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Unix_and_Linux_Introduction

Uploaded by

marsyes27
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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History of UNIX

UNIX is a powerful, multiuser, multitasking operating system originally


developed in the 1960s and 1970s at Bell Labs. Key milestones in UNIX
history include:
1. 1969: Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, and others at AT&T's Bell Labs
begin developing UNIX on a PDP-7 machine.
2. 1971: The first edition of UNIX is released.
3. 1973: UNIX is rewritten in the C programming language, which
significantly enhances its portability and influence.
4. 1975: The sixth edition, known as Version 6 Unix, is released and
becomes widely popular in academic and commercial environments.
5. 1979: The seventh edition, or Version 7 Unix, introduces many
features that become standard in later versions.
6. 1983: The UNIX System V is released, marking a major commercial
version of UNIX.
7. 1991: Linus Torvalds begins developing Linux, a UNIX-like operating
system kernel, which becomes a key part of the open-source
movement.

The UNIX Philosophy


The UNIX philosophy emphasizes simplicity, modularity, and reusability.
Key principles include:
1. Do One Thing Well: Each program should perform a single task well.
2. Work Together: Programs should handle text streams, as text is a
universal interface.
3. Build a Prototype: Design and implement a prototype before
finalizing the design.
4. Use Shell Scripts: Leverage shell scripts to increase portability and
efficiency.
5. Use Tools: Create and use small tools that can be combined to
perform complex tasks.

GUI (Graphical User Interface)


A Graphical User Interface (GUI) allows users to interact with a system
through graphical icons and visual indicators, as opposed to text-based
interfaces. Key elements include:
1. Windows: Rectangular areas for displaying information and
interacting with programs.
2. Icons: Graphical symbols representing files, applications, and
commands.
3. Menus: Lists of options or commands available to the user.
4. Pointing Devices: Devices like a mouse or trackpad used to interact
with the GUI.
Overview of the Linux Operating System
Linux is a UNIX-like operating system kernel created by Linus Torvalds in
1991. It's widely used due to its stability, security, and open-source
nature. Key components include:
1. Kernel: The core part of the OS, managing hardware resources.
2. Shell: The command-line interface for interacting with the OS.
3. File System: Manages files and directories.
4. System Utilities: Standard tools and programs that provide
functionality to the OS.
5. Package Managers: Tools for installing, updating, and managing
software packages.

Common Unix Commands


1. ls: List directory contents.
ls -l

2. cd: Change directory.


cd /path/to/directory

3. cp: Copy files or directories.


cp source_file destination_file

4. mv: Move or rename files or directories.


mv old_name new_name

5. rm: Remove files or directories.


rm file_name

6. chmod: Change file permissions.


chmod 755 file_name

7. ps: Display currently running processes.


ps aux

8. grep: Search for patterns in files.


grep "pattern" file_name

9. find: Search for files in a directory hierarchy.


find /path/to/search -name "file_name"

10. man: Display the manual page for a command.


man ls

Introduction to VI Editor
The VI editor is a powerful text editor in UNIX and Linux environments.
Basic usage includes:
1. Opening VI:
vi file_name
2. Modes in VI:
Normal Mode: The default mode for navigation and operations.
Insert Mode: For inserting text. Enter this mode by pressing i.
Command Mode: For executing commands. Access by pressing : in
normal mode.

3. Basic Commands:
Insert Text: Press i to enter insert mode.
Save and Quit: Type :wq in command mode.
Quit Without Saving: Type :q! in command mode.
Delete Line: Press dd in normal mode.
Undo: Press u in normal mode.
These components provide a foundational understanding of UNIX, Linux,
and their tools and philosophies.

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