‭EDITION‬‭V3‬

‭ELECTRONIC‬‭SERVICES‬
‭TESTS‬‭EDITION‬

‭ uestion‬‭:‬‭Choose‬‭a‬‭university‬‭you‬‭are‬‭familiar‬‭with‬‭(private‬‭or‬‭public)‬‭and‬‭identify‬‭a‬
Q
‭problem‬‭that‬‭would‬‭be‬‭solved‬‭through‬‭effective‬‭adoption‬‭of‬‭e-learning.‬

‭E-learning‬ ‭at‬ ‭KIU‬ ‭would‬ ‭bridge‬ ‭geographical,‬ ‭time,‬ ‭and‬ ‭resource‬ ‭barriers,‬ ‭enhancing‬
‭accessibility,‬‭engagement,‬‭and‬‭academic‬‭performance‬‭for‬‭all‬‭students:‬

🆘‬‭Limited‬‭Access‬‭to‬‭Learning‬‭Resources:‬‭Students‬‭struggle‬‭to‬‭access‬‭physical‬
‭
‭libraries,‬‭limiting‬‭study‬‭materials.‬
‭👍‬‭Solution:‬ ‭E-learning‬ ‭provides‬ ‭digital‬ ‭libraries‬ ‭with‬ ‭24/7‬ ‭access‬ ‭to‬
‭e-books,‬‭articles,‬‭and‬‭research‬‭papers.‬
‭🆘‬‭Geographical‬ ‭Barriers:‬ ‭Students‬ ‭living‬ ‭far‬ ‭from‬ ‭campus‬ ‭face‬ ‭challenges‬
‭attending‬‭in-person‬‭lectures.‬
‭👍‬‭Solution:‬‭Online‬‭classes‬‭allow‬‭remote‬‭participation,‬‭reducing‬‭travel‬‭time‬
‭and‬‭costs.‬
‭🆘‬‭Inconsistent‬ ‭Attendance:‬ ‭Some‬ ‭students‬ ‭miss‬ ‭classes‬ ‭due‬ ‭to‬ ‭work‬‭or‬‭family‬
‭commitments.‬
‭👍‬‭Solution:‬ ‭Recorded‬ ‭lectures‬ ‭enable‬ ‭students‬ ‭to‬ ‭catch‬ ‭up‬ ‭at‬ ‭their‬
‭convenience.‬
‭🆘‬‭Overcrowded‬ ‭Classrooms:‬ ‭Large‬ ‭student‬ ‭populations‬ ‭limit‬ ‭effective‬
‭interaction‬‭with‬‭lecturers.‬
‭👍‬‭Solution:‬ ‭Virtual‬ ‭platforms‬ ‭facilitate‬ ‭interactive‬ ‭discussions‬ ‭through‬
‭forums‬‭and‬‭smaller‬‭online‬‭groups.‬
‭🆘‬‭Limited‬‭Lecturer-Student‬‭Interaction:‬‭Physical‬‭schedules‬‭restrict‬‭access‬‭to‬
‭lecturers‬‭outside‬‭class‬‭hours.‬
 👍‬‭Solution:‬ ‭E-learning‬ ‭offers‬ ‭discussion‬ ‭forums‬ ‭and‬ ‭real-time‬ ‭messaging‬
‭
‭for‬‭continuous‬‭engagement.‬
🆘‬‭Inflexible‬ ‭Study‬ ‭Schedules:‬ ‭Full-time‬ ‭students‬ ‭find‬ ‭it‬ ‭hard‬ ‭to‬ ‭balance‬
‭
‭personal‬‭and‬‭academic‬‭responsibilities.‬
‭👍‬‭Solution:‬ ‭E-learning‬ ‭supports‬ ‭self-paced‬ ‭learning,‬ ‭accommodating‬
‭different‬‭student‬‭needs.‬
‭🆘‬‭Slow‬ ‭Feedback‬ ‭on‬ ‭Assignments:‬ ‭Delays‬ ‭in‬ ‭grading‬ ‭physical‬ ‭assignments‬
‭hinder‬‭academic‬‭progress.‬
‭👍‬‭Solution:‬‭Online‬‭submission‬‭portals‬‭ensure‬‭timely‬‭submission‬‭and‬‭faster‬
‭grading.‬
‭🆘‬‭High‬ ‭Operational‬ ‭Costs‬ ‭for‬ ‭the‬‭University:‬‭Costs‬‭associated‬‭with‬‭physical‬
‭infrastructure,‬‭utilities,‬‭and‬‭printing‬‭materials‬‭are‬‭high.‬
‭👍‬‭Solution:‬ ‭E-learning‬ ‭reduces‬ ‭reliance‬ ‭on‬ ‭physical‬ ‭spaces‬ ‭and‬ ‭printed‬
‭content,‬‭saving‬‭costs.‬
‭🆘‬‭Limited‬ ‭Collaboration‬ ‭among‬ ‭Students:‬ ‭Students‬ ‭have‬ ‭few‬ ‭platforms‬ ‭to‬
‭collaborate‬‭outside‬‭lectures.‬
‭👍‬‭Solution:‬ ‭E-learning‬ ‭platforms‬ ‭support‬ ‭group‬ ‭projects‬‭and‬‭peer-to-peer‬
‭learning‬‭through‬‭collaborative‬‭tools.‬
‭🆘‬‭Unpreparedness‬ ‭for‬ ‭Emergency‬ ‭Disruptions:‬ ‭Physical‬ ‭classes‬ ‭are‬
‭vulnerable‬‭to‬‭disruptions‬‭like‬‭pandemics‬‭or‬‭strikes.‬
‭👍‬‭Solution:‬ ‭E-learning‬ ‭ensures‬ ‭continuity‬ ‭through‬ ‭online‬ ‭courses‬ ‭and‬
‭virtual‬‭classrooms‬‭during‬‭emergencies.‬

