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3.2 - L-6 Number Systems

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12 views33 pages

3.2 - L-6 Number Systems

Uploaded by

samir241-15-361
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Number Systems

Professor Dr. Md. Ismail jabiullah


Department of CSE
Daffodil International University
Learning Objectives

In this lecture you will learn  Convert a number’s base


about:  Another base to decimal base

 Non-positional number system  Decimal base to another base


 Some base to another base
 Positional number system
 Shortcut methods for converting
 Decimal number system  Binary to octal number
 Binary number system  Octal to binary number
 Binary to hexadecimal number
 Octal number system
 Hexadecimal to binary number
 Hexadecimal number system
 Fractional numbers in binary
number system
Number Systems

Two types of number systems are:


① Non-positional number systems
② Positional number systems
Non-positional Number
Systems
Characteristics
 Use symbols such as I for 1, II for 2, III for 3, IIII for 4, IIIII
for 5, etc.
 Each symbol represents the same value regardless
of its position in the number
 The symbols are simply added to find out the value
of a particular number

Difficulty
 It is difficult to perform arithmetic with such a
number system
Positional Number Systems

Characteristics
 Use only a few symbols called digits
 These symbols represent different values depending on the
position they occupy in the number

The value of each digit is determined by


① The digit itself
② The position of the digit in the number
③ The base of the number system (base = total number of
digits in the number system)

 The maximum value of a single digit is always equal


to one less than the value of the base
Decimal Number System
Characteristics
 A positional number system
 Has 10 symbols or digits (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9).
Hence, its base = 10
 The maximum value of a single digit is 9 (one less
than the value of the base)
 Each position of a digit represents a specific power
of the base (10)
 We use this number system in our day-to-day life

Example
258610 = (2 x 103) + (5 x 102) + (8 x 101) + (6 x 100)
= 2000 + 500 + 80 + 6
= 2586
Binary Number System
Characteristics
 A positional number system
 Has only 2 symbols or digits (0 and 1). Hence its base = 2
 The maximum value of a single digit is 1 (one less than the value of
the base)
 Each position of a digit represents a specific power of the base (2)
 This number system is used in computers

Example
101012 = (1 x 24) + (0 x 23) + (1 x 22) + (0 x 21) +(1 x 20)

= 16 + 0 + 4 + 0 + 1

= 2110
Bit

 Bit stands for binary digit


 A bit in computer terminology means either a 0 or a 1
 A binary number consisting of n bits is called an n-bit
number
Representing Numbers in
Different Number Systems

 In order to be specific about which number system


we are referring to, it is a common practice to
indicate the base as a subscript.
 Thus, we write: 101012 = 2110
Octal Number System
 Characteristics
 A positional number system
 Has total 8 symbols or digits (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7).
 Hence, its base = 8
 The maximum value of a single digit is 7 (one less than the value of
the base)
 Each position of a digit represents a specific power of the base (8)
 Since there are only 8 digits, 3 bits (23 = 8) are sufficient to
represent any octal number in binary

 Example
20578 = (2 x 83) + (0 x 82) + (5 x 81) + (7 x 80)
= 1024 + 0 + 40 + 7
= 107110
Hexadecimal Number System
 Characteristics
 A positional number system
 Has total 16 symbols or digits (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F).
Hence its base = 16
 The symbols A, B, C, D, E and F represent the decimal values 10, 11, 12,
13, 14 and 15 respectively
 The maximum value of a single digit is 15 (one less than the value of the
base)
 Each position of a digit represents a specific power of the base (16)
 Since there are only 16 digits, 4 bits (24 = 16) are sufficient to represent
any hexadecimal number in binary

 Example
1AF16 = (1 x 162) + (A x 161) + (F x 160)
= 1 x 256 + 10 x 16 + 15 x 1
= 256 + 160 + 15
= 43110
Converting a Number of Another
Base to a Decimal Number

