READING AND WRITING (3RD QUARTER)

PATTERNS OF WRITTEN TEXTS

A. CAUSE AND EFFECT
 present why something happens, what causes it, what are the effects, and how it is related to something else
 It is a relationship between an action and a reaction where an action if taken, would result in a reaction
Cause-reason for an action or condition that brings an effect…words that signify a cause are: cause of, because of, for, due to, as, and
since
Effect-something that follows an antecedent (such as a cause or agent) …words that signify a effect are: therefore, consequently, so, so
that, thus, the explanation for, and accordingly.
Example: KIDS WHO ARE BULLIED
Kids who are bullied can experience negative physical, social, emotional, academic, and mental health issues. Kids who are bullied are
more likely to experience:
• Depression and anxiety, increased feelings of sadness and loneliness, changes in sleep and eating patterns, and loss of interest in
activities they used to enjoy. These issues may persist into adulthood.
• Health complaints
• Decreased academic achievement—GPA and standardized test scores—and school participation. They are more likely to miss, skip, or
drop out of school. A very small number of bullied children might retaliate through extremely violent measures. In 12 of 15 school
shooting cases in the 1990s, the shooters had a history of being bullied.
B. CLASSIFICATION
 groups or classifies items or things into their parts, types, kinds, or categories
Signal words: a part of, a kind of, a group of, a way of, a class of, an example of, divided into, and comprised of
Example: Types of Bullying
There are three types of bullying:
Verbal bullying is saying or writing mean things. Verbal bullying includes:
• Teasing
• Name-calling
• Inappropriate sexual comments
• Taunting
• Threatening to cause harm
Social bullying, sometimes referred to as relational bullying, involves hurting someone’s reputation or relationships. Social bullying
includes:
• Leaving someone out on purpose
• Telling other children not to be friends with someone
• Spreading rumors about someone
• Embarrassing someone in public
Physical bullying involves hurting a person’s body or possessions. Physical bullying includes:
• Hitting/kicking/pinching
• Spitting
• Tripping/pushing
• Taking or breaking someone’s things
• Making mean or rude hand gestures
C. COMPARISON AND CONTRAST
 Comparison involves the identification of similarities of at least two things, ideas, concepts, or persons being compared while contrast
encompasses the identification of differences between or among two subjects or topics.
Signal words: (similarities or comparison): similarly, in like manner, and in the same way
(difference or contrast): on the contrary, the opposite, compared to, in contrast, although, unless, however,
Example: ONLINE VS. CLASSROOM INSTRUCTION (AN EXCERPT)
BY KORI MORGAN
...As universities make greater use of Internet resources, online classes have continued to grow in popularity and effectiveness. Online courses let
students learn at their own pace, accomplish assignments on their schedules, and acquire the same knowledge as they would in a traditional,
classroom-based course. Just like traditional classes, online instructors use discussion, assignments, and community to educate students. However,
their means of execution for these tools are quite different.
D. DEFINITION
 text explains what something is in comparison to other members of its class, along with any limitations
 It explains the nature of something and moves beyond a dictionary definition to deeply examine the word, idea, or concept as we use and
understand it
 It explains the nature of something and moves beyond a dictionary definition to deeply examine the word, idea, or concept as we use and
understand it
 Denotation- literal meaning of a word which means that consulting the dictionary is the best way for it
 Connotation- is the feeling or idea that the word suggests to its literal meaning. It is an expression of how one perceives a word
based on his/her background or experiences.
Signal words: contain, make-up, involves, is/are, means, is defined as, refers to, appears to be, as, and pertains to. When phrases like “because” or
“that are” follow a word, these may be explanations. Terms like “is,” “means,” “is defined as,” and “refers to” are used with definitions.
Example: Why freedom
By F. Sionil Jose
Published April 14, 2018, 4:05 PM
By: manilabulletin_admin
…..What is freedom? What is truth? Are they useful?
