1. What is meant by angular and why we use angular?

Angular is a popular open-source web application framework primarily

used for building single-page web applications (SPAs) and dynamic web
pages. It is written in TypeScript and maintained by Google and a
community of developers.

2. What is the difference between component and template,directive,

module?

 A component is a building block for a part of your web

application's user interface.
 A template defines how a component's UI should look.
 A directive is an instruction that modifies the behavior or
appearance of DOM elements in your templates.
 A module is a container that organizes and manages related parts
of your Angular application.

3. Difference b/w angular & angular js?

4. What is meant by search engine optimization?

Search Engine Optimization (SEO) in the context of Angular refers to the
practice of optimizing Angular web applications to improve their visibility and
ranking on search engine result pages (SERPs).
5. Life cycle hooks in angular?

In Angular, lifecycle hooks are methods provided by the Angular

framework that allow developers to tap into the lifecycle of a component or
directive and execute custom code at specific points during its creation,
rendering, and destruction. These hooks enable developers to perform tasks
such as initialization, data loading, DOM manipulation, and resource cleanup
at appropriate moments in the component's lifecycle.

Before ng onchanges constrctor will give response.

1. ngOnChanges() - Responds when Angular sets/resets data-bound input

properties.

2. ngOnInit() - Initialize the directive/component after Angular first

displays the data-bound properties and sets the directive/component's
input properties/

3. ngDoCheck() - Detect and act upon changes that Angular can't or won't
detect on its own.

4. ngAfterContentInit() - Responds after Angular projects external content

into the component's view.

5. ngAfterContentChecked() - Respond after Angular checks the content

projected into the component.

6. ngAfterViewInit() - Respond after Angular initializes the component's

views and child views.

7. ngAfterViewChecked() - Respond after Angular checks the component's

views and child views.

8. ngOnDestroy - Cleanup just before Angular destroys the

directive/component.

6. Data bindings in angular?

Data binding in Angular is a powerful feature that allows you to establish a
connection between the data in your application's TypeScript code (the
model) and the user interface (the view).
1. Interpolation(one-way databinding):

 Interpolation is a one-way data binding method that allows you to

display data from your component in the HTML template.
 It uses double curly braces {{ }} to embed expressions or
component properties within the template.
Example:
 In this example, the username property from the component
will be displayed in the <h1> element.

2. Property binding(one-way databinding):

 Property binding allows you to set an HTML element's property or

attribute to a value from your component.
 It uses square brackets [] to bind an element property to a
component property.
 Example

 Here, the src attribute of the <img> element is bound to the

imageUrl property of the component.

3. Event binding(one-way databinding):

 Event binding allows you to respond to user events (e.g., click,

mouseover) by triggering methods in your component.
 It uses parentheses ( ) to bind an event to a component method.
 Example:

 When the button is clicked, the onClick method in the

component will be executed.

4. Two-way binding(two-way binding):

 Two-way binding combines property binding and event binding to

synchronize data in both directions between the component and
the template.
 It uses the ngModel directive, typically with form elements like
<input> and <textarea>, and is commonly used for forms.
Example:
  Changes in the input field are reflected in the username property of
the component, and changes to the username property update the
input field.

7. What is angular cli?

Angular CLI (Command Line Interface) is a powerful command-line tool

provided by the Angular team to streamline the development of Angular
applications. It simplifies and automates many common tasks involved in
Angular application development, making it easier for developers to
create, build, test, and deploy Angular projects.

To get started with Angular CLI, you typically install it globally on your
development machine using npm or yarn. Once installed, you can create new
Angular projects, generate components and services, serve your application
locally, build for production, and perform various other tasks through the
command line.
 8. What is meant by DI(Dependency injection).?
In Angular, Dependency Injection (DI) is a fundamental design pattern
and a core concept that allows you to efficiently manage and provide
dependencies (such as services or other objects) to the components,
services, and other parts of your application.

Here's an example in Angular where a service ( UserService) is injected

into a component ( UserComponent):

In this example:

 The UserService is defined and registered in an Angular module.

 The UserComponent constructor includes a parameter of type
UserService, indicating that it depends on this service.
 When Angular creates an instance of UserComponent, it automatically
injects an instance of UserService into it.

Angular's Dependency Injection system is a powerful and essential feature for

building scalable, modular, and maintainable applications. It simplifies the
management of dependencies and promotes best practices for structuring
your Angular application.

9. Different type of directives?

In Angular, directives are a fundamental part of the framework that allow

you to extend the HTML and define custom behavior or appearance for
DOM elements. There are three main types of directives in Angular:

1. Component Directives:
 Components are the most common and powerful type of directives
in Angular.
  A component is a directive with a template that defines a view.
 Components are used to create reusable, self-contained UI
elements. They encapsulate both the UI and the behavior
associated with that UI.
 Components can have their own logic, properties, and methods.
 Components are used to build the application's user interface by
composing them together.

