Relational Database Management System (RDBMS)

Database – A database is an organized collection of data. For example:- In a

stationary shop, detailed records of the materials available in the shop is
database. Similarly in a computerized system, we need to maintain several files,
we would used database programs such as Microsoft Access, OpenOffice.org
Base, and MySQL. These database programs are used to organize the data as per
our needs in the computer system.
Database Management System (DBMS) - A database
management system is a software package with computer programs that
controls the creation, maintenance and use of a database. A DBMS allows
different user application programs to concurrently access the same database.
Some of the DBMSs are Oracle, IBM DB2, Microsoft SQL server, Microsoft
SQLite.
Access, PostgreSQL, MySQL, FoxPro and
Advantages of Database
1.Reduces Data Redundancy : no chance of encountering duplicate
data
2.Sharing of Data : the users of the database can share the data among
themselves
3.Data Integrity : Data integrity means that the data is accurate and
consistent in the database
4.Data Security : Only authorised users are allowed to access the database
and their identity is authenticated using a username and password
5.Privacy : The privacy rule in a database states that only the authorized users
can access a database according to its privacy constraints
6.Backup and Recovery : Database Management System automatically
takes care of backup and recovery.
7.Data Consistency : Data Consistency means there should be multiple
mismatching copies of the same data

Data can be organized into two types:-

1.Flat File: Data is stored in a single table. Usually suitable for less
amount of data.
2.Relational: Data is stored in multiple tables and the tables are
linked using a common field. Relational is suitable for medium to
large amount of data.
Database Servers – Database servers are dedicated computers that hold the
actual databases and run only the DBMS and related software. Databases on the
database servers are accessed through command line or graphic user interface
tools referred to as Frontends; database servers are referred to as Back-ends.
Such
type of data access is referred to as Client-server model.
RDBMS:- A relational database management system
(RDBMS) is a database management system that is based on the relational
model. In the relational model of a database, all data is represented in terms of
tuples (rows), grouped into relations(tables). A database organized in terms the
relational model is a
relational database.
Database Concepts:- Database contains objects that are used for storing
and managing information.
1. Item : - Item is about which information is stored in the
database.
2. Field:- Each question that we ask about our item is a Field.
3. Record:- Record is a set of information (made up of fields)
stored in your database about one of the items.
4. Value:- Value is the actual text or numerical amount or date
that you put in while adding information to your database.
For example, Database : Employee
Emp_Code Emp_Name Emp_Address Emp_Designat
ion Emp_ContactNo Emp_Salary
(E001 ABC Meerut Manager 9876543210 Rs.50000)
Item : Employee
Field : (Emp_Code , Emp_Name , Emp_Address ,
Emp_Designation ,Emp_ContactNo , Emp_Salary)
Record :
(E001 ABC Meerut Manager 987654321 Rs.50,000)
Value : E001 , ABC , Meerut , Manager , 9876543210 , Rs. 50,000
5. Key Field :- Key Field is a value in a Field that uniquely
identifies the record. Eg. E001 which is unique to every employee.
How data is organized in a RDBMS ?
In RDBMS, data is organized in the form of inter linked tables.
1.TABLE :- A table is a set of data elements that is organized
using a model of vertical columns and horizontal rows. Each row
is identified by a unique key index or the key field.
2.COLUMNS OR FIELD :- A column is a set of data values of a
particular simple type, one for each row of the table. For eg.
Emp_Code , Emp_Name , Emp_Address etc.
3.ROWS OR RECORDS OR TUPLES :- A row represents a single,
data items in a table. Each row in a table represents a set of
related data, and every row in the table has the same structure.
DATA TYPES
Datatypes are used to identify the type of data
we are going to store in the database.
Categories of data types:- Data types can be broadly classified
into five categories:-
1. Numeric Types
2. Alphanumeric Types
3. Binary Types
4. Date Time
5. Other variable Types

1.NUMERIC TYPES:- They are used for describing numeric values

like mobile number, age, etc.
The different types of numeric data types available are-
1. Boolean (Yes / No) 6. Numeric
2. TinyInt (Tiny Integer) 7. Decimal
3. SmallInt (Small Integer) 8. Real
4. Integer 9 Float
5. BigInt (Big Integer) 10. Double
2.ALPHANUMERIC TYPES:-
The list of different datatypes available in alphanumeric types
are
1. LongVarChar (Memo) (Long Text)
2. Char (Text-fix) (Small Text)
3. VarChar (Text) (Text of specified Length)
4. VarChar_IgnoreCase (Text) (Comparisions are not case
sensitive)
3.BINARY TYPES:-
Binary types are used for storing data in binary formats. It can be
used for storing photos, music files or (in general file of any
format) etc.
The list of different datatypes available in Binary types are :-
1. LongVarBinary (Image)
2. Binary (Binary (fix)
3. VarBinary (Binary)
4.DATE TIME:-
 Date time data types are used for describing date and time values
for the field used in the table of a database. It can be used for
storing information such as date of birth, date of admission etc.
The list of different data types available in Date Time type are :-
1. Date (Stores month, day and year information)
2. Time (Store hour , minute and second information)
3. Timestamp (Stores date and time information)
KEYS
1.PRIMARY KEY:- A primary key is a unique value that identifies a
row in a table. These keys are also indexed in the database,
making it faster for the database to search a record.
2.FOREIGN KEY:- The foreign key identifies a column or set of
columns in one (referencing) table that refers to a column or set of
columns in another (referenced) table.
Note:- The “one” side of a relation is always the parent, and
provides the PK(Primary Key) Attributes to be copied. The “many”
side of a relation is always the child, into which the FK(Foreign
Key) attributes are copied.
Memorize it : one, parent, PK (Primary Key) ; many, child , FK
(Foreign Key)
There are two types of languages:-
1. DDL (Data Definition Language)
2. DML (Data Manipulation Language)
DATA DEFINITION / DESCRIPTION LANGUAGE:-
it is a standard for commands that define the different structures in a
database. DDL statements create, modify and remove database
objects such as tables, indexes and users.
Common DDL Statements are:-
1. Create :- Used to create database objects.
2. Alter :- Used to modify database objects.
3. Drop :- Used to delete database objects.
DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE:-
It is a standard for commands that enables users to access and manipulate data in a
database.
Common DML Statements are:-
1. SELECT :- Used for retrieval of information from the database.
2. INSERT :- Used for insertion of new information into the the database
3. DELETE :- Used for deletion of information in the database.
4. UPDATE :- Used for modification of information in the database.

Types of DML:-
1. Procedural:- The user specifies what data is needed and how to
get it.
2. Non Procedural :- The user only specifies what data is needed.
Note:- A popular data manipulation language is SQL (Structured
Query Language.)
consider the below database as an example, to show you how to write commands.

1.CREATE : To create Table

CREATE TABLE Employee_Info
2.DROP : To Delete
DROP DATABASE Employee (complete information
present in the database will be lost)
DROP TABLE TableName (complete information present
in the table will be lost)
3.TRUNCATE Table Employee_Info (your information will be
lost, but not the table)
4.ALTER : This statement is used to add, delete, modify columns in an existing table
ALTER TABLE Employee_Info ADD BloodGroup varchar(255);.
5.INSERT : This statement is used to insert new records into the table.
INSERT INTO Employee_Info VALUES ('02', 'Anay','Soumya', '9432156783', '
Marathalli House No 23', 'Delhi', 'India');
6.UPDATE : This statement is used to modify the records already
present in the table
UPDATE Employee_Info SET EmployeeName = 'Aahana', City= 'Ahmedabad'
WHERE EmployeeID = 1);