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Operating System Structures

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6 views

Operating System Structures

Os Chapter-1 topic

Uploaded by

nagamalleswararao2025
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Operating System Structures

 Operating System is a System software.


 It provides an interface between user and computer hardware.
 An operating system has a complex structure, so we need a well-
defined structure to applying it to meet user requirements.
 we break down a big problem into smaller, easier-to-solve sub
problems, designing an operating system in parts is a simpler
approach to do it.
 Different types of structures are implementing Operating Systems.
They are

1. Simple Structure
2. Monolithic Structure
3. Layered Approach Structure
4. Micro-kernel Structure
5. Modular Structure
1) Simple Structure: -
 It is a simplest Operating System Structure.
 It is not well defined.
 It can only be used for small and limited systems. This structure is
implemented in MS-DOS operating system.
 The MS-DOS operating System is made up of various layers, each
with its own set of functions. These layers are

 Application Program  MS-DOS device drivers


 System Program  ROM BIOS device drivers

Advantages

 It is easier to design, maintain, and update the system because of


the limited number of interfaces and layers.
 Less complexity can be constructed Simple Structure
 It provides good performance due to less no. of layers between
hardware and applications.
 Minimal overhead

Disadvantages

 If one user program fails, the entire operating system crashes.


 Limited functionality.
 Application programs are accessed hardware directly.so, there is a
possibility that application program may change the content of the
hardware.
 The abstraction (hide the unwanted data) level in MS-DOS
systems is low.
2) Monolithic Structure [UNIX]
 In this O.S, the kernel acts as a manager by performing all
functionalities like process management, memory management,
I/O management, device management, file management,
protection and security.
 The kernel is the heart of a computer operating system (OS).
 Kernel delivers basic services to all other elements of the System.
 Kernel will be divided into 2 parts one is device drivers and other
one is functionalities of the kernel.
 In this structure, kernels can directly access all the resources of
the operating System like hardware components like Keyboard,
Mouse, scanner, speaker, printer, monitor, mick, hard disk, etc.

Advantages:

 It is simple to design and implement. because all operations are


managed by kernel only.
 The Performance of Monolithic structure is fast because of it runs
in a single block.

Disadvantages

 It is hard to maintain as a small error can affect entire system.


 There are also some security risks in the Monolithic architecture.
 It is not flexible, if you cannot add an extra functionality o to the
kernel, because already kernel has to many components.
3) Layered Structure: -

 In this type of structure, OS is divided into several modules. Each


module is called as layers or levels.
 The bottom layer (layer 0) is hardware and the top layer (layer N)
represents user interface layer.
 These layers are arranged in a hierarchical way. i.e. each layer
can access the services from its bottom layer and provide the
services to its upper layer.
 The top most layer (user) cannot interact with the lower layer
(Hardware layer).

Advantages

 It easier to understand, develop, and maintain.


 It provides abstraction i.e. (hide the data) Each layer has its
functionalities, so work tasks are isolated, and abstraction is
present up to some level.
 Debugging (in the process, the program produces the output is
correct or not) is easier as lower layers are debugged, and then
upper layers are checked.

Disadvantages

 It is very difficult to design and implement all these layers.


 It decreases the performance.
 It takes careful planning to construct the layers since higher layers
only utilize the functions of lower layers.
4) Micro-kernel Structure: - [Mach]
 This operating system mainly design for keep the essential
components in the kernel and remove the non-essential
components of kernels.
 the non-essential components are implemented as systems and
user programs.
 These implemented systems are called as Micro-Kernels.
 It makes the system more secure and reliable.

Advantages:

 It allows the operating system to be portable between platforms.


 Enhanced system stability and security.
 These are smaller, they can be successfully tested.

Disadvantages:

 These are very Complex for managing user-space components.


 One user program can interact with another user program by
using IPC. It can be implemented by using message passing.
 It Increased IPC and reduces system performance.
 Burden of the kernel is increases.
5) Modular Structure [solarises]
 The operating system is divided into a set of independent
modules.
 Each module is responsible for a specific task, such as memory
management, process scheduling, or device drivers. Modules can
be loaded and unloaded dynamically, as needed.
 The kernel may contain only important components those are
called core components and remaining all other components are
added during runtime or boot time.

Advantages: -

 A modular structure is highly modular, meaning that each


module is independent of the others.
 This makes it easier to understand, develop, and maintain the
operating system.
 A modular structure is very flexible. New modules can be added
easily, and existing modules can be modified or removed without
affecting the rest of the operating system.

Disadvantages: -

 There can be some performance overhead.


 It is more complex than other types of operating system
structures.

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