1.

Introduction to Technical English

What is Technical English? Technical English refers to the specialized use of the English language
for communicating concepts, instructions, and information in technical and scientific fields. It
emphasizes clarity, precision, and the use of standardized terms.

Why is Technical English Important? Effective technical communication is crucial for:

Understanding technical documentation and manuals.

Writing clear project reports and system descriptions.
Collaborating with international teams and industry professionals.
Explaining complex concepts with clarity.

Objectives of this Course: This course aims to:

Familiarize students with essential technical terminology.

Improve their ability to read and write technical documents.
Enhance clarity in describing systems and processes.

2. Terminologies

2.1.Basic Terminologies

1. Sensor: A device used to detect changes in the environment and send information to other
electronic components.

2. Actuator: A mechanism responsible for moving or controlling a system.

3. Control System: A system designed to manage, command, direct, or regulate the behavior of
other devices or systems.

4. Feedback: Information sent back into the system to ensure it operates within desired parameters.

5. HMI (Human-Machine Interface): A user interface for operators to interact with a control system.

6. Setpoint: The desired target value for a system to maintain.

7. Loop (Open/Closed): A control loop where feedback is either absent (open) or present (closed).

8. Process Variable: A measurable property of a system, such as temperature or pressure.

9.Signal Conditioning: The process of modifying a signal from a sensor to make it suitable for
further processing or measurement.

10.DAQ (Data Acquisition): The process of collecting, measuring, and analyzing signals from
various sensors or instruments for monitoring and control purposes.
11.PID Controller (Proportional-Integral-Derivative Controller): A control loop feedback
mechanism used to control variables such as temperature, pressure, or speed by adjusting an output
based on three parameters: proportional, integral, and derivative terms.

12.I/O (Input/Output): Refers to the communication between a system and external devices, such as
sensors (input) and actuators (output).

13.Sensor Fusion: The process of combining data from multiple sensors to improve the accuracy
and reliability of measurements.

14.Communication Protocol: A set of rules and standards that define how devices exchange data in
a network, such as Modbus, CAN, or Ethernet.

15.Industrial Ethernet: A networking technology designed to provide high-speed communication in

industrial automation systems, enabling real-time data transfer and control.

16.Relay: An electrically operated switch used to control a circuit by opening or closing contacts in
response to an electrical signal.

17.Safety Instrumented System (SIS): A system designed to monitor and control critical processes
to ensure safety and prevent accidents in hazardous environments.

18.Variable Frequency Drive (VFD): A device used to control the speed and torque of an electric
motor by varying the frequency and voltage supplied to the motor.

2.2.Robotics and Automation Terminology

In the fields of robotics and automation, understanding the specific terminology is crucial for effective
communication, problem-solving, and operation.

1. Types of Robots:

Industrial Robots: These are robots designed for manufacturing tasks such as welding,
assembly, painting, and material handling. They are typically large, stationary machines used in
automated production lines.
Collaborative Robots (Cobots): Cobots are robots built to work alongside humans, often in
environments where tasks are repetitive or dangerous. Cobots are designed to be safe and
intuitive, with built-in sensors to detect human presence.
Mobile Robots: These robots have the ability to move autonomously within their environment.
Autonomous mobile robots (AMRs) are used in logistics, warehousing, and even healthcare.
Service Robots: Robots used in non-industrial settings, such as healthcare robots that assist in
surgery or robots used for cleaning, delivery, and security.

2.Degrees of Freedom (DOF): This term refers to the number of independent movements a robot can
make. For example, a robot arm with three joints may have three degrees of freedom, allowing it to
move in multiple directions. More DOF results in greater flexibility in positioning the end effector.
 3.Path Planning: The process of determining the optimal route for a robot to take in an environment.
Path planning algorithms ensure that the robot avoids obstacles while achieving the task efficiently. It
includes considerations such as speed, energy usage, and safety.

