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Lecture 4 mciroprocessor

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22 views

Lecture 4 mciroprocessor

Uploaded by

khaledmogahedalabyad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ADDRESSING MODES

Lecture 4
LECTURE OUTLINE
 Data-addressing modes
o Register Addressing
o Immediate Addressing
o Direct Addressing
o Register indirect Addressing
o Base-plus-index Addressing
o Register Relative Addressing
o Relative-plus-index Addressing
o Scaled index Addressing
FIGURE 3–2 8086–Core2 data-addressing modes.
3- DIRECT ADDRESSING
 Applied to many instructions in a typical program.
Address is formed by adding the displacement to the default data
segment address or an alternate segment address.
The MOV AL,[1234H] instruction, loads AL from the data segment
memory location (1234H) .
The MOV AL,DATA instruction, as represented by most assemblers,
loads AL from the data segment memory location DATA (1234H).
- Memory location DATA is a symbolic memory location, while the
1234H is the actual hexadecimal location.
FIGURE 3–5 The operation of the MOV AL,[1234H] instruction when DS = 1000H.

 This instruction transfers a copy of the byte-sized contents of


memory location 11234H into AL.
 The effective address is formed by adding 1234H (the offset
address) and 10000H (the data segment address of 1000H times
10H) in a system operating in the real mode.
TABLE 3–4 EXAMPLES OF DIRECT DATA ADDRESSING.
4- REGISTER INDIRECT ADDRESSING

 Allows data to be addressed at any memory location through an


offset address held in any of the following registers: BP, BX, DI, and SI.
 In addition, 80386 and above allow register indirect addressing with
any extended register except ESP.
 In the 64-bit mode, the segment registers serve no purpose in
addressing a location in the flat model.
FIGURE 3–6 The operation of the MOV AX,[BX] instruction when BX = 1000H and DS = 0100H.
Note that this instruction is shown after the contents of memory are transferred to AX.

*After DS is appended with a 0.


The data segment is used by default with register indirect addressing or any other
addressing mode that uses BX, DI, or SI to address memory.
 If the BP register addresses memory, the stack segment is used by default.
These settings are considered the default for these four index and base registers.
For the 80386 and above, EBP addresses memory in the stack segment by default;
EAX, EBX, ECX, EDX, EDI, and ESI address memory in the data segment by default.
When using a 32-bit register to address memory in the real mode, the contents of the
32-bit register must never exceed 0000FFFFH.
 In the protected mode, any value can be used in a 32-bit register that is used to
indirectly address memory
- as long as it does not access a location outside of the segment, as dictated by the
access rights byte.
 In the 64-bit mode, the segment registers are not used in the address calculation
because the register contains the actual linear memory address.
TABLE 3–5 EXAMPLES OF REGISTER INDIRECT ADDRESSING.
5- BASE-PLUS-INDEX ADDRESSING
 Similar to indirect addressing because it indirectly addresses memory
data.
The base register often holds the beginning location of a memory
array
- the index register holds the relative position of an element in the
array.
- whenever BP addresses memory data, both the stack segment
register and BP generate the effective address.
Locating Data with Base-Plus-Index Addressing.

 Figure 3–8 shows how data are addressed by the MOV DX,[BX+DI]
instruction when the microprocessor operates in the real mode.
FIGURE 3–8 An example showing how the base-plus-index addressing mode functions for the MOV
DX,[BX+DI] instruction. Notice that memory address 02010H is accessed because DS = 0100H, BX =
100H, and DI = 0010H.
Locating Array Data with Base-Plus-Index Addressing.

A major use of the base-plus-index addressing mode is to address


elements in a memory array.
To accomplish this, load the BX register (base) with the beginning address
of the array and the DI register (index) with the element number to be
accessed.
 Figure 3–9 shows the use of BX and DI to access an element in an array of
data.
FIGURE 3–9 An example of the base-plus-index addressing mode. Here an element (DI) of an
ARRAY (BX) is addressed.
TABLE 3–6 EXAMPLES OF BASE-PLUS-INDEX ADDRESSING.
6- REGISTER RELATIVE ADDRESSING
The data in a segment of memory are addressed adding the
displacement to the contents of a base or an index register (BP, BX, DI,
or SI).
Figure 3–10 shows the operation of the MOV AX,[BX+1000H]
instruction.
Remember that BX, DI, or SI addresses the data segment and BP
addresses the stack segment.
In the 80386 and above, the displacement can be a 32-bit number
and the register can be any 32-bit register except the ESP register.
Remember that the size of a real mode segment is 64K bytes long.
FIGURE 3–10 The operation of the MOV AX, [BX+1000H] instruction, when and DS =
0200H. BX = 0100H BX+1000H
The displacement is a number added to the register within the [ ], as in
the MOV AL,[DI+2 ] instruction, or it can be a displacement is subtracted
from the register, as in MOV AL,[SI–l].
A displacement also can be an offset address appended to the front
of the [ ], as in MOV AL,DATA[DI].
Both forms of displacements also can appear simultaneously, as in the
MOV AL,DATA[DI+3] instruction. Both forms of the displacement add to
the base or base plus index register within the [ ] symbols
TABLE 3–7 EXAMPLES OF REGISTER RELATIVE ADDRESSING.
Addressing Array Data with Register Relative.

It is possible to address array data with register relative addressing


- such as with base-plus-index addressing.
 In Figure 3–11, register relative addressing is illustrated with the
same example as for base-plus-index addressing.
- This shows how the displacement ARRAY adds to index register DI to
generate a reference to an array element.
FIGURE 3–11 Register relative addressing used to address an element of ARRAY. The displacement
addresses the start of ARRAY, and DI accesses an element.
7- BASE RELATIVE-PLUS-INDEX ADDRESSING

 Similar to base-plus-index addressing, but it adds a displacement,


besides using a base register and an index register, to form the memory
address.
 This type of addressing mode often addresses a two-dimensional
array of memory data
Addressing Data with Base Relative-Plus-Index.

least-used addressing mode.


Figure 3–12 shows how data are referenced if the instruction executed
by the microprocessor is MOV AX,[BX+SI+100H].
- displacement of 100H adds to BX and SI to form the offset address
within the data segment.
This addressing mode is too complex for frequent use in programming.
FIGURE 3–12 An example of base relative-plus-index addressing using a MOV AX,[BX+SI+100H]
instruction. Note: DS = 1000H.
Addressing Arrays with Base Relative-Plus-Index

Suppose that a file of many records exists in memory and each record
contains many elements.
- The displacement addresses the file, the base register addresses a
record, and the index register addresses an element of a record.
 Figure 3–13 illustrates this very complex form of addressing.
FIGURE 3–13 Base relative plus-index addressing used to access a FILE that contains
multiple records (REC).
TABLE 3–8 EXAMPLE BASE RELATIVE-PLUS-INDEX INSTRUCTIONS.
8- SCALED-INDEX ADDRESSING
Unique to the 80386 through the Core2 microprocessors.
- Uses two 32-bit registers (a base register and an index register) to
access the memory.
 The second register (index) is multiplied by a scaling factor.
- The scaling factor can be 1x, 2x, 4x, or 8x.
 A scaling factor of 1x is implied and need not be included in the
assembly language instruction (MOV AL,[EBX+ECX]).
TABLE 3–9 EXAMPLES OF SCALED-INDEX ADDRESSING.

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