BFC21002

Construction Engineering
Chapter 2 (b) : Deep Foundation
By
Ts. Dr. RUZAIMAH BINTI RAZMAN
Cluster Building and Construction,
Faculty of Civil Engineering and Built Environment
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM)
 TYPES OF
FOUNDATION

Shallow Deep
foundation foundation

Pad footing Strip footing Raft footing End bearing Friction

common deep strip width strip beam and

cellular basement solid slab
strip footing footing footing slab
Deep Foundation
Piles are long and slender members which transfer
the load to deeper soil or rock of high bearing
capacity avoiding shallow soil of low bearing capacity.
The main types of materials used for deep piles are
wood, steel and concrete.
Piles made from these materials are driven, drilled
or jacked into the ground and connected to pile
caps.
Main functions of a pile;
i. to transmit a foundation load to a solid ground
ii. to resist vertical, lateral and uplift load
Why Deep Foundation??
Conventional strip foundations is uneconomical to excavate.

The bearing ground located at some distance below the surface

level of the made-up ground. A solution is to use deep/pile
foundation to support reinforced concrete ground beams on which
walls are raise.

The pile/deep foundation takes the load of the building through

made-up ground or week soil to load-bearing strata. The ground
beams transfer the building loads to the piles.

Piles are a convenient method of foundation for works over water,

such as jetties or bridge piers.
 Types of Deep Foundation
• Typical end-bearing piles are • The combination of friction and
driven through very soft soil, adhesion with the soil causes
them to stay in place.
such as a loose silt-bearing
stratum underlying by • The load is transferred to the
adjoining soil by friction
compressible strata. between the pile and the
surrounding soil.
• This pile acts on the basic
concept of digging through the • The load is transferred
downward and laterally to the
topsoil (relatively weak) to an soil.
underlying firmer rock to • In order for friction piles to be
anchor the foundation. • Friction piles, also known as floating pile effective, the soil surrounding
foundations, the area must be fairly uniform
• The piles transfer their load in type and density.
• Commonly used in construction to provide
on to a firm stratum located at underground support for buildings, bridges, • For more complex situations,
a considerable depth below the docks and other structures. construction companies
base of the structure. sometimes rely on a
• They are often used when end-bearing piles combination of friction and
are not suitable. end-bearing piles.
• Friction piles rely specifically on the friction
created between the soil and the surface of
the pile material in order to provide stability.
Driven Pile
Driven piles, also known as displacement piles, are a commonly-used form of building
foundation that provide support for structures, transferring their load to layers of soil or rock
that have sufficient bearing capacity and suitable settlement characteristics. Driven piles are
driven, jacked, vibrated or screwed into the ground, displacing the material around
the pile shaft outwards and downwards instead of removing it.
Driven piles are useful in offshore applications, are stable in soft squeezing soils and can
densify loose soil.
Driven piles are commonly used to support buildings, tanks, towers, walls and bridges, and
can be the most cost-effective deep foundation solution. They can also be used in
applications such as embankments, retaining walls, bulkheads, anchorage structures and
cofferdams.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GXTA7Jlj1WM
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=452BRrLettw
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qAtuwtzOVOw
Four Categories of Driven Piles Based on the Nature of the Material.

Steel Piles Precast Concrete Piles Timber Piles Composite Piles

- Strong, lightweight to - Piles can carry high - Best suited as friction - Different materials are
handle and capable of bending and axial stress. piles in granular soils used to construct
carrying heavy loads to - Use of sound and hard like sands, silts and composite piles.
deeper bearing stratum. aggregates, proper mix clays. - The selection of the
- With the presence of design, proper placing, - Not recommended use material shall be done to
oxygen, piles will expose compacting, proper in dense gravel or rock. suit the conditions.
to the corrosion issue. curing, etc. improve
the durability of concrete.
Four Categories of Driven Piles Based on the Nature of the Material.
Materials Advantages Disadvantages

Steel Piles - For high-capacity foundations. - Expensive to purchase.

