• History is the the study of past events, particularly in human a5airs.

History is also the whole series of past events connected with someone or something.
• Past refers to an earlier time, the people and societies who inhabited it and the events
that took place there.
• History describes our attempts to investigate, study and explain the past.
• The study of how history di5ers and has changed over time is called HISTORIOGRAPHY.
• Herodotus is the Father of History because he was the first one to collect and
systematically document events and create an account which he relied on personal
observations.
Primary sources are documents created by individuals or groups who were directly involved in
the event or issue under investigation. These individuals are either participants in the incident or
eyewitnesses to it. Eyewitness reports, diaries, letters, legal papers, o5icial documents
(government or private), and even pictures are among the sources.

Types of Primary Sources

1. Published Documents. Some primary sources are documents that have been published. They
were made for a big audience and widely disseminated. Books, periodicals, newspapers,
government documents, non-government reports, and other types of literature, maps,
pamphlets, posters, legislation, and court rulings, are all examples of published documents.
2. Unpublished Documents. Unpublished records of all kinds have been preserved and can be
used as primary sources. They include personal letters, diaries, journals, wills, deeds, family
Bibles with family histories, school report cards, and a range of other materials. Unpublished
corporate papers that give insight into the past include correspondence, financial ledgers, client
information, board meeting minutes, and research and development files.
3. Oral Traditions/Oral Histories. Oral histories and oral traditions are another approach to
learn about the past from those who lived through historical events directly. Oral histories, which
consist of spoken words, have recently acquired prominence as primary sources. Historians and
others learn about regular people's lives through listening to oral stories and narratives. Oral
histories give valuable historical facts about people, particularly minority groups, who were
either omitted from mainstream media or did not leave written primary materials behind.
4. Visual Documents and Artifacts. Photographs, videos, paintings, and other kinds of artwork
are examples of visual documentation. Visual documents can give proof of changes throughout
time since they capture moments in time. Visual records chronicle a culture's conventions,
tastes, styles, special events, work, and leisure at certain times in history.

Secondary sources, are "testimony of anybody who is not an eyewitness—that is, of someone
who was not there at the incident of which he relates." This category includes books, essays, and
scholarly publications that have interpreted primary sources or utilised them to address certain
historical topics.
• Secondary sources were developed by people who were not present at or involved in the
events or situations you're studying. Bibliographies, nonfiction works like biographies,
periodicals, newspapers, magazines, journals, history books, critical and interpretative
works, commentaries and treaties, textbooks, video documentaries, and multimedia
reports are all examples of secondary sources.

Antonio Pigafetta's diaries, in which he recorded his personal observations and impressions of
the Far East, including their adventures in the archipelago. Despite its inclination to contain
fantastic details, the Journal he produced is the single most essential source concerning the
circumnavigation journey.
• Pigafetta's book is significant not just as a source of information on the journey, but also
as a first Western account of the Philippines' people and languages.
 • Antonio Pigafetta was an Italian scholar and adventurer from the Republic of Venice who
lived from 1491 until 1531. On the command of King Charles I of Spain, he joined the
Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan and his crew on their trip to the Indies. During
the voyage, he aided Magellan and wrote a detailed record, which subsequently helped
him translate Cebuano, one of the Philippine languages.
• Pigafetta was one of 18 soldiers who returned to Spain in 1522, out of a total of 240 who
had left three years before. After Magellan's death in the Philippines during the trip in
1521, Juan Sebastián Elcano took over as captain and completed the first
circumnavigation of the globe. Much of what we know about Magellan and Elcano's
expedition comes from Pigafetta's preserved notebook

From the end of the 15th century to the beginning of the 18th century, the Age of Discovery or the
Age of Exploration was a loosely defined European historical period during which widespread
foreign exploration developed as a strong force in European culture and the beginning of
globalization. It also marks the beginning of the age of extensive colonialism and mercantilism in
Europe. Many previously unknown to Europeans areas had already been colonized.

The Silk Road was used to bring Asian commodities to Europe. Both routes were costly, and they
were frequently disrupted by wars, natural disasters, and robbers. With the capture of the
Ottoman Empire of Constantinople (Turkey and "the gateway to the west" at the time) in 1453,
European countries were compelled to search for methods to get spices straight from the source.

Pre-colonial period

The Philippines' history began at least 709,000 years ago with the arrival of the first people using
rafts or boats. Homo luzonensis, an early human species, lived at least 67,000 years ago on the
Philippine Island of Luzon. Around 47,000 years ago, the earliest modern human was unearthed
at Palawan's Tabon Cave. The Negrito tribes were the first to settle in the ancient Philippines.

Barangay, which consists of one hundred houses and is governed by a datu or maginoo; the
people, who are divided into three social classes: maharlika (nobility and freemen), aliping
namamahay (commoners), and aliping sa sagigilid (slaves); property ownership; natural and
adopted children; marriage; and crimes and punishment.

