Raymond A.

Serway
John W. Jewett
Shang-fang Tsai

Chapter 5
More Applications of
Newton’s Laws
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in part.
 5.1 Forces of Friction

 When an object moves either on a surface or through a

viscous medium such as air or water, there are forces
of friction which act to reduce the velocity of the
object relative to the surface or medium.

2
 5.1 Forces of Friction

 Experiments show that the friction force arises from

the nature of the two surfaces
– Because of their roughness, contact is made only at a few
locations where peaks of the material touch.

3
 5.1 Forces of Friction

The assumptions in this simplification model can be summarized as

follows:
 The magnitude of the force of static friction between any two
surfaces in contact can have the values
ƒ s  µ sn
where the dimensionless constant µ s is called the coefficient of
static friction and n is the magnitude of the normal force.
 The magnitude of the force of kinetic friction acting between
two surfaces is
ƒk= µ kn
where µ k is the coefficient of kinetic friction.

4
 5.1 Forces of Friction

 The values of µ k and µ s depend on the nature of the

surfaces, but µ k is generally less than µ s. Table 5.1 lists
some measured values.
 The direction of the friction force on an object is
opposite to the actual motion (kinetic friction) or the
impending motion (static friction) of the object relative
to the surface with which it is in contact.

5
5.1 Forces of Friction

Figure 5.1
6
5.1 Forces of Friction

Figure 5.2
7
5.1 Forces of Friction

8
 Example 5.1 Experimental Determination
of s and k

 The following is a simple method of measuring

coefficients of friction. Suppose a block is placed on a
rough surface inclined relative to the horizontal as
shown in Figure 5.3. The incline angle is increased
until the block starts to move. Show that you can obtain
s by measuring the critical angle c at which this
slipping just occurs.

Figure 5.3
9
 Example 5.1 Experimental Determination
of s and k

SOL.
 Apply Equation 4.7 to the block in both the x and y
directions:
(1) Fx = mg sin − fs = 0
(2) Fy = n − mg cos = 0

 Substitute mg = n/cos θ from Equation (2) into

Equation (1):
 n 
(3) f s = mg sin  =   sin  = n tan 
 cos 
10
 Example 5.1 Experimental Determination
of s and k

 When the incline angle is increased until the block is

on the verge of slipping, the force of static friction has
reached its maximum value μsn. The angle  in this
situation is the critical angle c. Make these
substitutions in Equation (3):

sn = n tanc
s = tanc

11
Example 5.2 Acceleration of Two Connected
Objects When Friction Is Present

 A block of mass m2 on a rough, horizontal surface is

connected to a ball of mass m1 by a lightweight cord
over a lightweight, frictionless pulley as shown in
Figure 5.4a. A force of magnitude F at an angle θ with
the horizontal is applied to the block, and the block
slides to the right. The coefficient of kinetic friction
between the block
and surface is k. Determine the
magnitude of the acceleration of
the two objects.

Figure 5.4 12
Example 5.2 Acceleration of Two Connected
Objects When Friction Is Present

SOL.
 Apply the particle under a net force model to the block
in the horizontal direction:
(1) Fx = F cos − fk − T = m2ax = m2a

Figure 5.4 13
Example 5.2 Acceleration of Two Connected
Objects When Friction Is Present

 Apply the particle in equilibrium model to the block in

the vertical direction:
(2) Fy = n + F sin − m2g = 0
 Apply the particle under a net force model to the ball in
the vertical direction:
(3) Fy = T − m1g = m1ay = m1a
 Solve Equation (2) for n:
n = m2g − F sin

14
Example 5.2 Acceleration of Two Connected
Objects When Friction Is Present

 Substitute n into fk = kn from Equation 5.2 :

(4) fk = k (m2g − F sin )
 Substitute Equation (4) and the value of T from
Equation (3) into Equation (1)::
F cos − k (m2g − F sin ) − m1(a + g) = m2a

 Solve for a:

F (cos  + k sin  ) − (m1 + k m2 ) g

(5) a =
m1 + m2
15
5.2 Extending the Particle in Uniform Circular
Motion Model
 A force, F r , keeps the puck
moving in its circular path.
 We can apply Newton’s
second law to the particle
along the radial direction:

v2
 F = mac = m r

Figure 5.5

16
5.2 Extending the Particle in Uniform Circular
Motion Model

Figure 5.6 Figure 5.7

17
 Example 5.3 The Conical Pendulum

 A small ball of mass m is

suspended from a string of
length L. The ball revolves
with constant speed v in a
horizontal circle of radius r as
shown in Figure 5.8. (Because
the string sweeps out the
surface of a cone, the system is
known as a conical pendulum.)
Find an expression for v.