Freedom itself, may be the root of injustice. A billionaire publisher, righteously claiming freedom as is beacon may oppress his employees,
intimidate his rivals or corrupt officials to protect and enlarge his empire. Freedom then becomes a social menace. Freedom as value as
discussed in Sherds. In a major scene, the potter artist, PG Golngco is asked: “Do you believe in art as social protest? Goya and Picasso
used their art politically.”Golangco replies: “I would ask you to permit any artist all the freedom he needs. Art thrives on freedom. The artist is
 free to determine his purpose.”The artist is challenged by an academic. “Freedom is a political condition. And you have freedom because
you are very rich and can afford to speak your mind, because you do not care whatever the consequences. Mr. Golangco, you are free
because you have the influence and the money to buy your freedom. But what about the artists of the people? Who are not pampered
like you? Who are denied this precious freedom…
E. DESCRIPTION
 a pattern of written texts refers to identifying concrete details about appearances, characteristics, and actions
 Adjectives and adverbs are abundant in descriptive texts. Adjectives are used to denote quality, to indicate quantity or extent, or to
specify a thing as distinct from something else, and adverbs used to modify verb, adjectives, or another adverb can be used to signal
description
Example: How My Brother Leon Brought Home A Wife
(An Excerpt)
By Manuel E. Arguilla
She stepped down from the carretela of Ca Celin with a quick, delicate grace. She was lovely. She was tall. She looked up to my brother
with a smile, and her forehead was on a level with his mouth. "You are Baldo," she said and placed her hand lightly on my shoulder. Her nails
were long, but they were not painted. She was fragrant like a morning when papayas are in bloom. And a small dimple appeared
momently high on her right cheek. "And this is Labang of whom I have heard so much." She held the wrist of one hand with the other and
looked at Labang, and Labang never stopped chewing his cud. He swallowed and brought up to his mouth more cud and the sound of his insides
was like a drum.I laid a hand on Labang's massive neck and said to her: "You may scratch his forehead now."She hesitated and I saw that her
eyes were on the long, curving horns. But she came and touched Labang's forehead with her long fingers, and Labang never stopped
chewing his cud except that his big eyes half closed. And by and by she was scratching his forehead very daintily.
F. NARRATION
 deals with stories
 When you write a narrative, you are expected to tell a story, whether it is real or imaginary.
 You use your creativity and imagination on how are you going to bring your characters to life in the minds of your readers.
 Writing a story is not only about how you vividly described your characters, how you amazingly knitted your plot, how you have perfectly
chosen your settings, how you flawlessly showcased your tone and style of writing but it is also about how you sincerely touched your
readers’ hearts and how you effectively made a difference in their lives.
ELEMENTS OF NARRATIVE WRITING
1. Characters 5. Theme
2. Setting 6. Tone
3. Plot 7. Style
4. Point of View 8. Conflict
o A fable is a short story that teaches a lesson or conveys a moral. Fable features animal characters or inanimate objects that behave like
people. The monkey is a common animal character in Philippine fables. It is often depicted as a cunning animal.
o Myths are told to explain a belief, a practice, or a natural phenomenon. These were the first tools man used to define his world. The origin
of the surrounding world has always been the object of interest of prehistoric Filipinos.
G. PERSUASION
 a literary technique that writers use to present their ideas through reason and logic, to influence the audience
 may simply use an argument to persuade the readers, or sometimes may persuade readers to perform a certain action
 an art of effective speaking and writing in which writers make their opinions believable to the audience through logic, by invoking
emotions, and by proving their credibility
Types of Persuasion
Persuasion has three basic types:
1. Ethos
It is linked with morality and ethics. In this method of persuasion, writers or speakers convince their audience of their goodwill and
present themselves as trustworthy. To determine whether a writer is credible or not, the audience needs to understand his intention and his
strong understanding of the subject.
2. Logos
Logos comes from logic, therefore writers use logic, reasoning, and rationality to convince audiences of their perspectives.
3. Pathos
The third method is pathos, which invokes and appeals to the emotions of the audience. This is contrary to logos, as it presents arguments
without using logic or reasoning. Many writers consider love, fear, empathy, and anger as strong factors to influence the emotions of their
audiences.
Example: Campaign Speech, November 3, 2008 (By Barack Obama)
Barack Obama made a public speech a night before his election campaign in Virginia on November 3, 2008, saying:
“This country is more decent than one where a woman in Ohio, on the brink of retirement, finds herself one illness away from disaster
after a lifetime of hard work…This country is more generous than one where a man in Indiana has to pack up the equipment, he’s worked on
for twenty years and watch it shipped off to China… We are more compassionate than a government that lets veterans sleep on our streets
and families slide into poverty; that sits on its hands while a major American city drowns before our eyes…”
H. PROBLEM-SOLUTION
 A problem-solution text starts with a negative situation (a problem) and ends with a positive situation (a solution).
Problem-Solution consists of four key components: a situation, a problem, a solution, and an evaluation.
• Situation: Identify the problem and explain why it is a problem and who should be responsible for it.
• Problem: Explain the problem clearly.
• Solution: Cite concrete solutions to the problem. Explain why it should be considered and why it is the best solution to the problem. You
may also present series of steps or actions to be followed.
• Evaluation: It is a part of the conclusion in which you have to highlight the problem and the value of your solution. Some key
expressions that indicate a problem-solution text are: the problem/dilemma is, if/then, so that, solves, an answer to, and addresses the
problem of.