When the Philippine archipelago was formed 30,000 years ago, migrations from the Indonesian
archipelago and beyond are considered to have occurred. Social and political order arose and
changed throughout time on the widely scattered islands. The barrio was the most basic
settlement unit (a Malay word for boat that came to be used to denote a communal settlement).
Over time, Chinese traders joined the Indo-Malay migration. In the early period, the introduction
of Islam to the Philippines by traders and proselytizers from the Indonesian islands was a
significant development. A.D. submitted this entry. By 1500, Islam had spread throughout the
Sulu Archipelago and Mindanao, and by 1565, it had reached the Manila area. The advent of
Christianity coincided with the introduction of Islam with the arrival of the Spanish.

The Arrival of the Spaniards

European colonization began in earnest in Cebu in 1565, when Spanish explorer Miguel López
de Legazpi arrived from Mexico and established the first European settlements. He was able to
defeat the Portuguese with only five ships and 500 warriors, aided by Augustinian monks, and was
boosted by two hundred soldiers in 1567, establishing the foundation for the colonization of the
Archipelago.
For most of the colonial period, the Philippine economy was based on the Galleon Trade, which
began in 1565 between Manila and Acapulco, Mexico. The Philippines and Spain traded across
the Pacific Ocean (Manila to Acapulco) and then through the Caribbean Sea and Atlantic Ocean
(Veracruz to Cádiz) to Mexico

The Philippine colony was administered by Spaniards, under Spanish laws, and for the sole
benefit of the mother nation and its colonial o5icials. Filipinos only occupied minor positions.
They were denied access to public schooling, and their rights and aspirations were almost
entirely disregarded. The laws that did exist to protect them were not enforced.

However, the advantages of Spanish rule should be recognized. Spain introduced its language,
literature, laws, and religion to a country in the Far East. Many religious members attempted to
assist individuals with their social and economic growth. Many youngsters were taught to read
and write in the local languages so that they might be taught the Christian religion.

Catholicism and its Patriarchal Politics and Culture

Despite all the good they had done, the Spanish religious organizations began to exert an
inordinate amount of control over the lives of the people. Many Filipinos were enraged, and the
religious orders clashed with Spanish o5icials who despised their rising political influence. Some
of the church properties are still hotbeds of social conflict today. The Aglipayan, or Philippine
Independent Church, was founded during the last revolt against Spain as a further protest the all-
Spanish character of religious and governmental authority.

The Catholic faith was brought to the Philippines by the Spaniards. They brought it to the Filipinos,
which resulted in several native uprisings against the new belief system. Fortunately for the
Spaniards, the Filipinos were indoctrinated into the Catholic religion. Along with the construction
of churches, religious teachings also altered the country's political life.
The unity of the people under its authority was one of Spain's greatest achievements to the
country's growth. First and foremost, a shared faith brought the Filipinos together. But, more
importantly, they were brought together by a shared hate for the Spanish conqueror and
everything he represented.

Jacinto’s Kartilya ng Katipunan

On June 12, 1898, at Kawit, Cavite, the Philippine Declaration of Independence was signed.
Filipino revolutionary forces led by General Emilio Aguinaldo announced the Philippines'
sovereignty and independence from Spanish colonial authority with the public reading of the Act
of the Declaration of Independence.

With the public reading of the Act of the Declaration of Independence, Filipino revolutionary
forces commanded by General Emilio Aguinaldo declared the Philippines' sovereignty and
independence from Spanish colonial rule.

When the Spanish authorities found KKK, an anti-colonial underground society, in August 1896,
the Philippine Revolution started. The Katipunan, headed by Andrés Bonifacio, was a liberationist
organisation aiming for armed insurrection to gain independence from Spain. Much of the
Philippines was influenced by the organization. During a mass meeting in Caloocan, Katipunan
leaders formed a revolutionary government, dubbed it "Haring Bayang Katagalugan," and
launched a nationwide armed revolution. Bonifacio called for an invasion on Manila, the
Philippines' capital. Although the invasion failed, the surrounding regions revolted. Early wins
were achieved by rebels in Cavite commanded by Mariano Alvarez and Emilio Aguinaldo (from
two distinct Katipunan groups). Bonifacio died in 1897 because of a power dispute among the
revolutionaries, and authority was passed to Aguinaldo, who formed his own revolutionary
government. That year, the revolutionaries and the Spanish negotiated the Biak-na-Bato Pact,
which halted hostilities for the time being. Aguinaldo and other Filipino commanders fled to Hong
Kong to live in exile.
The Kartilya contains not just instructions for the novice Katipunero, but also the society's
governing ideals. Even after the colonists have been liberated, the members are required to
follow these beliefs. The Kartilya concludes with a member's endorsement of the society's
teachings.

Katipuneros' acts were guided by the Kartilya, a moral and intellectual underpinning. Members
of the Katipunan were obliged to study the Kartilya and follow its code of conduct upon joining.
The early Katipueros recognized that the only way to truly alter the Philippines was to change
people's thoughts and habits.