- For large loads. - Noisy to driven.
- Can be driven through hard soils. - May be subject to excessive corrosion.
- Have highest tensile strength.
- Easy to splice.
- Easy to cut.
Precast Concrete Piles - Best suited for use as friction piles. - Expensive to splice and cut.
- Best suited for toe-bearing piles where the required - Difficult to cut.
length is uniform and predictable. - Susceptible to damage during driving or
- Less expensive than steel piles. handling.
- Have a large load capacity - Not suited for hand driving conditions.
Timber Piles - Low construction cost. - Susceptible to decay
- Used as waterfront structures. - Susceptible to damage when driving.
- For light driving conditions. - Not suitable for dense gravel/rock.
- In loose sands and soft to medium clays.
Composite Piles - Have more up-lift capacity. - Higher cost.
- Longer useful life in corrosive environment piles.
- Longer life
- Used in waterfront applications.
- Higher strength than timber piles.
Drilled Pile
Drilled shafts, also referred to as drilled piers, caissons or bored
piles, are deep foundation solutions used to support structures
with large axial and lateral loads by excavating cylindrical shafts
into the ground and filling them with concrete.
Bored piles are used primarily in cohesive subsoils for the
formation of friction piles and when forming pile
foundations close to existing buildings. They are popular in urban
areas as there is minimal vibration, where headroom is limited,
where there is no risk of heave, and if there is a need to vary the
length of the piles.
Driven piles are commonly used to support buildings, tanks,
towers, walls and bridges, and can be the most cost-effective deep
foundation solution. They can also be used in applications such as
embankments, retaining walls, bulkheads, anchorage structures and
cofferdams.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fs9MQcNeXGQ
Bored Pile
Jacked Pile
Jacked in pile, lesser noise and vibration compared to driven pile but need strong base for the heavy machinery.
The jack-in pilling system is classified as a displacement pile system whereby soil is displaced during the driving
process. When the piles are hydraulically jacked into the ground, the displacement causes the surrounding soils to compress
against the jack-in piles resulting in an increased load-bearing capacity.
Less waste compared to driven pile because it is shorter spun pile.
Jacked piles are most commonly used in underpinning structures.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lWF6BjV4xsM
Factors Influencing the Choice of Pile
1. Location and type of structures

— For structures over water, such as wharves and jetties, driven piles or driven
cast-in-place piles (in which the shell remains in place) are the most suitable.
— On land, driven cast-in-place types are usually the cheapest for moderate
loadings.
— It is necessary for piles to be installed without causing any significant ground
heave or vibrations because of their proximity to existing structures, the bored
cast-in-place pile is the most suitable.
— For heavy structures exerting large foundation loads, large-diameter bored piles
are usually the most economical.
— Jacked piles are suitable for underpinning existing structures.
Factors Influencing the Choice of Pile
2. Ground conditions

— Driven piles cannot be used economically in ground containing boulders (large

rocks), or in clays when ground heave would be detrimental.

— Bored piles would not be suitable in loose water-bearing sand, and under-reamed
bases cannot be used in cohesion less soils since they are susceptible to collapse
before the concrete can be placed.
Factors Influencing the Choice of Pile
3. Durability

— Most important criteria especially in the choice of material. For example,

concrete piles are usually used in marine conditions since steel piles are
susceptible to corrosion in marine conditions .

— timber piles is not the most suitable type under marine conditions because it can
be attacked by boring molluscs .

— On land, concrete piles are not the best choice, especially where the soil contains
sulphates or other harmful substances.
Factors Influencing the Choice of Pile
4. Cost

— Considerable important decision over the choice of pile.

— The overall cost of installing piles includes:

v the actual cost of the material,
v the times required for piling in the construction plan,
v test loading,
v cost of the engineer to oversee installation and loading
v cost of organisation and overheads incurred between the time of initial site
clearance and the time when construction of the superstructure can proceed.