : A method for simplifying a two-terminal linear circuit to an equivalent

    circuit with only a voltage source in series with a resistance.

    Chapter 9 : Branch , loop , and node analysis


    ◆ Simultaneous equations can be solved by substitution, by determinants, or by a graphics
    calculator.
    ◆ The number of equations must be equal to the number of unknowns.
    ◆ Second-order determinants are evaluated by adding the signed cross-products.
    ◆ Third-order determinants are evaluated by the expansion method.

    ◆ The branch current method is based on Kirchhoff’s voltage law and Kirchhoff’s current
    law.
    ◆ The loop current method is based on Kirchhoff’s voltage law.
    ◆ A loop current is not necessarily the actual current in a branch.

    ◆ The node voltage method is based on Kirchhoff’s current law.


    Key terms of branch , loop , and node analysis
    Branch :One current path that connects two nodes.
    Determinant : The solution of a matrix consisting of an array of coefficients and
    constants for
    a set of simultaneous equations.
    Loop : A closed current path in a circuit.
    Matrix : An array of numbers.
    Node : The junction of two or more components.
    Simultaneous equations : A set of n equations containing n unknowns, where n is a
    number with a value of 2 or more.

    End

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