Example:

2. Attribute Directives:

 Attribute directives change the appearance or behavior of an element,

component, or another directive.
 They are applied to HTML elements as attributes.
 Angular provides several built-in attribute directives, such as ngClass,
ngStyle , and ngIf, which enable you to modify the class, style, or visibility
of elements dynamically.

Example (using ngStyle):

<div [ngStyle]="{'color': 'red', 'font-weight': 'bold'}">This text is styled dynamically</div>

3. Structural Directives:

 Structural directives modify the structure of the DOM by adding or

removing elements based on conditions.
 They are applied to HTML elements using a special syntax with an asterisk
(*) before the directive name.
 Angular provides several built-in structural directives, including ngIf,
ngFor, and ngSwitch.

Example (using ngFor to create a list):

10.What are pipes and why we use pipes?

In Angular, pipes are a feature that allows you to transform and format
data in templates. They are a way to apply simple transformations to your
data before rendering it in the user interface. Pipes are particularly useful
for displaying data in a more user-friendly or meaningful way without
altering the underlying data.

Here are some common use cases for Angular pipes:

Formatting Dates and Times: You can use the DatePipe to format
dates and times according to different locales and styles.

<p>{{ dateValue | date:'short' }}</p> <!-- Display as a short date format -->

Currency Formatting: The CurrencyPipe allows you to format numbers

as currency with symbols and decimal places based on the chosen locale.

<!-- Original value: 1234.5678 -->

<p>{{ price | currency:'USD':'symbol':'2.2-2' }}</p> <!-- Display as currency -->

Number Formatting: The DecimalPipe and PercentPipe help format

numbers with the desired precision and style.

<!-- Original value: 0.12345 -->

<p>{{ value | percent:'2.2-2' }}</p> <!-- Display as percentage -->

String Transformations: You can use the UpperCasePipe and

LowerCasePipe to change the case of strings.

<p>{{ textValue | uppercase }}</p> <!-- Display as uppercase -->

11.Async pipe, Parameterized pipe, Pure and impure pipes, Custom pipes,
Chain pipe?

In Angular, the async pipe is a built-in feature that simplifies working

with asynchronous data streams in templates. It is commonly used with
Observables and Promises to subscribe to them and display the emitted
or resolved values directly in the template. The async pipe manages the
subscription and updates the view automatically when new data arrives.
 Parameterized Pipe is a part of angular that accepts one or more
parameters. The pipe parameters are passed to the pipe function as an
argument so that they can be used to modify the input data. They are
useful when we need to transform data in a specific way based on a
certain condition or user input.

1. Pure pipe: A pure function is a function that produces the same output
for the same input and has no observable side effects. In the context of
pipes, this means that if you provide the same input data to a pure pipe, it
will produce the same output, regardless of when or how many times it is
called.

Impure Behavior: Impure pipes, on the other hand, are pipes that don't
strictly follow the pure function principles. They can have side effects and
may produce different results for the same input under certain conditions.

Custom pipes are a powerful feature in Angular that allows you to

encapsulate data transformation and formatting logic, promoting code
reusability and maintainability in your application.

In Angular, you can chain multiple pipes together to perform a series of

transformations or formatting operations on a piece of data within a
template. Chaining pipes allows you to apply a sequence of operations to
a value in a concise and readable way. To chain pipes, you simply use the
pipe operator ( |) multiple times in the template.

You can achieve this by chaining the date and uppercase pipes in your
template:

<p>{{ myDate | date:'shortDate' | uppercase }}</p>

12.What is http client?

In Angular, the HttpClient is a module and service that simplifies the

process of making HTTP requests to external servers or APIs. It is a
part of the @angular/common/http package and provides a higher-
level abstraction for working with HTTP in Angular applications.

Here's a basic example of how to use HttpClient to make an

HTTP GET request in an Angular service:
 In this example:

 The HttpClient is injected into the service's constructor.

 The getData method makes an HTTP GET request to the specified URL.
 The response is wrapped in an Observable, allowing you to subscribe to it
and process the data in a component.

13.What is RxJs?(Observable, observer, subscribe,)

In Angular, RxJS (Reactive Extensions for JavaScript) is a library for

reactive programming using observables. It's an essential part of
Angular's architecture and plays a crucial role in managing and handling
asynchronous data and events within Angular applications.

