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Legacy Media - Broadcast

BROADCAST COMM

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20 views6 pages

Legacy Media - Broadcast

BROADCAST COMM

Uploaded by

athenaadacisantos
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to Broadcast Media

● Radio Broadcasting

○ Started experimentally in 1906 and commercially in 1920.


○ Mechanism: Transmits audio as radio waves from a transmitter to an antenna and
receiving device.
○ Stations can be linked for syndication or simulcast programming.
● Television Broadcasting (Telecast)

○ Started experimentally in 1925 and commercially in the 1930s.


○ Revolutionized modern communication through video transmission.
● Cable Media

○ Cable Radio (1928) and Cable Television (1932):


■ Transmits messages via coaxial cable, primarily as mediums for radio or
television programming.
■ Limited production of cable-dedicated programming.
● Satellite Media

○ Satellite Television (1974) and Satellite Radio (1990):


■ Direct-to-home programming with a mix of traditional and satellite-dedicated
programming.
● Webcasting

○ Video/Television (1993) and Audio/Radio (1994):


■ Combines traditional station broadcasting with internet-dedicated webcasts.
● Digital Broadcasting

○ Replacing traditional radio waves with digital data streams for higher quality.
○ Radio: Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB or DRB).
○ Television: Digital Television (DTV) with SDTV and HDTV levels.

Origin and Growth of Radio

● Inspired by Samuel Morse's telegraph invention (1842).


● Guglielmo Marconi (1895): Invented radio transmitters for military use and commercial
production.
● Reginald Fessenden: Introduced sound transmission over radio.
● Lee De Forest: Developed the Audion vacuum tube for clearer radio transmission and
envisioned "Broadcasting."
● 1920s: First radio stations established in Pittsburgh, New York, and Chicago.
● Expanded globally, including colonial countries like India and Africa.
Radio Broadcasting Characteristics

● Ubiquity: Reaches all areas (e.g., 6.6 radios per U.S. household, AIR in India covers 98.25%
population).
● Cost-Effectiveness: Affordable production and transmission.
● Public Accessibility: Accessible to everyone, including illiterates.
● Mobility: Usable while moving or multitasking (e.g., driving, jogging).
● Background Medium: Can be integrated with appliances for multitasking.
● Audio Medium: Suitable for visually challenged individuals.
● Low Energy Usage: Operates efficiently in areas without electricity.
● Speed: Quick preparation and live broadcasting possible.

Types of Radio Stations

● Commercial Stations: Funded through advertisements (e.g., majority in the U.S.).


● Non-Commercial Stations: Government-funded or supported by private donations.
● AM vs. FM Stations: Differ in signal modulation (AM: Amplitude; FM: Frequency).

Structure of a Radio Station

1. Management Department: Oversees administration and public relations.


2. Programming Department: Handles content creation (news and non-news).
○ Program Director: Supervises planning, production, and execution.
○ Staff: DJs, reporters, production, and music directors.
3. Engineering Department: Manages technical operations.
4. Sales Department: Ensures financial flow through advertising and sales.

Radio Programs

● News Programs:

○ News Bulletins: Frequent updates (hourly/half-hourly).


○ Newsreels: Eyewitness accounts, speeches, and interviews.
○ Documentaries: Informative stories (15-60 minutes).
● Non-News Programs:

○ Magazine Programs: Mix of interviews, reports, and features (15-30 minutes).


○ Talk Programs: Friendly, well-structured discussions.
○ Interviews: Personality-focused or fact-seeking.
○ Discussions: Platform for idea exchange (serious or lighthearted).
○ Entertainment: Music, drama, quizzes, and variety shows.
○ Music: Dominates the broadcast day, reflecting cultural preferences.
Classification of Music

● Primitive Music
○ No written score.
○ No known composers.
○ Ancient origin.
● Folk Music
○ No written score (sometimes known composers).
○ Generally of more recent origin.
● Popular Music
○ Sometimes has a written score.
○ Frequently known composers.
○ Marked melodies.
● Art Music
○ Written score.
○ Composers invariably known.
○ Classical structure.