Figure 5.8
18
 Example 5.3 The Conical Pendulum

SOL.
 Apply the particle in equilibrium
model in the vertical direction:
Fy = T cos − mg = 0
(1) T cos = mg

Figure 5.8
19
 Example 5.3 The Conical Pendulum

 Use Equation 5.3 from the particle in uniform circular

motion model in the horizontal direction:
mv 2
(2)  Fx = T sin  = mac =
r
 Divide Equation (2) by Equation (1) and use sin θ /cos θ
= tan θ:
v2
tan  =
rg

20
 Example 5.3 The Conical Pendulum

 Solve for v:

v = rg tan 

 Incorporate r = L sin θ from the geometry in Figure

5.8a:
v = Lg sin  tan 

21
 Example 5.4 What is the Maximum
Speed of the Car?

 A 1 500-kg car moving on a flat,

horizontal road negotiates a curve
as shown in Figure 5.9a. If the
radius of the curve is 35.0 m and
the coefficient of static friction
between the tires and dry
pavement is 0.523, find the
maximum speed the car can have
and still make the turn
successfully.

Figure 5.9
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 Example 5.4 What is the Maximum
Speed of the Car?

SOL.
 Apply Equation 5.3 in the radial direction for the
maximum speed condition:
2
vmax
(1) f x ,max = s n = m
r
 Apply the particle in equilibrium model to the car in
the vertical direction:
Fy = 0 → n − mg = 0 → n = mg

23
 Example 5.4 What is the Maximum
Speed of the Car?

 Solve Equation (1) for the maximum speed and

substitute for n:
s nr s mgr
(2) vmax = = = s gr
m m

 Substitute numerical values:

vmax = (0.523)(9.80 m/s )(35.0 m) = 13.4 m/s

2

24
 Example 5.5 The Banked Roadway

 A civil engineer wishes to redesign the curved roadway

in Example 5.4 in such a way that a car will not have to
rely on friction to round the curve without skidding. In
other words, a car moving at the designated speed can
negotiate the curve even when the road is covered with
ice. Such a road is usually banked, which means that
the roadway is tilted toward the inside of the curve.
Suppose the designated speed for the ramp is to be 13.4
m/s (30.0 mi/h) and the radius of the curve is 35.0 m.
At what angle should the curve be banked?

25
 Example 5.5 The Banked Roadway

SOL.
 Write Newton’s second law for the
car in the radial direction, which is
the x direction:
mv 2
(1)  Fr = n sin  =
r
 Apply the particle in equilibrium
model to the car in the vertical
direction:
Fy = n cos − mg = 0
(2) n cos = mg Figure 5.10
26
 Example 5.5 The Banked Roadway

 Divide Equation (1) by Equation (2):

v2
(3) tan  =
rg
 Solve for the angle θ:

 (13.4 m/s) 2

 = tan 
−1
2 
= 27.6
 (35.0 m)(9.80 m/s ) 

27
 5.3 Nonuniform Circular Motion

 The net force acting on the

particle must also have a radial
and a tangential component as
shown in Figure 5.11.
 That is, because the total
acceleration is
a = a r + at
 the total force exerted on the
particle is

F = Fr + Ft
Figure 5.11
28
Example 5.6 Keep Your Eye on the Ball

 A small sphere of mass m is

attached to the end of a cord of
length R and set into motion in
a vertical circle about a fixed
point O as illustrated in Figure
5.13. Determine the tangential
acceleration of the sphere and
the tension in the cord at any
instant when the speed of the
sphere is v and the cord makes
an angle θ with the vertical.
Figure 5.13
29
Example 5.6 Keep Your Eye on the Ball

SOL.
 Apply Newton’s second law to the sphere in the
tangential direction:
Ft = mg sin = mat
at = g sin

30
Example 5.6 Keep Your Eye on the Ball

 Apply Newton’s second law to the forces acting on the

sphere in the radial direction, noting that both T and ar
are directed toward O:
2
mv
 Fr = T − mg cos  = R
 v2 
T = mg  + cos  
 Rg 

31
5.4 Motion in the Presence of Velocity-Dependent
Resistive Forces

 The medium exerts a resistive force R on the object

moving through it.
– The magnitude of this force depends on the relative speed
between the object and the medium,
– And the direction of R on the object is always opposite the
direction of the object’s motion relative to the medium.

32
5.4 Motion in the Presence of Velocity-Dependent
Resistive Forces

Model 1: Resistive Force Proportional to Object

Velocity
 At low speeds, the resistive force acting on an object
that is moving through a viscous medium can be
expressed as :

R = −bv
– where v is the velocity of the object relative to the medium
and b is a constant that depends on the properties of the
medium and on the shape and dimensions of the object.