Key aspects of RxJS in Angular include:

1. Observables: Observables are a fundamental concept in RxJS. They
represent data streams over time and are used to manage asynchronous
operations and event handling. Observables can emit multiple values, including
data, errors, and completion signals.
2. Operators: RxJS provides a rich set of operators that allow you to
transform, filter, combine, and manipulate data emitted by observables.
Operators like map, filter, mergeMap, and switchMap are commonly used for
data manipulation and transformation.
3. Subscriptions: Observables are lazy by nature, meaning they do not
start emitting data until someone subscribes to them. Subscriptions are used to
consume the data emitted by observables. They can be managed and cleaned
up when no longer needed to prevent memory leaks.
4. Subjects: Subjects are a type of observable that can act as
both an observer and a source of data. They are often used for
creating custom event emitters and sharing data between different
parts of an application.
5. Error Handling: RxJS provides operators like catchError for
handling errors gracefully within observables. This is particularly
important when dealing with asynchronous operations like HTTP
requests.
6. Async Pipe: In Angular templates, the async pipe simplifies
working with observables. It automatically subscribes to an
observable and manages the subscription lifecycle. It's a
convenient way to display data from observables in the view.
7. Multicasting: RxJS allows you to multicast observables to share
them among multiple subscribers. This is useful when you want
to avoid multiple HTTP requests for the same data or when you
need to broadcast events to multiple components.

Here's a simple example of how RxJS is used in an Angular component to

make an HTTP GET request using the HttpClient module:
In this example:

 An HTTP GET request is made using the HttpClient's get method.

 The response is wrapped in an observable ( data$).
 The async pipe in the template automatically subscribes to data$ and
displays the result.

14.What is meant by multi casting?

Multicasting is the practice of broadcasting to a list of multiple

subscribers in a single execution. With a multicasting observable, you
don't register multiple listeners on the document, but instead re-use the
first listener and send values out to each subscriber.

15.View encapsulation(Css)?

In Angular, a component's styles can be encapsulated within the

component's host element so that they don't affect the rest of the
application.

The Component decorator provides the encapsulation option which can be

used to control how the encapsulation is applied on a per
component basis.
16.What are dynamic components?

Dynamic Components allow us to create and render components at

runtime. This is achieved by referring to a container using a
template variable and inject newly created components into it as a
result of some user interaction.

Dynamic components provide a powerful mechanism for building flexible

and customizable interfaces in Angular applications. They allow you to
create user interfaces that adapt to different scenarios, making your
application more dynamic and data-driven.

17.Router and routguards / authguards?

In Angular, the router is a powerful feature that allows you to navigate

between different views or components within your application, enabling
the development of single-page applications (SPAs). It provides a way to
define the routes for your application, map URLs to specific components,
and handle navigation events.

Here are some key concepts related to the router in Angular:

1. Routes: Routes are defined using the RouterModule in the application's

main module. Each route maps a URL pattern to a specific component. For
example, you can define a route to display a component when the URL is
"/products."
2. Router Outlet: The <router-outlet> directive is used in the template of a
component to specify where the routed component should be displayed
when the URL matches a particular route. It acts as a placeholder for the
routed content.
3. RouterLink: The routerLink directive is used in templates to create links
for navigating to specific routes. It generates the appropriate URLs based
on the route configuration.
4. Router Service: The Router service, provided by the @angular/router
package, is used to programmatically navigate to different routes in
response to user interactions or other events. It provides methods like
navigate for navigation.

Router guards, on the other hand, are mechanisms in Angular that allow you
to add checks or validations before navigating to a specific route. They are
used to control access to routes based on certain conditions. There are
several types of router guards in Angular:

1. CanActivate: The CanActivate guard determines whether a route can be

activated. It is typically used to check if a user is authenticated or has the
necessary permissions to access a route.
2. CanDeactivate: The CanDeactivate guard is used to confirm if a user can
leave a route, such as when they have unsaved changes in a form. It
checks if the component can be deactivated.
 3. CanLoad: The CanLoad guard is used to prevent the asynchronous
loading of feature modules and their associated routes until a certain
condition is met, such as authentication.
4. Resolve: The Resolve guard is used to pre-fetch data before a route is
activated. It ensures that the route is only activated once the required
data is available.

To use router guards, you typically define them in your route configuration
alongside the routes they protect. For example:

In this example, AuthGuard , CanDeactivateGuard , and ProductResolver are all

router guards used to protect specific routes in the application.

Router guards and the router itself provide a comprehensive way to control
navigation and access to different parts of your Angular application, ensuring a
secure and controlled user experience.

18.Diff. types of compilation in angular?(AOT, JIT-ang8)

In Angular, there are mainly two types of compilation that occur during
the lifecycle of an Angular application: template compilation and ahead-of-
time (AOT) compilation. These compilation processes are crucial for
transforming Angular code into executable JavaScript that can run in the
browser.
1. Template Compilation:
 Template compilation is the process of converting Angular
templates (HTML templates with Angular-specific markup) into
executable JavaScript code.
 It occurs at runtime, in the browser, and is known as Just-In-Time
(JIT) compilation.
 During JIT compilation, the Angular compiler reads the template
files, processes Angular-specific directives and bindings, and
generates JavaScript code that the browser can execute.
 JIT compilation can impact application startup performance because
it happens in the browser as part of the initial application load.
 Angular applications in development mode typically use JIT
compilation because it provides faster development and debugging
cycles. You can see template errors and changes immediately,
which is helpful during development.