‭ uestion‬‭:‬‭With‬‭illustrations‬‭and‬‭examples,‬‭discuss‬‭different‬‭business‬‭models‬‭used‬‭in‬
Q
‭the‬‭business‬‭world‬‭today.‬

‭These‬ ‭business‬ ‭models‬ ‭reflect‬ ‭how‬ ‭companies‬ ‭deliver‬‭value‬‭to‬‭customers‬‭and‬‭generate‬

‭revenue.‬ ‭Each‬ ‭model‬ ‭fits‬ ‭different‬ ‭industries‬ ‭and‬ ‭customer‬ ‭needs,‬ ‭offering‬ ‭various‬
‭advantages‬‭based‬‭on‬‭the‬‭nature‬‭of‬‭the‬‭product‬‭or‬‭service.‬
‭B2C‬ ‭(Business-to-Consumer):‬ ‭Businesses‬ ‭sell‬ ‭directly‬ ‭to‬ ‭individual‬
‭consumers.‬

🔖‬‭Example:‬ ‭Apple‬ ‭sells‬ ‭iPhones‬ ‭directly‬ ‭to‬ ‭customers‬ ‭through‬ ‭its‬ ‭online‬
‭
‭store.‬
‭Illustration:‬‭Business‬‭→‬‭Consumer.‬

‭C2B‬ ‭(Consumer-to-Business):‬ ‭Consumers‬ ‭provide‬ ‭value‬ ‭or‬ ‭services‬ ‭to‬

‭businesses.‬

🔖‬‭Example:‬ ‭A‬ ‭graphic‬ ‭designer‬ ‭offers‬ ‭freelance‬ ‭work‬ ‭to‬ ‭a‬ ‭marketing‬
‭
‭company.‬
‭Illustration:‬‭Consumer‬‭→‬‭Business.‬
‭B2B‬ ‭(Business-to-Business):‬ ‭Businesses‬ ‭sell‬ ‭products‬ ‭or‬ ‭services‬ ‭to‬ ‭other‬
‭businesses.‬

🔖‬‭Example:‬‭Oracle‬‭provides‬‭ERP‬‭software‬‭to‬‭multinational‬‭companies.‬
‭
‭Illustration:‬‭Supplier‬‭→‬‭Manufacturer.‬

‭B2G‬ ‭(Business-to-Government):‬ ‭Businesses‬ ‭provide‬ ‭goods‬ ‭or‬ ‭services‬ ‭to‬

‭government‬‭institutions.‬

🔖‬‭Example:‬‭Cisco‬‭provides‬‭networking‬‭solutions‬‭to‬‭government‬‭agencies.‬
‭
‭Illustration:‬‭Business‬‭→‬‭Government.‬

‭G2B‬ ‭(Government-to-Business):‬ ‭Governments‬ ‭offer‬ ‭services‬ ‭or‬ ‭permits‬ ‭to‬