33
5.4 Motion in the Presence of Velocity-Dependent
Resistive Forces

 Consider a sphere of mass m released

from rest in a liquid, as in Figure 5.14a.
 Considering the vertical motion and
choosing the downward direction to be
positive:
dv
 Fy = ma y → ng − bv = m dt
– Dividing this equation by the mass m
gives :
dv b
=g− v
dt m
– Equation 5.5 is called a differential
equation Figure 5.14
34
5.4 Motion in the Presence of Velocity-Dependent
Resistive Forces

 The terminal speed can be obtained from Equation 5.5

by setting a = dv/dt = 0, which gives :
mg
mg − bvT = 0 → vT =
b
 The expression for v that satisfies Equation 5.5 with v =
0 at t = 0 is s
mg
v= (1 − e −bt / m ) = vT (1 − e −t / )
b
– vT = mg/b
–  = m/b
– e = 2.718 28
35
5.4 Motion in the Presence of Velocity-Dependent
Resistive Forces

Model 2: Resistive Force Proportional to Object

Speed Squared
 For large objects moving at high speeds through air,
such as airplanes, skydivers, and baseballs, the
magnitude of the resistive force is modeled as being
proportional to the square of the speed :
R = D r Av
1
2
2

– r is the density of air.

– A is the cross-sectional area of moving object measured in a
plane perpendicular to its velocity
– D is a dimensionless empirical quantity called the drag
coefficient . 36
5.4 Motion in the Presence of Velocity-Dependent
Resistive Forces

 Suppose an object of mass m is

released from rest.
 The object experiences two external
forces: the downward gravitational
force mg and the upward resistive
force R .

 F = ma → mg − 1
2
D r Av 2
=m
Figure 5.15
 Dr A  2
a = g − v
 2m 
37
5.4 Motion in the Presence of Velocity-Dependent
Resistive Forces

Figure 5.16

38
 5.5 The Fundamental Forces of Nature

The Gravitational Force

 The gravitational force is the mutual force of
attraction between any two objects in the Universe.
 It is inherently the weakest of all the fundamental forces.

 Newton’s law of universal gravitation states that

every particle in the Universe attracts every other
particle with a force that is directly proportional to the
product of the masses of the particles and inversely
proportional to the square of the distance between
them. m1m2
Fg = G 2
r
39
 5.5 The Fundamental Forces of Nature

The Electromagnetic Force

 The electromagnetic force is the force that binds
atoms and molecules in compounds to form ordinary
matter.
 Coulomb’s law expresses the magnitude of the
electrostatic force Fe between two charged particles
separated by a distance r :
q1q2
Fe = ke 2
r

40
5.5 The Fundamental Forces of Nature

Figure 5.17

41
5.5 The Fundamental Forces of Nature

Figure 5.18

42
 5.5 The Fundamental Forces of Nature

The Strong Force

 This force that binds the nucleons to form a nucleus is
called the nuclear force.
 Its strength decreases very rapidly outside the nucleus
and is negligible for separations greater than
approximately 10−14 m.

43
 5.5 The Fundamental Forces of Nature

The Weak Force

 The weak force is a short-range force that tends to
produce instability in certain nuclei.
 The weak force is about 1034 times stronger than the
gravitational force and about 103 times weaker than the
electromagnetic force.

44
5.5 The Fundamental Forces of Nature

 For years, physicists have searched for a simplification

scheme that would reduce the number of fundamental
forces needed to describe physical phenomena
– Are in fact manifestations of one force, now called the
electroweak force.

45
5.6 Context Connection: Drag Coefficients of
Automobiles

 We should understand now that air resistance could be

a significant factor in the design of an automobile.
 Designers of alternative-fuel vehicles try to squeeze
every last mile of travel out of the energy that is stored
in the vehicle in the form of fuel or an electric battery.
A significant method of doing so is to reduce the force
of air resistance so that the net force driving the car
forward is as large as possible.

46
5.6 Context Connection: Drag Coefficients of
Automobiles

47
5.6 Context Connection: Drag Coefficients of
Automobiles
 A number of techniques can be used to reduce the drag
coefficient.
– Two factors that help are a small frontal area and
– Smooth curves from the front of the vehicle to the back.
– Elimination or minimization of as many irregularities in the
surfaces as possible, including:
⚫ door handles that project from the body, windshield wipers,
wheel wells, and rough surfaces on headlamps and grills.
– An important consideration is the underside of the carriage.

48
5.6 Context Connection: Drag Coefficients of
Automobiles

Figure 5.19

49