2. Ahead-of-Time (AOT) Compilation:

 AOT compilation is the process of compiling Angular templates and
components ahead of time, before they are shipped to the browser.
 It occurs during the build process, typically using the Angular CLI or
a similar build tool.
 AOT compilation offers several advantages:

 Faster Startup: AOT-compiled code is smaller and more

efficient, resulting in faster application startup times.
 Template Errors Detected at Build Time: AOT
compilation detects template errors during the build process,
reducing the likelihood of runtime errors.
 Better Tree Shaking: AOT-compiled code is more tree-
shakable, meaning that unused parts of the Angular
framework can be eliminated during the build, resulting in
smaller bundle sizes.
 Improved Security: AOT-compiled code can help prevent
certain types of injection attacks by eliminating some of the
template parsing that occurs during JIT compilation.

 Angular applications in production mode often use AOT compilation

to optimize performance and security.
 You can enable AOT compilation when building your Angular
application using commands like ng build --aot .

While these are the primary types of compilation in Angular, it's

important to note that both JIT and AOT compilation are based on the
same Angular template syntax and directives. The main difference lies
in when and where the compilation process occurs, with JIT happening
at runtime in the browser and AOT happening ahead of time during the
build process.

19.Forkjoin(), map(), foreach(), subscribe(),

 In simple words, the forkJoin method in Angular is like a manager who
waits for multiple people to finish their tasks and then combines their results
into one. It's used to work with multiple Observables simultaneously and wait
for all of them to complete before doing something with the combined results.

Imagine you have several friends each working on different tasks, and you
want to collect the results when they're all done. You ask each friend to
complete their task, and when all of them are finished, you gather the results
and proceed with your work. forkJoin does something similar with
Observables.

Here's a basic idea of how it works:

1. You have multiple Observables, each representing some asynchronous

task or data retrieval.
2. You use forkJoin to combine these Observables into one.
3. forkJoin waits until all the combined Observables have completed (all
friends finish their tasks).
4. Once all Observables are completed, forkJoin emits an array containing
the results from each Observable in the same order as you combined
them.

For example, if you're making HTTP requests to fetch data from different APIs,
you can use forkJoin to wait for all requests to complete and then process the
data together.

Map():
In simple words, the map method in Angular is like a translator that takes a
collection of items and converts each item into something else. It's used to
transform data from one format to another in a systematic way.

Here's a basic idea of how it works:

1. You have an array of items (like numbers, strings, objects, etc.).

2. You use the map method to apply a function to each item in the array.
3. The function you provide to map defines how each item should be
transformed.
4. The map method creates a new array with the transformed items, leaving
the original array unchanged.

For example, if you have an array of numbers and you want to double each
number, you can use the map method like this:

In this case:

 numbersis the original array.

 map applies the function (number => number * 2) to each number in the array.
 The result, doubledNumbers, is a new array with each number doubled.

The map method is a fundamental tool for transforming data in Angular

applications. It's commonly used with Observables and arrays to process and
manipulate data in a predictable and consistent way.

In simple words, the forEach method in Angular (and JavaScript in general) is like
a tour guide that takes you to each item in a collection and shows it to you one
by one. It's used to go through each element in an array or list and perform a
specific action or operation on each item.

Here's a basic idea of how it works:

1. You have an array or list of items (like numbers, strings, objects, etc.).
2. You use the forEach method to loop through each item in the collection.
 3. For each item, you specify a function (a tour guide) that defines what
action or operation should be performed on that item.
4. The forEach method takes you through the entire collection, visiting each
item one at a time and executing the specified function.

For example, if you have an array of names and you want to greet each
person individually, you can use the forEach method like this:

In this case:

 names is the array of names.

 forEach takes you through each name in the array.
 The function (name => console.log(Hello, ${name}! )) is executed for
each name, printing a personalized greeting for each person.

Subscribe():

In simple words, the subscribe method in Angular is like signing up for a

newsletter or magazine. It's a way to receive and listen to updates or
notifications from an Observable, which represents a source of data that can
change over time.

Here's a basic idea of how it works:

1. You have an Observable, which is like a stream of data. This data can be
real-time updates from a server, user input, or any other asynchronous
event.
2. You use the subscribe method to "subscribe" to this Observable,
indicating that you want to receive and react to the data it emits.
3. Whenever the Observable emits new data or notifications, the code inside
the subscribe block gets executed. It's like receiving and reading the
updates from your subscribed newsletter.