Radio Drama

Three methods of presenting radio plays:

1. Self-Contained Plays
○ Length: 30, 45, or 60 minutes.
2. Serial Dramas
○ Length: 15 or 30 minutes.
○ Action progresses from one episode to the next.
3. Series Drama
○ Length: Usually 30 minutes.
○ Each broadcast completes one episode.
○ Principal characters appear in new situations in every episode.

Radio Advertising

● Obtaining Advertisements
○ Directly from an advertiser.
○ Indirectly through an agency.
● Agency Responsibilities
○ Prepare advertisements ("copy" or "commercials").
○ Ensure proper broadcasting as contracted.
● Station Responsibilities (if direct)
○ Write the copy.
Writing Radio Scripts

● Differences from Print Media


○ Broadcasting is dynamic and happens in real-time.
○ Listeners cannot re-read or refer back; scripts must be clear and engaging.
○ Writing should mimic natural, everyday speech.

Rules for Radio Writing:

1. Use familiar, everyday words.


2. Keep sentences short but maintain variety.
3. Avoid dependent clauses and clumsy inversions.
4. Use descriptive words sparingly for clarity.
5. Maintain speech rhythm for listener engagement.
6. Ensure immediacy ("nowness") to create a sense of happening.

UNESCO Suggestions for Quality Scripts:

● Explain unfamiliar words briefly.


● Avoid overly short, jerky sentences.
● Use descriptive words to create mental images.
● Write with fluency and rhythm akin to poetry.
● Ensure the script feels immediate and personal.

Producing Radio Programmes

Qualities of a Radio Producer (UNESCO Guidelines):

● Strong language skills for editing and advising speakers.


● Skills in instruction and direction.
● General knowledge and community interest.
● Creativity, responsibility, and a flair for showmanship.
● Knowledge of technical facilities and sound concepts.
● Talent and aptitude for broadcasting emphasized over certificates.

Origin and Growth of Television

● Key Milestones:
○ 1926: John Logie Baird demonstrated mechanical TV with images of human faces.
○ 1927: Bell Telephone Labs and AT&T conducted a public demonstration in the USA.
○ 1935–1938: Nazi Germany operated the first regular TV service.
○ 1946: Commercial TV began in the USA.
○ 1948: Cable TV introduced in Pennsylvania.
○ 1970s: Satellite transmission enabled more channels and subscription TV.
○ 2010: Over 500 TV satellite channels broadcast in India.
● Latest Development:
○ IPTV transmits programs via internet protocols, viewable on computer screens.

Characteristics of Television as a Mass Medium

1. Audio-Visual Medium: Combines sound and moving pictures.


2. Live Medium: Allows viewing live events from anywhere.
3. Domestic Medium: Primarily watched at home.
4. Popular Medium: Accessible even to illiterate audiences.
5. Transitory Medium: Programs must be watched when aired.
6. Expensive Medium: Costly equipment and production.
7. Airwave Delivery: Messages transmitted via airwaves.
8. Good for Documentary Information: Combines visuals and sound for detailed presentations.

Types of Television Transmission Systems

1. TV Broadcasting: Over-the-air transmission via towers.


2. Cable TV: TV signals sent to subscribers through wires or optical fibers.
3. Satellite Transmission: Direct-to-home (DTH) via satellite signals and dish antennas.
4. Home Video: Pre-recorded content (e.g., DVDs, USB drives, Blue Ray Discs).

Structure of a Television Station

● General Manager (GM):


Oversees all departments.

● Departments:

1. News Section: Includes roles like News Director, Reporter, Anchor, and Photographers.
2. Sales Section: Generates revenue by selling commercial spots.
3. Programming Section: Produces content created by the news department.
4. Engineering Section: Handles technical aspects.
5. Business Section: Creates and edits commercials.

Careers in Television Journalism

● News Director, Assistant News Director, Managing Editor, Executive Producer.


● Assignment Editor, News Producer, News Anchor, Meteorologist, Sports Anchor.
● News Reporter, News Writer, Photographer, Video Editor, Graphics Specialist.

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