Reform and Revolution to American to Japanese Period

The Philippine Revolution is one of the most significant events in the country's history, instilling
in future generations of Filipinos a strong feeling of nationality. During an era of intense struggle
and strife, Filipinos from all origins came together to fight colonialism.
In 1896, Spanish authorities uncovered the "Katipunan," a Filipino revolutionary group planning
against their conquerors, which started the revolution. It came to an end in 1902, when Spain lost
control of the Philippines and handed it over to the United States.

Filipino Struggle During Spanish Period

Before our own American Revolution, the Filipinos revolted against their Spanish masters a half-
dozen times, with countless smaller uprisings in between. Because the Filipinos were unable to
obtain peaceful changes during the nineteenth century, the Katipunan, a secret organisation of
ordinary people, was established in 1892. The execution of Jose Rizal, the Filipino leader and
national hero, fanned the flames of revolution, which erupted in August 1896.

Rizal was the embodiment of the people's pride and desire for freedom. He was one of the few
Filipinos who were able to get a good education and study abroad, and he returned to his
birthplace determined to alter his people's circumstances and the Spanish-imposed
government.
Jose Rizal and the Ilustrados founded the Propaganda Movement in Europe in the 1880s, when
they fiercely fought for the Philippines' much-needed reforms.

The Propaganda Movement

The Propaganda Movement, which lasted roughly from 1880 to 1886 with the highest
activity between 1880 and 1895, was a period when local Filipinos called for changes.
José Rizal, author of Noli Me Tángere and El filibusterismo, Graciano López Jaena, publisher of La
Solidaridad, the movement's main organ, Mariano Ponce, the secretary, and Marcelo H. del Pilar
were among the prominent members.

The Katipunan: The Secret Organization that initiated the Revolution

After Rizal's arrest and exile to Dapitan, La Liga Filipina collapsed. This was subsequently
replaced by a call for dramatic change, which Bonifacio suggested and backed. The Katipunan
was created when Bonifacio and his associates learnt of Rizal's captivity. The anti-colonial secret
organization gradually gained members from the lower and middle sections of the country,
enrolling them in an armed struggle against Spain. Bonifacio, who became known as the
Supremo (Supreme) of the Katipunan, led the Katipunan with the help of Emilio Jacinto, who
became known as the "Brains of the Katipunan."

The Katipunan was the group that organized and initiated the Philippine Revolution (which means
"Association" in Filipino). Andres Bonifacio and a few other urban laborers founded it on July 7,
1892, in Tondo, Manila. Its full Tagalog name is Kataastaasan Kagalang-galang na Katipunan
nang mang Anak ng Bayan.

A series of Bloody Revolts

Following the Katipunan's discovery, Spanish authorities made many arrests to identify its
members. Bonifacio and his comrades were plotting a national uprising. This resulted in the ‘Cry
of Pugad Lawin,' in which revolutionaries tore cedulas in bulk ripped symbolize their battle
against Spain. At the same time, Bonifacio devised a strategy to assault Manila. They were taken
o5 unprepared, however, because the Spanish police were more equipped than the rebels.
Despite the failure of his initial e5ort, historical records claim that Bonifacio proceeded with his
idea. Central Luzon, San Juan del Monte, and Southern Tagalog provinces were among those
a5ected by the uprising (which is why this is also known as the Tagalog War).

The arrival of the Americans and the Declaration of Independence

The second phase of the Philippine Revolution began in April 1898. After a US Navy vessel
exploded and sank in Havana port, the Americans began the Spanish-American War against
Spain. Commodore George Dewey led the US Navy's Asiatic Squadron to Manila and beat the
Spanish Navy. All Spanish ships were destroyed in a matter of hours, and the US took possession
of the Philippine capital.

Meanwhile, Aguinaldo developed a friendship with the Americans. He met with a US consul, who
recommended that he work with the Americans. As a result, Bonifacio returned to the Philippines
after his exile in Hong Kong and resumed his attacks on the Spanish rulers. The Philippine
Republic was founded on June 12, 1898, when Aguinaldo announced the country's
independence. The Philippine flag was flown from the balcony of his home in Kawit, Cavite. The
Filipino people first heard the Philippine National Anthem, "Lupang Hinirang." The Treaty of
Paris, signed in December of that year, saw the Spanish government relinquish the Philippines
to the United States. While the Spanish-American War concluded, the Americans gained control
of the Philippines.

In the Philippines, American control was paternalistic. Their policy was dubbed 'Benevolent
Assimilation.' They attempted to 'Americanize' the Filipinos but failed miserably. They did,
however, do some good. Many American instructors were brought to the Philippines on the
Thomas, and they were successful in raising reading levels. The Philippines became a
commonwealth and became semi-independent in 1935. Manuel Quezon was elected President
of the Philippines. In 1945, the United States pledged that the Philippines would be totally
independent. In December 1941, however, Japan launched an attack on the US navy at Pearl
Harbor. The Philippines were invaded by Japanese soldiers on December 10, 1941. On January 2,
1941, they took Manila. All the Philippines had been under Japanese control by May 6, 1942. In
October 1944, however, American forces returned to the Philippines. In February 1945, they
regained Manila