For example, if you have an Observable that represents user clicks on a button,
you can use subscribe to react to those clicks:
In this case:

 clickObservable is an Observable that represents button click events.

 subscribe is used to listen to these events.
 When the button is clicked, the code inside the subscribe block (in this
case, logging 'Button clicked!') gets executed.

20.What is meant by SPA?

simple words, a Single Page Application (SPA) in Angular is a type of

website or web application that works like an app. Instead of loading new
web pages from the server every time you click a link or perform an
action, an SPA loads a single web page initially and then dynamically
updates and changes the content on that page as you interact with it.

21.What’s the Use of services?

In simple words, a service in Angular is like a helper or a manager that

provides important functions and data to different parts of your web
application. It's a way to keep your code organized and shareable.

Similarly, in Angular, you might have services for tasks like fetching data from a
server, handling user authentication, or managing shared data. Components in your
application can use these services to get the job done without having to worry about
how things work behind the scenes. Services help keep your code clean, organized,
and easy to maintain.

22.Data transfer b/w the components?

In Angular, there are several ways to transfer data between components,

depending on the relationship between the components and the direction
 of data flow. Here are some common methods for data transfer between
components:

1. Input Properties (Parent to Child):

 You can pass data from a parent component to a child component
by binding data to the child component's input properties.
 Parent Component (HTML):

Parent Component (HTML):

<app-child [inputData]="parentData"></app-child>
Child Component (TS):
@Input() inputData: any;

2. Output Properties (Child to Parent):

Child components can send data to their parent components using output
properties and event emitters.
 Child Component (TS):

@Output() childEvent = new EventEmitter<string>();

sendDataToParent() {
this.childEvent.emit('Data from child');
}
Parent Component (HTML):
<app-child (childEvent)="onChildData($event)"></app-child>
Parent Component (TS):
onChildData(data: string) {
// Handle data received from the child component
}

3. ViewChild and ContentChild (Parent to Child):

 You can access child components using @ViewChild or @ContentChild

decorators to directly interact with their properties and methods.
 Parent Component (TS):

@ViewChild(ChildComponent) childComponent: ChildComponent;

You can then access childComponent and its properties/methods.

4. Service (Unrelated Components):

  Services act as a central repository for data that can be shared between
unrelated components.
 Components can inject the same service and use its methods or properties
to share data.
 Service (TS):

private sharedData: any;

setData(data: any) {

this.sharedData = data;

getData() {

return this.sharedData;

Components:

constructor(private dataService: DataService) {}

sendDataToService(data: any) {
this.dataService.setData(data);
}

5.Router Parameters (Component to Component):

You can pass data between components using route parameters when
navigating between routes.
 Component 1 (TS):

navigateToComponent2(data: any) {
this.router.navigate(['/component2', data]);
}
Component 2 (TS):
ngOnInit() {
this.route.params.subscribe(params => {
this.dataFromComponent1 = params['data'];
});
}

6.RxJS Subjects and Observables (Any Direction):

 You can use RxJS to create subjects or observables that facilitate

data sharing between components in any direction (parent to child,
child to parent, or between unrelated components).
  A common approach is to use a service with a subject or observable
to emit and subscribe to data changes.

Choose the data transfer method that best suits your application's
structure and requirements. Each method has its use cases, and the
choice depends on factors like component hierarchy, data flow
direction, and whether the components are related or unrelated.

23.Angular architecture diagram?

Explanation of components in the diagram:

 Angular App: This represents the root of your Angular application. It

initializes the Angular framework and manages the overall application
structure.
 Components: These are the building blocks of your application's user
interface. Each component represents a part of the UI and encapsulates its
behavior and template. Components can communicate with each other
and with services.
 Services: Services are responsible for encapsulating and providing
application logic, data manipulation, and interactions with external
resources (e.g., HTTP requests). Components can use services to access
shared functionality and data.
 Modules: Angular applications are organized into modules. The main
module, often called the "App Module," bootstraps the application. Feature
modules can be created to organize code and functionality into logical
units.
 Routing: Angular's routing module allows you to define routes and
navigation within your application. It maps URLs to specific components
and provides navigation capabilities.
 HTTP Client: Angular's HttpClient module facilitates making HTTP
requests to interact with remote servers and APIs.

This diagram illustrates a basic structure for an Angular application. In a

real-world application, you may have more components, services,
modules, and a more complex routing configuration. The key idea is to
organize your application into reusable components and services,
encapsulate functionality, and ensure clear communication between
different parts of the application.

24.Diff. b/w Angular versions ?