‭businesses.‬

🔖‬‭Example:‬‭The‬‭government‬‭issues‬‭business‬‭licenses‬‭via‬‭online‬‭portals.‬
‭
‭Illustration:‬‭Government‬‭→‬‭Business.‬

‭C2C‬‭(Consumer-to-Consumer):‬‭Consumers‬‭sell‬‭products‬‭or‬‭services‬‭to‬‭other‬
‭consumers.‬

🔖‬‭Example:‬‭A‬‭user‬‭sells‬‭a‬‭second-hand‬‭laptop‬‭on‬‭Facebook‬‭Marketplace.‬
‭
‭Illustration:‬‭Consumer‬‭↔‬‭Consumer.‬

‭G2G‬ ‭(Government-to-Government):‬ ‭Collaboration‬ ‭between‬ ‭government‬

‭entities‬‭for‬‭data‬‭exchange‬‭or‬‭services.‬

🔖‬‭Example:‬‭Tax‬‭agencies‬‭share‬‭data‬‭with‬‭immigration‬‭departments.‬
‭
‭Illustration:‬‭Government‬‭Agency‬‭↔‬‭Government‬‭Agency.‬

‭G2E‬ ‭(Government-to-Employee):‬ ‭Governments‬ ‭provide‬ ‭services‬ ‭and‬

‭benefits‬‭to‬‭their‬‭employees.‬

🔖‬‭Example:‬ ‭A‬ ‭government‬ ‭health‬ ‭scheme‬ ‭provides‬ ‭insurance‬ ‭to‬ ‭public‬

‭
‭sector‬‭workers.‬
‭Illustration:‬‭Government‬‭→‬‭Employee.‬

‭E2G‬ ‭(Employee-to-Government):‬ ‭Employees‬ ‭interact‬ ‭with‬ ‭the‬ ‭government‬

‭to‬‭fulfill‬‭responsibilities.‬
 🔖‬‭Example:‬ ‭Public‬
‭ ‭sector‬ ‭employees‬ ‭submit‬ ‭income‬ ‭tax‬ ‭through‬
‭government‬‭portals.‬
‭Illustration:‬‭Employee‬‭→‬‭Government.‬

‭G2C‬ ‭(Government-to-Citizen):‬ ‭Governments‬ ‭offer‬ ‭services‬ ‭directly‬ ‭to‬

‭citizens.‬

🔖‬‭Example:‬‭Citizens‬‭apply‬‭for‬‭passports‬‭through‬‭e-government‬‭portals.‬
‭
‭Illustration:‬‭Government‬‭→‬‭Citizen.‬

‭C2G‬ ‭(Citizen-to-Government):‬ ‭Citizens‬ ‭engage‬ ‭with‬ ‭the‬ ‭government‬ ‭for‬

‭obligations‬‭or‬‭services.‬

🔖‬‭Example:‬‭Citizens‬‭pay‬‭taxes‬‭or‬‭apply‬‭for‬‭permits‬‭online.‬
‭
‭Illustration:‬‭Citizen‬‭→‬‭Government.‬

‭E2E‬ ‭(Employee-to-Employee):‬ ‭Employees‬ ‭collaborate‬ ‭within‬ ‭or‬ ‭across‬

‭organizations.‬

🔖‬‭Example:‬‭Two‬‭employees‬‭from‬‭different‬‭departments‬‭work‬‭together‬‭on‬‭a‬
‭
‭project.‬
‭Illustration:‬‭Employee‬‭↔‬‭Employee.‬

‭E2B‬‭(Employee-to-Business):‬‭Employees‬‭offer‬‭specific‬‭services‬‭to‬‭businesses‬
‭they‬‭are‬‭connected‬‭with.‬

🔖‬‭Example:‬ ‭A‬ ‭remote‬ ‭worker‬ ‭submits‬ ‭consultancy‬ ‭services‬ ‭to‬ ‭a‬ ‭tech‬
‭
‭company.‬
‭Illustration:‬‭Employee‬‭→‬‭Business.‬

‭B2E‬ ‭(Business-to-Employee):‬ ‭Businesses‬ ‭provide‬ ‭benefits‬ ‭or‬ ‭internal‬