Method

 Step 1: Determine the column (positional) value of


each digit
 Step 2: Multiply the obtained column values by the
digits in the corresponding columns
 Step 3: Calculate the sum of these products
Converting a Number of Another
Base to a Decimal Number

 Example
Converting a Decimal Number
to a Number of Another Base
 Division-Remainder Method
Step 1: Divide the decimal number to be converted by
the value of the new base
Step 2: Record the remainder from Step 1 as the
rightmost digit (least significant digit) of the new base
number
Step 3: Divide the quotient of the previous divide by the
new base
Step 4: Record the remainder from Step 3 as the next
digit (to the left) of the new base number
Repeat Steps 3 and 4, recording remainders from right to
left, until the quotient becomes zero in Step 3
 Note that the last remainder thus obtained will be the most
significant digit (MSD) of the new base number
Converting a Decimal Number
to a Number of Another Base
Example:
Converting a Number of Some
Base to a Number of Another Base

Method

Step 1: Convert the original number to a


decimal number (base 10)
Step 2: Convert the decimal number so
obtained to the new base number
Converting a Number of Some
Base to a Number of Another Base

Example:
Converting a Number of Some
Base to a Number of Another Base
Shortcut Method for Converting a
Binary Number to its Equivalent
Octal Number

Method

Step 1: Divide the digits into groups of three


starting from the right
Step 2: Convert each group of three binary
digits to one octal digit using the method of
binary to decimal conversion
Shortcut Method for Converting a Binary
Number to its Equivalent Octal Number
 Example:
Shortcut Method for Converting an
Octal Number to Its Equivalent Binary
Number

Method

Step 1: Convert each octal digit to a 3 digit


binary number (the octal digits may be
treated as decimal for this conversion)
Step 2: Combine all the resulting binary
groups (of 3 digits each) into a single binary
number
Shortcut Method for Converting an
Octal Number to Its Equivalent Binary
Number
 Example:
Shortcut Method for Converting a
Binary Number to its Equivalent
Hexadecimal Number

Method

Step 1: Divide the binary digits into groups of four


starting from the right
Step 2: Combine each group of four binary digits to
one hexadecimal digit
Shortcut Method for Converting a
Binary Number to its Equivalent
Hexadecimal Number
 Example:
Shortcut Method for Converting an
Octal Number to Its Equivalent
Binary Number

Method

 Step 1: Convert each octal digit to a 3 digit binary


number (the octal digits may be treated as decimal
for this conversion)
 Step 2: Combine all the resulting binary groups (of 3
digits each) into a single binary number
Shortcut Method for Converting an
Octal Number to Its Equivalent Binary
Number

 Example:
Shortcut Method for Converting a
Binary Number to its Equivalent
Hexadecimal Number
 Example:
Shortcut Method for Converting a
Hexadecimal Number to its
Equivalent Binary Number

Method

 Step 1: Convert the decimal equivalent of each


hexadecimal digit to a 4 digit binary number
 Step 2: Combine all the resulting binary groups (of 4
digits each) in a single binary number
Shortcut Method for Converting a
Hexadecimal Number to its
Equivalent Binary Number
 Example: 2AB16 = ?2

Step 1: Convert each hexadecimal digit to a 4 digit binary number

216 = 0010 = 00102

A16 = 1010 = 10102

B16 = 1011 = 10112

Step 2: Combine the binary groups

2AB16 = 0010 1010 1011

2 A B

Hence, 2AB16 = 0010101010112


Fractional Numbers
 Fractional numbers are formed same way as
decimal number system
Formation of Fractional Numbers in
Binary Number System

 Example:
Formation of Fractional Numbers
in Octal Number System

 Example:
Key Words/Phrases

 Base Least Significant Digit (LSD)

 Binary number system Memory dump

 Binary point Most Significant Digit (MSD)

 Bit Non-positional number

 Decimal number system system

 Division-Remainder technique Number system

 Fractional numbers Octal number system

 Hexadecimal number system Positional number system

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