Angular is a popular front-end framework, and it has gone through

several major versions, each introducing new features, improvements,
and changes. Here's a brief overview of the key differences between
some of the major Angular versions:

1. AngularJS (1.x) vs. Angular (2+):

 AngularJS (1.x) was the original version of Angular and is often
referred to as "AngularJS."
  Angular (2+) is a complete rewrite of AngularJS and introduced a
component-based architecture and many breaking changes.
 Major differences include a new component-based architecture,
improved performance, a more powerful template syntax, and
better support for mobile development.
2. Angular 2 vs. Angular 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10:
 Angular 2 introduced the core concepts of the Angular framework,
such as components, modules, and dependency injection.
 Subsequent versions (4 and onwards) introduced various
enhancements, bug fixes, and performance improvements.
 These versions maintained backward compatibility, meaning that
code written for Angular 2 should work with the later versions with
minor adjustments.
3. Angular 2, 4, 5, vs. Angular 6+ (Angular CLI):
 Starting with Angular 6, the Angular team introduced the Angular
CLI (Command Line Interface), which simplified project setup,
development, and deployment.
 The CLI became a standard tool for generating, building, and testing
Angular applications.
 Angular 6 and later versions are often referred to as "Angular 6+",
as they share many common features and improvements.
4. AngularJS (1.x) vs. Angular (2+):
 Angular introduced a modern component-based architecture, while
AngularJS relied on controllers and directives.
 Angular uses TypeScript as the primary language, providing strong
typing and advanced features.
 Angular has a more modular and tree-shakable design, improving
performance by eliminating unused code during production builds.
5. Ivy Rendering Engine (Angular 9+):
 Angular 9 introduced the Ivy rendering engine, which improved
bundle size, tree shaking, and runtime performance.
 Ivy also introduced better support for lazy loading of components
and improved debugging capabilities.
6. Angular 10, 11, 12, and Beyond:
 These versions introduced various features and improvements, such
as stricter type checking, improved testing capabilities, and updates
to the Angular CLI.
 The Angular team focuses on maintaining stability and improving
developer experience.
7. Angular Versioning Policy:
 The Angular team follows a semantic versioning (semver) policy,
which means that major versions (e.g., 2, 4, 6) may introduce
breaking changes, while minor and patch versions (e.g., 2.1, 2.2,
2.3) primarily include enhancements and bug fixes.

When choosing an Angular version for a new project or considering an

upgrade for an existing one, it's essential to review the official Angular
documentation and release notes to understand the specific features,
changes, and improvements introduced in each version and how they
may impact your application.

25.Diff b/w reactive forms and template driven forms?

 Reactive Forms in Angular are a way to manage and work with forms in a
more reactive and programmatic manner. They are driven by a form model
that's created in the component class using TypeScript. Reactive Forms
provide greater flexibility and control over form handling and validation
compared to Template-Driven Forms. Here's how to create and use Reactive
Forms in Angular:

1.Import Required Modules:

In your component file (e.g., app.component.ts ), import the necessary
Angular modules:

2.Create a Form Model: In your component class, define a form model using
the FormBuilder service. The form model consists of form controls (input fields)
and their initial values and validators:

3.Bind Form Controls in the Template: In your component's template (e.g.,

app.component.html ), bind the form controls to input elements using the
formControlName directive:
4.Handle Form Submission: Implement a method to handle form submission
in your component. You can access the form values using the value property of
the form group:

5.Display Validation Errors: To display validation errors in your template, you

can use Angular's *ngIf directive to conditionally show error messages based on
the form control's validity:
Reactive Forms give you fine-grained control over form behavior and validation,
making them suitable for complex forms with dynamic requirements. They also
integrate well with asynchronous operations and offer better support for unit
testing.
Template-Driven Forms in Angular are a way to create and manage forms in a
more declarative manner, primarily using template-based directives in the HTML
template. Unlike Reactive Forms, where the form model and validation rules are
defined in the component class, Template-Driven Forms rely heavily on
directives like ngModel to bind form controls to component properties. Here's
how to create and use Template-Driven Forms in Angular:

1. Import Required Modules: In your component file (e.g.,

app.component.ts ), ensure that you've imported the FormsModule from
@angular/forms:

Also, include FormsModule in the @NgModule imports array:

Create the HTML Form: In your component's template (e.g.,
app.component.html ), create the form using standard HTML form elements and
Angular directives like ngModel to bind form controls to component properties:

<form (ngSubmit)="onSubmit()">
<div class="form-group">
<label for="firstName">First Name</label>
<input type="text" class="form-control" id="firstName" name="firstName"
[(ngModel)]="model.firstName" required>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<label for="lastName">Last Name</label>
<input type="text" class="form-control" id="lastName" name="lastName"
[(ngModel)]="model.lastName" required>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<label for="email">Email</label>
<input type="email" class="form-control" id="email" name="email"
[(ngModel)]="model.email" required email>
</div>
<!-- Add more form controls here -->
<button type="submit" class="btn btn-primary">Submit</button>
</form>

3.Define the Component: In your component class (e.g., app.component.ts ),

define the model object that will hold the form data:
4.Display Validation Errors: To display validation errors, you can use
Angular's built-in ngModel properties like ngModel.valid , ngModel.touched, and
ngModel.errors to conditionally display error messages in your template.