‭services‬‭to‬‭employees.‬

🔖‬‭Example:‬ ‭A‬ ‭company‬ ‭offers‬ ‭online‬ ‭courses‬ ‭and‬ ‭wellness‬ ‭programs‬ ‭to‬
‭
‭staff.‬
‭Illustration:‬‭Business‬‭→‬‭Employee.‬
‭ uestion‬‭:‬‭Write‬‭short‬‭notes‬‭about‬‭Convergence,‬‭Digital‬‭convergence‬‭and‬
Q
‭Collaboration‬‭product‬‭development.‬

‭Convergence‬‭refers‬‭to‬‭the‬‭merging‬‭of‬‭distinct‬‭technologies,‬‭industries,‬‭or‬‭devices‬‭into‬‭a‬
‭unified‬ ‭platform‬ ‭or‬ ‭system.‬ ‭It‬ ‭allows‬ ‭previously‬ ‭separate‬ ‭functions‬ ‭to‬ ‭work‬ ‭together‬
‭seamlessly.‬

‭Example:‬‭Smartphones‬‭combine‬‭calling,‬‭internet‬‭access,‬‭and‬‭cameras.‬

‭Digital‬ ‭convergence‬ ‭is‬‭the‬‭integration‬‭of‬‭various‬‭digital‬‭technologies,‬‭enabling‬‭multiple‬

‭services‬ ‭through‬ ‭a‬ ‭single‬ ‭platform.‬ ‭It‬ ‭streamlines‬ ‭media,‬ ‭communication,‬ ‭and‬
‭computing‬‭functions‬‭into‬‭unified‬‭digital‬‭experiences.‬

‭Example:‬ ‭Streaming‬ ‭platforms‬ ‭like‬ ‭Netflix‬ ‭offer‬ ‭TV‬ ‭shows,‬ ‭movies,‬ ‭and‬
‭interactive‬‭content.‬

‭CPD‬‭involves‬‭multiple‬‭teams‬‭or‬‭organizations‬‭working‬‭together‬‭to‬‭design,‬‭develop,‬‭and‬
‭launch‬ ‭products.‬ ‭It‬ ‭encourages‬ ‭sharing‬ ‭expertise,‬ ‭resources,‬ ‭and‬ ‭ideas‬ ‭to‬ ‭accelerate‬
‭innovation.‬

‭Example:‬ ‭Apple‬ ‭and‬ ‭Nike‬ ‭collaborated‬ ‭to‬ ‭create‬ ‭the‬ ‭Nike+‬ ‭fitness‬ ‭tracking‬
‭products.‬

‭Question‬‭:‬‭Define‬‭Top‬‭and‬‭Bottom‬‭up‬‭approach‬‭give‬‭differences.‬

‭Top-Down‬ ‭Approach:‬ ‭A‬ ‭strategy‬ ‭where‬ ‭decision-making‬ ‭starts‬ ‭at‬ ‭the‬ ‭highest‬ ‭level‬
‭and‬ ‭flows‬ ‭down‬‭to‬‭lower‬‭levels.‬‭Senior‬‭management‬‭sets‬‭goals,‬‭policies,‬‭and‬‭strategies,‬
‭which‬‭are‬‭then‬‭passed‬‭down‬‭to‬‭employees‬‭or‬‭departments‬‭for‬‭execution.‬

‭Example:‬ ‭A‬ ‭CEO‬ ‭formulates‬ ‭a‬ ‭business‬ ‭strategy,‬ ‭and‬ ‭department‬ ‭heads‬
‭implement‬‭it‬‭accordingly.‬

‭Bottom-Up‬‭Approach:‬‭A‬‭method‬‭where‬‭ideas,‬‭feedback,‬‭or‬‭initiatives‬‭originate‬‭from‬
‭lower‬ ‭levels‬ ‭and‬‭move‬‭upwards‬‭through‬‭the‬‭hierarchy.‬‭Employees‬‭or‬‭lower-level‬‭teams‬
‭contribute‬‭insights,‬‭and‬‭senior‬‭management‬‭makes‬‭final‬‭decisions‬‭based‬‭on‬‭this‬‭input.‬

‭Example:‬‭Product‬‭ideas‬‭from‬‭front-line‬‭employees‬‭are‬‭reviewed‬‭and‬‭adopted‬‭by‬
‭top‬‭executives.‬
 ‭Created‬‭for:‬‭SEC9‬

🏹‬‭is‬‭not‬‭liable‬‭to‬‭any‬‭damages.‬
‭Made‬‭for‬‭Personal‬‭revision‬
‭Therefore‬‫‮سهم‬‮ساخن‬‭‬