Sample Problem 1

Composition (at% Ag)

0 20 40 60 80 100
1200 2200
A 2000
Liquidus
1000 1800
Solidus Liquid F
Temperature (°C)

Temperature (°F)
α B α+L 1600
779 °C (TE) E β+L
800 G
8.0 71.9 91.2 β 1400
(Cα E) (CE) (Cβ E)
1200
600
Solvus 1000
α+β 800
400
C
~ 65 wt% H 600
25 wt%
200 400
0 20 40 60 80 100
(Cu) Composition (wt% Ag) (Ag)
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 Solution: Problem 1
a) At 1000 °C: b) At 800 °C:

i. Phases present: 1 phase (L) i. Phases present: 2 phases (L & α)

ii. Composition of phases:

ii. Composition of phases:
L = 65 wt % Ag
CL = Co = 75 wt % Cu α = 7.9 wt % Ag

iii. Amount of each phase

iii. Amount of each phase:
WL = 100 wt %, 65 – 25
Wα = x 100% = 70.0%
65 − 7.9
Wα = 0
25 − 7.9
WL = x 100% = 30.0%
65 − 7.9
iv. Microstructure: All liquid
iv. Microstructure: proeutectic α + L

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 Solution: Problem 1 (cont.)
c) At 780 °C + ΔT: d) At 780 °C – ΔT:

i. Phases present: 2 phases (L & α) i. Phases present: 2 phases (α & β)

ii. Composition of phases:
ii. Composition of phases:
α = 7.9 wt % Ag;
L = 71.9 wt % Ag β = 91.2 wt % Ag
α = 7.9 wt % Ag
iii. Amount of each phase
iii. Amount of each phase: 91.2 – 25
71.9 – 25 Wα = x 100% = 79.5%
Wα = x 100% = 73.3% 91.2 − 7.9
71.9 − 7.9 25 − 7.9
Wβ = x 100% = 20.5%
25 − 7.9 91.2 − 7.9
WL = x 100% = 26.7%
71.9 − 7.9
iv. Microstructure:
iv. Microstructure:

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 Solution: Problem 1 (cont.)

Temp WL Wα Wβ
1000 100 0 0
800 30 70 0
780 + ΔT 26.7 73.3 0
780 - ΔT 0 79.5 20.5

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 Sample Problem 2
If 750g of 80 wt.% Ag – 20 wt.% Cu alloy is slowly cooled from 1000°C to just
below 780°C (i.e. cooled to 780°C – ΔT), determine: Phase(s) present.
i. How many grams of liquid &
proeutectic β are present at Composition (atomic % Ag)
800 °C? 0 20 40 60 80 100
1200
A 2000
Liquidus
ii. How many grams of liquid & 1000
proeutectic β are present at Liquid F

Temperature (°C)
Solidus

Temperature (°F)
780 °C + ΔT? 1600
α + L 779 °C (T ) E
800 α B E β+L G
-

8.0 71.9 91.2 I β

iii. How many grams of α are (Cα E) (CE) (Cβ E)
1200
present in the eutectic structure 600
Solvus
at 780 °C − ΔT?
α+β 800
400
iv. How many grams of β are C
H
present in the eutectic structure 200 400
at 780 °C − ΔT? 0 20 40 60 80 100
(Cu) Composition (wt% Ag) (Ag)
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 Solution: Problem 2
a) At 800 °C: b) At 780 °C + ΔT:

i. Phases present: 2 phases (L & β) i. Phases present: 2 phases (L & β)

ii. Composition of phases: ii. Composition of phases:
L = 71.9 wt % Ag
L = 79 wt % Ag;
β = 91.2 wt % Ag
β = 92 wt % Ag
iii. Amount of each phase
iii. Amount of each phase: 91.2 – 80
92 – 80 WL = x 100% = 58%
WL = x 100% = 92.3% 91.2 − 71.9
92 − 79
80 − 71.9
80 − 79 Wβ = x 100% = 42%
Wβ = x 100% = 7.7% 91.2 − 71.9
92 − 79
iv. Mass of each phase:
L = (750 g)(0.58) = 435 g
iv. Mass of each phase:
β = (750 g)(0.42) = 315 g (proeutectic )
L = (750 g)(0.923) = 692.3 g
β = (750 g)(0.077) = 57.7 g
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 Solution: Problem 2 (cont.)
c) At 780 °C – ΔT: d) At 780 °C – ΔT:

i. Phases present: 2 phases (α & β)

i. Phases present: 2 phases (α & β)
ii. Composition of α phases: ii. Composition of β phases:
α = 7.9 wt % Ag β = 91.2 wt % Ag

iii. Amount of α phase: iii. Amount of each phase

91.2 – 80 80 − 7.9
Wα = x 100% = 13.45% Wβ = x 100% = 86.55%
91.2 − 7.9 91.2 − 7.9

% total α = % eutectic α

iv. Mass of each phase: iv. Mass of eutectic β:

% eutectic β = % Total β - % proeutectic β
α = (750 g)(0.1345) = 100.8 g
= 86.55% - 42%
= 44.55%

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 Solution: Problem 2 (cont.)

Temp WL Wα Wβ Temp WL Wα Wβ
1000 100 0 0 1000 750 0 0
800 92.3 0 7.7 800 692.25 0 57.75
780 + ΔT 58 0 42 780 + ΔT 435 0 315
780 - ΔT 0 13.45 86.55 780 - ΔT 0 100.875 649.125

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 Sample Problem 3
An alloy of 75 wt.% Pb – 25 wt.% Sn alloy is slow-cooled from 300°C to 27°C.
Determine:
i. Whether this alloy is Composition (atomic % Sn)
hypoeutectic or hypereutectic. 0 20 80
40 60 100
ANSWER: Hypoeutectic.
327 °C
ii. The composition of the first solid 300 600
to form. Liquid
ANSWER: 12% Sn. 500
232 °C
α

Temperature (°F)
α+L

Temperature (°C)
iii. The amount & composition of 200 183 °C β+L 400
β
each phase present at 183°C + 18.3 61.9 97.8
ΔT. 300
α+β
iv. The amount & composition of 100 200
each phase present at 183°C –
ΔT.
100
v. The amount of each phase
0
present at room T. Assume solid 0 20 40 60 80 100
solubility of Sn in Pb is 1% at Pb Composition (wt% Sn) Sn
room T.
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 Solution: Problem 3
III. At 183 °C + ΔT: IV. At 183 °C– ΔT:

a) Phases present: 2 phases (α & L) a) Phases present: 2 phases (α & β)

b) Composition of each phases:
b) Composition of each phases:
α = 18.3 wt % Sn; L = 61.9 wt % Sn α = 18.3 wt % Sn; β = 97.8 wt % Sn

c) Amount of each phase: c) Amount of each phase

25 – 18.3 97.8 – 25
WL = x 100% = 15.4% Wα = x 100% = 91.6%
61.9 − 18.3 97.8 − 18.3
61.9 − 25
Wα = x 100% = 84.6% (amount of total α phase)
61.9 − 18.3
25 − 18.3
V. At room temperature Wβ = x 100% = 8.4%
97.8 − 18.3
100 – 25
WL = x 100% = 75.8% (amount of total β phase)
100 − 1
25 − 1
Wα = x 100% = 24.2%
100 − 1
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