4.Robot Operating System (ROS): ROS is an open-source software framework that provides a set of
tools and libraries to build robotic applications. It supports hardware abstraction, device control,
message-passing between processes, and commonly used algorithms such as path planning,
localization, and control.

5.Automation and Control Systems

PLC (Programmable Logic Controller): A digital computer used in industrial automation to

control machinery, processes, and systems. It is widely used for controlling robots in
manufacturing environments.
SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition): A system for monitoring and controlling
industrial processes. SCADA systems are used to oversee robots, sensors, and actuators in
large-scale automation systems, ensuring they operate smoothly.
Control Systems: The architecture of hardware and software used to control robots and
automated systems. These systems ensure that robots perform tasks according to predefined
specifications, adjusting in real-time to changes in the environment.

3.Writing Technical Documents

Key Elements of a Technical Document: A well-structured technical document typically includes:

Title: Clear and concise, describing the content.

Abstract: A brief summary of the document's purpose and content.
Introduction: Explains the background and objectives.
Methodology: Describes the processes, tools, and technologies used.
Results and Discussion: Presents findings and their interpretations.
Conclusion: Summarizes key points and implications.

Best Practices for Writing Technical Documents:

Use short, clear sentences.

Avoid unnecessary jargon.
Ensure consistent terminology throughout the document.
Use diagrams and tables for clarity.
Proofread for grammatical accuracy and coherence.

Example:

Title: Automated Temperature Control System for Industrial Applications

Abstract:
This report discusses the design and implementation of an automated temperature control system for
industrial applications. The system uses sensors and a PLC to regulate temperature, ensuring
efficiency and safety in manufacturing processes. The document details the methodology, presents
results from system testing, and discusses the implications of using such systems in industrial
environments.

Introduction:
Temperature regulation is critical in many industrial processes, including material handling, chemical
processing, and food production. This report investigates the design and deployment of an automated
temperature control system that can adjust heating and cooling based on real-time sensor data. The
primary objective is to reduce human error and improve energy efficiency.

Methodology:
The system was designed using a programmable logic controller (PLC) to process data from
temperature sensors. The sensors send real-time readings to the PLC, which adjusts the heating or
cooling mechanisms accordingly. The PLC logic was programmed using ladder logic. The system was
tested in a controlled environment to simulate varying temperature conditions.

Results and Discussion:

During testing, the system was able to maintain the desired temperature range within ±0.5°C,
outperforming the manual control system, which had a larger fluctuation range. Energy consumption
was also reduced by 15%, highlighting the system's efficiency. However, a minor delay in sensor
readings was observed when transitioning between temperature extremes.

Conclusion:
The automated temperature control system successfully improved temperature stability and energy
efficiency in industrial settings. Further improvements could include reducing sensor delay and
enhancing the user interface for real-time monitoring. Overall, the system presents significant benefits
for temperature-sensitive industrial applications.

4.Grammar and Structure in Technical Writing

Key Grammar Rules for Technical Writing:

Use Present Tense: Describe technical concepts and functions in the present tense. Example:
The sensor detects temperature variations.
Passive Voice for Processes: When describing procedures, use passive voice. Example: The
circuit is powered by a 12V supply.
Avoid Contractions: Use formal language. Example: Do not instead of Don't.
Consistency in Terminology: Ensure the same terms are used throughout the document.

Common Sentence Structures in Technical Writing:

Definition Sentence: A relay is a switch that opens and closes circuits electromechanically.
Process Explanation: The sensor sends data to the controller, which activates the actuator.

4.1.Common Mistakes in Technical Writing

Technical writing in automation and electronics is precise and detailed, and even small errors can
lead to miscommunication or misunderstanding. Identifying and avoiding common mistakes can
significantly improve your writing quality.

