Unit #9 - Definite Integral Properties, Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

Some problems and solutions selected or adapted from Hughes-Hallett Calculus.

Definite Integrals in Modeling

Z 30
1. The rate at which the world’s oil is being consumed is
(b) Estimate f (t) dt.
continuously increasing. Suppose the rate of oil con- 0
sumption (in billions of barrels per year) is given by
Year 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
the function r = f (t), where t is measured in years and
E 26.9 26.4 27.1 25.8 25.5 25.0 22.6
t = 0 is the start of 2004.

(a) Write a definite integral which represents the total 4. Coal gas is produced at a gasworks. Pollu-
quantity of oil used between the start of 2004 and tants in the gas are removed by scrubbers, which
the start of 2009. become less and less efficient as time goes on.
(b) Suppose r = 32e0.05t . Using a left-hand sum with The following measurements, made at the start
five subdivisions, find an approximate value for the of each month, show the rate at which pollu-
total quantity of oil used between the start of 2004 tants are escaping (in tons/ month) in the gas:
and the start of 2009. Time (months) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Rate pollutants escape 5 7 8 10 13 16 20
(c) Interpret each of the five terms in the sum from
(tons/month)
part (b) in terms of oil consumption.

2. As coal deposits are depleted, it becomes necessary to (a) Make an overestimate and an underestimate of the
strip-mine larger areas for each ton of coal. The graph total quantity of pollutants that escape during the
below shows the number of acres of land per million first month.
tons of coal that will be defaced during strip-mining
as a function of the number of million tons removed, (b) Make an overestimate and an underestimate of the
starting from the present day. total quantity of pollutants that escape during the
six months shown in the table.
(a) Estimate the total number of acres defaced in ex-
tracting the next 4 million tons of coal (measured
from the present day). Draw four rectangles under 5. The graph below shows the rate of change of the quan-
the curve, and compute their area. tity of water in a water tower, in liters per day, during
the month of April. If the tower had 12,000 liters of
(b) Re-estimate the number of acres defaced using rect- water in it on April 1, estimate the quantity of water
angles above the curve. in the tower on April 30.
(c) Combine your answers to parts (a) and (b) to get
a better estimate of the actual number of acres de-
faced.

3. The following table gives the emissions, E, of nitrogen 6. A bicyclist pedals along a straight road with velocity
oxides, in millions of metric tons per year, in the US. v given in the graph below. She starts 5 miles from
Let t be the number of years since 1970 and E = f (t). a lake; positive velocities take her away from the lake
and negative velocities take her toward the lake. When
Z 30 is the cyclist farthest from the lake, and how far away
(a) What are the units and meaning of f (t) dt? is she then?
0

1
 (a) Which curve is for girls and which is for boys? Ex-
plain how you can tell.
(b) About how much does the average boy grow be-
tween ages 3 and 10?
(c) The growth spurt associated with adolescence and
the onset of puberty occurs between ages 12 and 15
for the average boy and between ages 10 and 12.5
7. Height velocity graphs are used by endocrinologists for the average girl. Estimate the height gained by
(doctors specializing in the study of hormones) to fol- each average child during this growth spurt.
low the progress of children with growth deficiencies. (d) When fully grown, about how much taller is the
The graph below shows the height velocity curves of average man than the average woman? (The aver-
an average boy and an average girl between ages 3 and age boy and girl are about the same height at age
18. 3.)

Properties of Definite Integrals

Z 5
For questions 8 to 11 , find f (x) dx.
2
Z 5 14. Without calculating the integral, explain why the fol-
8. f (x) is odd and f (x) dx = 8. lowing statements are false.
−2
Z 2 Z 5 Z −1
2
9. f (x) is even, f (x) dx = 6, and f (x) dx = 14. (a) ex dx = −3
−2 −5 −2
Z 5 Z 1
10. (3f (x) + 4) dx = 18. cos(x + 2)
(b) dx = 0.
2 −1 1 + tan2 x
Z 4 Z 4
11. 2f (x) dx = 8 and f (x) dx = 1. 15. Based on the graph of f (x) shown below, write
2 5 Z 3 Z 1 Z 3
12. Without any computation, find the values of f (x) dx in terms of f (x) dx and f (x) dx.
Z 2 0 −1 1

(a) sin x dx.

−2
Z π
(b) x113 dx.
−π

13. Without integrating, show that

Z 2p
2≤ 1 + x3 dx ≤ 6.
0

2
 2
16. Using the graph of f (x) shown below, arrange the 17. (a) Use the graph of y = xe−x shown below to explain
Z 3
following quantities in increasing order, from least to 2

greatest. why xe−x dx = 0.

−3
f (x)

10

0 x
1 2 3

(b) Find the left-hand sum approximation with n = 3

−10 Z 3
2
Z 1 Z 2 to xe−x dx. Give your answer to four decimal
(i) f (x) dx (ii) f (x) dx 0
Z0 2 1 places.
Z 3 Z 0
(iii) f (x) dx (iv) f (x) dx 2

0Z 2
(c) Repeat part (b) for xe−x dx.
2 −3
(v) − f (x) dx (vi) The number 0 (d) Do your answers to parts (b) and (c) add to 0?
1
(vii) The number 20 (viii) The number -10 Explain.

Integration By Anti-Derivatives
To practice computing anti-derivatives, do as many of the problems from the following section as you need.

From Hughes-Hallett 5th edition, From Hughes-Hallett 6th edition,

Section 6.2 - 1-63 (odd) Section 6.2 - 1-60 (odd)

Note: In questions 53-63 (5th Ed.) and 51-60 (6th Ed.), ‘evaluate numerically’ means ‘plug the limit values into the
anti-derivative using your calculator to get a decimal number’. It does not mean use rectangles/trapezoids/Riemann sums
to approximate the integral values.

Additional problems. Evaluate the following integrals.

Z 2
18. (x3 − 2x)dx
−1
Z 1
19. x100 dx
−1
Z 4
20. (5 − 2t + 3t2 )dt
1
Z 1
1 2
21. (1 + u4 − u9 )du
0 2 5
Z 9 √
22. xdx
1
Z 8
23. x−2/3 dx
1
Z π
24. sin θdθ
π/6

3
 Z 5
25. e dx
−5
Z 1
26. (u + 2)(u − 3)du
0
Z 4 √
27. (4 − t) t dt
0
9
x−1
Z
28. √ dx
1 x
Z 2
29. (y − 1)(2y + 1)dy
0
Z π/4
30. sec2 t dt
0
Z π/4
31. sec θ tan θdθ
0
Z 2
32. (1 + 2y)2 dy
1
Z 3
33. (2 sin x − ex )dx
0
2
v 3 + 3v 6
Z
34. dv
1 v4
Z 18 r
3
35. dz
1 z
Z 1
36. (xe + ex )dx
0
√
Z 3
8
37. √ dx
1/ 3 1 + x2
2
4 + u2
Z
38. du
1 u3
Z 1
39. eu+1 du
−1
√
Z 1/ 2
4
40. √ dx
1/2 1 − x2
(
π
sin x if 0 ≤ x < π/2
Z
41. f (x)dx where f (x) =
0 cos x if π/2 ≤ x ≤ π
Z 2 (
2 if − 2 ≤ x ≤ 0
42. f (x)dx where f (x) = 2
−2 4−x if 0 < x ≤ 2