<div *ngIf="model.firstName.touched && !model.firstName.valid" class="text-

danger">
First Name is required.
</div>
<div *ngIf="model.lastName.touched && !model.lastName.valid" class="text-
danger">
Last Name is required.
</div>
<div *ngIf="model.email.touched && !model.email.valid" class="text-danger">
Email is required and must be a valid email address.
</div>
<!-- Add error messages for other form controls as needed -->

Template-Driven Forms are useful for simpler forms with straightforward

validation requirements. They are quick to set up and require less code
compared to Reactive Forms. However, they may not be as suitable for complex
forms or forms with dynamic behavior. The choice between Template-Driven
Forms and Reactive Forms depends on your specific project requirements.

Angular 11

The key features of Angular 11 are improved router efficiency, automated font
inlining, and stricter types. Aside from that, Angular 11 includes the default Automatic
font inlining feature, which will be enabled for applications that have already been
upgraded.

Popular bug fixes include:

1. RouterLink: if defined in a component with an empty path,

the relative link is wrong.
2. StatusChanges for FormGroup and FormControl are not
emitted when they are created.
3. i18n: The use of translation strings outside of templates.

Features released in Angular 11 are:

 Automatic font inlining: Angular CLI will download and inline

fonts that are utilized and linked in the application during
compile time. As a result, the program will run quicker.
 Improved construction and service
 Logging and Reporting
 Updated Ivy-based language service preview Updated Hot
Module Replacement (HMR) Support.
 Use ng serve —hmr for faster builds.
 Webpack 5 support is experimental.

Deprecation
  TSLint has been deprecated by the project’s designers, who
encourage switching to ESLint. As a result, TSLint and
Codelyzer have been deprecated in version 11.
 Support for Internet Explorer 9/IE10 and Internet Explorer
Mobile has been discontinued.

Angular 12

The goal of Angular 12 is to use “Ivy Everywhere.” This version compared to the
angular versions history unlocks a lot of potential for the platform with the move to
Ivy, its overall compilation, and rendering pipeline. Important features released in
Angular 12 include pleasant workarounds for providing info to HTTP interceptors,
inline support @Component decorator’s styles property contains Sass, tailwind CSS
support to utilize Tailwind CSS, simply install the tailwinds package and add
tailwind.config.js. By default, strict mode is turned on and the Ivy-based Language
Service is transitioning from opt-into a default setting. Also, webpack 5 production-
ready support is now available, and Internet Explorer 11 support has been phased
out.
Along with the above-stated features, Angular 12 brings massive improvements in
performance, compilers, language service, form validation, styling, nullish
coalescing, legacy i18n message IDs, and many more. The deprecation of the view
engine and the addition of the Ivy ecosystem is one of the major enhancements
considered in the Angular version 12. In addition to the previously mentioned
features, Angular 12 offers many bug fixes for the browser, kernel, language
function, and router. The Angular 12.1 version now includes APIs for selecting
proper test teardown behavior, as well as compiler improvements for unterminated
interpolation and view restoration.

Angular 13

Angular 13 is the most recent version of the TypeScript-based Angular web

application development frameworks. It comes out with some exciting new
features for Angular developers. The traditional View Engine, on the other hand, is
no longer supported by Angular 13. Also, Angular will no longer assist Internet
Explorer 11. Angular version 13 codebases that rely on View Engine have higher
maintenance costs and are more complex. Now, with Angular 13, creating dynamic
components is easy.
Previously we had to write so much code for creating a dynamic component and now
it is a hassle-free experience. The new API eliminates the requirement to introduce a
ComponentFactoryResolver into the function Object() {[native code]}. Ivy gives you
the option of using ViewContainerRef.createComponent to instantiate the component
without having to create a factory.
Angular now supports the use of persistent build-cache by default for new v13
projects, resulting in a 68% boost in build speed. For new apps, RxJS 7.4 is now the
default. Dropping IE 11 is a positive factor because it results in smaller bundle size
and faster app loading time. In addition to that, Angular can now use modern
browser features like CSS variables and web animations via native web APIs.
TypeScript 4.4 support is now available in the Angular 13 version. As a result,
versions before TypeScript 4.4.2 are no longer supported in the core.
Angular 14

Google’s latest typescript-based online application, Angular 14, comes with a

number of built-in capabilities to facilitate the creation of high-quality apps.