Common Mistakes:

Overcomplicating Language: Sometimes, technical writers try to impress with jargon or

complex sentences. However, this can confuse the reader. Aim for simplicity and clarity.
Ambiguity: Technical documents must leave no room for ambiguity. Always be specific about
measurements, procedures, and instructions.
Lack of Structure: A disorganized document is difficult to follow. Ensure your writing follows a
logical sequence with appropriate headings, subheadings, and bullet points.
Failure to Define Terms: Always define technical terms and acronyms when you first use them,
especially if the audience might be unfamiliar with them.
Inconsistent Terminology: Consistently use the same terminology throughout your document.
Switching between synonyms or different terms for the same concept can confuse the reader.

Example:

If you're writing a manual for a robotic arm, don’t assume that the reader knows what "actuators" or
"end-effectors" are. Define these terms the first time you use them, and use the same terminology
consistently throughout.

5.Reading and Understanding Technical Manuals

Reading technical manuals, datasheets, and schematics is essential in the field of automation and
electronics. These documents often contain complex technical information that requires a specific
approach to understand and use effectively.

Key Tips:

Familiarize Yourself with Common Sections: Most technical manuals follow a specific
structure, such as an introduction, safety instructions, installation guidelines, operational details,
and troubleshooting tips. Knowing these sections will help you navigate the document efficiently.
Pay Attention to Diagrams and Figures: Manuals often use schematics, flow charts, or circuit
diagrams to clarify complex concepts. Learn to interpret these visual elements alongside the
written content.
Focus on Key Information: In datasheets, pay attention to the specifications, input/output
parameters, and electrical characteristics. These details are crucial for understanding how a
component functions in a system.
Glossary and Index: Many technical manuals include a glossary of terms and an index for quick
reference. Use these resources when encountering unfamiliar terms.

Example:

When reading a datasheet for a microcontroller, focus on the electrical characteristics, such as
voltage range, pin configuration, and memory capacity. The table outlining the pin functions will often
contain symbols or abbreviations you need to understand, such as "Vcc" for voltage supply or "GND"
for ground.

6. Communicating Technical Information

Effective communication of technical information is crucial, especially when explaining complex
systems to diverse audiences. In the automation and electronics fields, it’s important to convey
information clearly, whether you're writing, speaking, or creating visual aids.

Key Methods:

Tailor Your Language: Adapt your technical language depending on the audience. Engineers or
specialists might appreciate technical jargon, while non-technical people need simpler language
and explanations.
Use Diagrams and Visuals: Complex ideas in automation and electronics can often be better
understood through visuals. Diagrams, flowcharts, graphs, and tables should be used to
complement your written or spoken content.
Clarity Over Complexity: Avoid overloading your audience with unnecessary details. Focus on
the core concept, and provide detailed explanations only when necessary.

Example:

When explaining how an automated conveyor system works to a non-technical manager, simplify
your language and emphasize the flow of materials. A diagram showing the system's layout will be
much more effective than a paragraph of technical details.

7. Presentation Skills for Technical Topics

Presenting technical information is a key skill, especially when you need to explain complex concepts
in automation and electronics clearly. Effective presentations help ensure your audience understands
the subject and engages with the content.

Key Tips:

Structure Your Presentation: Start with a clear introduction outlining the key points you’ll cover.
Follow with the body of your presentation, focusing on one concept at a time, and end with a
concise conclusion summarizing the key takeaways.
Use Visual Aids: Visuals like slides, charts, and videos can help clarify technical points and
make abstract concepts more accessible. Ensure these visuals are simple, clear, and relevant to
the topic at hand.
Keep it Concise: Avoid overloading slides with text. Use bullet points and keep text brief.
Remember that slides should support your speech, not replace it.
Engage with the Audience: Ask questions, invite feedback, or use examples the audience can
relate to. Make sure to allow time for questions or discussions at the end of your presentation.

Example:

When presenting a technical overview of an industrial robot, show diagrams of the robot’s
components, explain each function step-by-step, and conclude by demonstrating how the system
improves production efficiency. Encourage questions to ensure the audience grasps the key
concepts.