CALCULUS II – INTEGRAL CALCULUS Instructor: ENGR. REY S.A.

RIMANDO

Topic: INTEGRATION
Module 1: BASIC INTEGRATION FORMULAS

OBJECTIVES:
1. Understand integration
2. Know the difference of differentiation and integration
3. Discuss fundamentals of integration
4. Solve integration problems

LESSON:
DEFINITION
The operation of inverse to differentiation is called integration. By differentiation we
find the differential of a given function, and by integration we find the function corresponding to
a given differential. This function is called the integral of the differential.
For instance,

2xdx is the differential of x2

Therefore
x2 is the integral of 2xdx

The symbol  is used to denote the integral of the expression following it.
Thus the foregoing relations would be written,
 2xdx = x
2
d(x2 ) = 2xdx
It is evidently the same thing, whether we consider this integral as the function whose
differential is 2xdx, or the function whose derivative is 2x.
As regards notation, however, it is customary to write
 2xdx = x  2x = x
2 2
and not
d
In other words,  is the inverse of d, and not of
dx
Thus the general definition of  (x)dx is that function whose differential is (x)dx ; the
symbol  denoting “the function whose differential is” in the same way that the inverse
symbol tan1 , denotes “the angle whose tangent is.”
Integration is not like differentiation a direct operation, but consists in recognizing the
expression as the differential of a known function, or in reducing it to a form where such
recognition is possible.

ELEMENTARY PRINCIPLE
It is evident that we may write
 2xdx = x + 2  2xdx = x
2 2
or –5

 2xdx = x
2
As well as
Since the differential of x2 + 2 as well as of x2 – 5 is 2xdx.
 2xdx = x + C
2
In general
Where C denotes an arbitrary constant called the constant of integration.

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Every integral in its most general form includes the term + C

Since d(u  v  w)  du  dv  dw
It follows that  (u  v  w)   du   dv   dw
That is, we integrate a polynomial by integrating the separate terms, and retaining the
signs.
Since d(au)  adu
It follows that  adu  a du
That is, a constant factor may be transferred from one side of the symbol  to the
other, without affecting the integral.

FUNDAMENTALS OF INTEGRAL

Since the integration is the inverse of differentiation, to integrate any given function we
must reduce it to one or more of the differentials of the elementary functions, expressed by the
fundamental formulae of the Differential Calculus.
Corresponding to those formulae, we may write a list of integrals, which may be
regarded as fundamental, and to which all integrals should, if possible, be ultimately reduced.
We shall then consider in this module such examples as are integrable by these formulae either
directly, or after some simple transformation.

Important Formulas:

 u du 
n un1  cotudu  log sinu
n1
  u
du
 u  logu  secudu  log(secu tanu)  logtan  4  2 
u
 a u
du 
au  cscudu  log(cscu cotu)  logtan 2
log a
du 1 u 1 u
 e du  e
u u
u 2
a a
2
 tan1 , cot1
a a a
ua 1 a u
 cosudu  sinu u
du
2 2
1
 log , log
a 2a u  a 2a au
 sinudu   cosu du u u
 u a2
 sin1 ,cos 1
a
2 a
 sec udu  tanu
2

 csc udu   cotu

2  u a
du
2 2 
 log u  u2  a2 
 secutanudu  secu u
du 1 u 1
 sec 1 ,  csc 1
u
u a2 a 2a a a
 cscucotudu   cscu du u
 vers 1
 tanudu  log secu 2au  u2 a

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BASIC INTEGRATION FORMULAS

  du  u  C
  (u  v)dx   udx   vdx
  audx  a udx
un1
  u du  C
n
n is not equal -1
n1
du
 u  lnu  C

EXAMPLES

1. Evaluate  (5x 4  3x 2  6)dx

Solution:
 (5x  3x  6)dx =  5x 4 dx   3x2dx   6dx
4 2

= 5 x 4 dx  3 x 2dx  6  dx
5x 5 3x 3
=   6x  C
5 3
= x5  x3  6x  C

2. Evaluate  (3x  4)2 dx

Solution:
 (3x  4) dx =  (9x 2  24x  16)dx
2

9x 3 24x2
=   16x  C
3 2
= 3x3  12x2  16x  C

 4 2
3. Evaluate   3   dx
x x
Solution:
 4 2  2
  x3  x  dx =   4x 3   dx
 x
dx
=  4x 3dx  2 
x
2
4x
=  2ln|x|  C
2
2
=  2  2ln|x|  C
x

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CALCULUS II – INTEGRAL CALCULUS Instructor: ENGR. REY S.A. RIMANDO

ADDITIONAL EXAMPLES
un1 du
(PROOF OF  undu  & u  logu )
n1

 x dx
4
1. where u = x , n = 4 , du = dx
x5
 x dx = C
4
Solution:
5

 x  1  2 xdx
1
2. 2
where u = x2  1 , n = , du = 2xdx
2
1 1
Solution:   x  12 xdx =
2 1
2
 2 2xdx
x 2
 1
3

1  x  1 2
2

=
2 3
2
3

=
 x2  1 2
3

(x2  a2 )dx
3.  x 3  3a2 x
(x2  a2 )dx 1 (3x 2  3a2 )dx
Solution:  x3  3a2x =
3  x 3  3a2 x
1
= log(x 3  3a2 x)
3
1
= log(x 3  3a2 x)3  C

 (2x  3x 6  12x 3  3)dx

9
4.
x10 3x 7
 (2x  3x  12x  3)dx =   3x 4  3x  C
9 6 3
Solution:
5 7

 2 1 2 2
5.   x 3  2  x 5  x dx
 x3 
5
 2 1 2 2 1
 x 3    dx = 3x  3x 3  1  2log x  C
3
Solution:  2
x5 x  5 2x 4
 x 3


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CALCULUS II – INTEGRAL CALCULUS Instructor: ENGR. REY S.A. RIMANDO

Activity Exercise 1: BASIC INTEGRATION

Name:_____________________________________ Course Yr & Sec: __________ Date: ________
Instruction. Analyze and solve the following as required. Use the space provided below.

 8x dx
3
1.

 (x  5x  6)dx
2
2.

 (3x  1) dx
2
3.

4.  x( x  1)dx

x3  8
5.  x  2 dx

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