Top Angular 14 Features:

Angular 14 is unique among its predecessors and other web development

frameworks for its set of impressive features such as:

 Streamlined Page Title

 A Lesser Need For Complex Code
 Extended Developer Diagnostics
 No Requirement For Ng Modules
 Standalone Components
 Typed Angular Forms
 Angular CLI Enhancements
 Catch Nullish Coalescing
 More Expedient And Quick Angular App Development
 Banana-in-a-box Error

Top Angular 14 Use Cases

As a popular JavaScript framework developed by Google, Angular 14 offers a

comprehensive set of tools, features, and components that let developers build
dynamic and responsive apps. Here are some of the main use cases and features of
Angular 14:
1. Business Web Applications
2. Flexible Mobile Applications
3. One-page Applications
4. Progressive Web Applications
5. An Animated UI
6. Industry-specific Apps Include: Travel Applications, Social Media
Applications, Applications For Healthcare, Applications For Weather, Job Boards,
Apps For Streaming Video & eCommerce Software.
Angular 14 comes packed with a plethora of advanced features that significantly
enhance its usability, consistency, and productivity. With its effectiveness, user-
friendly nature, and flexibility, Angular empowers developers to create highly
successful and impressive applications.
One noteworthy improvement in Angular 14 is the introduction of stand-alone
components, eliminating the necessity for the ng module. This enhancement
streamlines and accelerates the app development process, making it even simpler
and more efficient.

Angular 15

With the release of Angular 14, the Angular Team officially announced the removal
of Angular’s outdated compiler and rendering pipeline, resulting in a significant
improvement in the development experience. Angular 15 continues this trend,
offering similar benefits. One notable addition in Angular 15 is the introduction of
stable standalone APIs, allowing developers to build applications without relying on
Ng Modules.
This update not only enhances the overall experience and performance but also
reduces the need for boilerplate code. Additionally, Angular 15 introduces an API for
directive composition, further empowering developers with increased flexibility and
capabilities. These changes and additions in Angular 15 have pleasantly surprised
the developer community, making it an exciting release.
Having said that, let’s delve deeper into the top features and updates of Angular 15
that have garnered significant attention among developers.

Top Features Of Angular 15

● Stable Standalone APIs

● Introduction Of A New API System
● Debugging Made Easy With Improved Stack Traces
● Improved Experimental ESbuild Support
● Single File Components
● More Stable Image Directives
● Stabilized MDC-Based Components

Angular 16

Google’s Angular team has recently unveiled the highly anticipated Angular 16,
marking a significant milestone since its inception. With its release on May 3, 2023,
Angular 16 is hailed as the largest and most notable update to date, surpassing the
already impressive Angular 15.
In the section above, I have highlighted the remarkable changes introduced in
Angular 15, but the latest version raises the bar even higher. The Angular team has
risen to the challenge and have delivered a powerhouse release in 2023, packed
with impressive features and updates that cater to the needs of developers, business
owners, and technology enthusiasts alike.

Angular 16 Features

Angular v16 has joined the ranks of the revolutionary Angular framework, bringing
along a host of enhancements and updates that elevate its capabilities and efficiency
for developers and technology enthusiasts. This latest version of Angular is a
testament to the community’s feedback and demands, as it addresses numerous
quality-of-life improvements and incorporates over 2500 highly requested features
on GitHub. Let’s delve into the details of what Angular v16 has in store for us.
1. Angular Signals (Developer Preview) that enhances the control of the state
changes in applications.
2. Enhanced Hydration Developer Preview
3. Faster Builds With The esbuild Developer Preview
4. Improved Documentation And Schematics for Standalone Components
5. Options To Improve JavaScript Bundles Created By Angular CLI
6. Bind Router Information To Component Inputs
Other Features and Improvements Include:

 Support For Tailwind CSS

 Support For CSS Isolation
 Supports Native Trusted Types
 Dynamic Import Of Router Data Feature
 New Date Range Picker Component

Angular 17

Angular 17, unveiled on November 8, 2023, introduces a host of exhilarating updates

and features designed to elevate the developer experience. Among these
enhancements, a standout addition is the incorporation of built-in syntax for control
flow. This empowers developers with a more expressive and efficient template
syntax, further enriching the capabilities of Angular.

Angular 17 Features

Angular 17 boasts a plethora of compelling new features, upgrades, and

enhancements, enriching the framework with a myriad of exciting possibilities. The
new features include:

 Angular’s New Innovative Site

 Default Standalone Components
 SSR and SSG support
 Build-in Control flow
o @If
o @If, @else If, @else
o @for
 Automatic Migration to built-in control flow
 Deferrable Views
 Build Performance with ES-build