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CH 1 Introduction To Transport Phenomena

Introduction to thermal radiation

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Yeabsira Abinet
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51 views21 pages

CH 1 Introduction To Transport Phenomena

Introduction to thermal radiation

Uploaded by

Yeabsira Abinet
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Transport Phenomena (ChEg3111)

Target group: 3rd Year ChEg students


By
Wondimu M. (PhD)
A/Y 2024
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Student Learning Time Model for 1Crh

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Chapter 1: Chapter 2: Chapter 3: Chapter 4: Chapter 5: Chapter 6: Chapter 7:
Introd. Transport Fundam. of Heat 1-D steady 2-D steady state Introd. To Thermal Mass transport Introd. to Momentum
phenomena transfer state Conduction conduction Radiation Transport

Chapter 1
Introduction to Transport Phenomenon

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Theory and application of transport phenomena
What is Transport phenomena?
Transport phenomena is all about transport of entities (heat, mass &
momentum) in various medium by virtue of non-uniform conditions.

Momentum (fluid flow & forces


acting within them);
Heat (thermal energy flow);
Mass (particles or molecules flow).

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Some physical applications of transport phenomena

Transport Phenomena in Life:


•Fertilizer move from deep soil to leaf
•Blood circulation and respiration
•Absorbing nutrient & medicine by intestine
•Drug delivery process
distillation tower

refinery
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Heat transfer

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Mass Transfer

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Unbalanced force acted on an object produce
Momentum transfer change in momentum or impulse (J).

𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚, 𝑃 = 𝑚𝑉

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Momentum transfer cont’d...
Elastic collisions Inelastic collisions

1.momentum, total energy, kinetic energy


1.Momentum, total energy of system is
of system is conserved.
conserved but not kinetic energy.
2.No mechanical energy is converted into
2.Some part of the mechanical energy is
other form such as sound, light, heat, etc.
converted into heat, sound, light, etc.
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Basic terms in transport phenomena
Rate of entities : 𝑐𝑕𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓entities quantity 𝑤𝑖𝑡𝑕𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒.
It is directly associated to driving force & inversely related to resistance.
driving force driving force
𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 ∝ ; 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
resistance resistance
Driving force in transport phenomena can be:
velocity,
concentration &
temperature.
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Flux of entities: Is rate of flow of entities per area of flow entities.
Rate of Flowing entities
Flux of entities = Area of flow

Flux of entities =transport properties (gradient of driving force)


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Transfer processes can be: molecular /convective
 Molecular-due to function of molecular transfer activity
 Convective-due to fluid macro-motion
Molecular
𝑑𝑣𝑥 𝑚 𝑘𝑔
Newton’s law: = 𝜏𝑦𝑥 = −𝜇 ; 𝑣𝑥 ( ) &𝜇-viscosity ( )
𝑑𝑦 𝑠 𝑚.𝑠
𝑞𝑦 𝑑𝑇 𝑊
Fourier's law:= = −𝑘 ;k-conductivity ( )
𝐴 𝑑𝑦 𝑚.𝐾
𝑑𝐶𝐴 𝑚2
Fick’s law:=𝐽𝐴,𝑦 = −𝐷𝐴 ( ); 𝐷𝐴 -diffusivity ( )
𝑑𝑦 𝑠
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Summary
Molecular rate transfer process

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Levels of study of transfer process
Macroscopic Microscopic Molecular Level
Integral Analysis Differential Analysis Molecular structure & intermolecular
forces.
No attempt to understand An attempt to understand Basic understanding of process at
the details within the the details within the molecular level.
control volume. control volume.
Mainly used for the Mainly used to get information Used for developing theories by
global assessment of of: mathematical Calculation and
the process  Velocity profiles interaction of matter and energy.
 Temperature profiles e.g photon, electron & thermodynamics
 Concentration profiles Physical Chemist, Theoretical physicists
& some times Engineers/applied
scientists apply.

Order of cm or m Micron to cm range 1 to 1000 nanometers


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Gas absorber macro and micro level

Velocity, diffusion coefficient, solubility


Overall mass transfer coefficient

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Heating of a flowing fluid macro and micro level

Velocity, thermal conductivity

Overall heat transfer coefficient


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Transport phenomena mainly focus on microscopic.

Use of microscopic study


 Better understanding of the transfer mechanism.
 Better description of the dependence of transfer on the system
parameters.
 Mathematical treatments of all three transfers are identical.
 For similar geometrical systems, solutions obtained for one type of
transfer can be directly used on the other transfers.
 Minimize the experimental efforts.

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Analogy of heat, mass, momentum and transport
q dT Na dCa Fy dVy
Q  k Na   D  yx  gc  
A dx A dx A dx
From the three laws, an analogy was developed and ultra-simplified to:
d
  
dx
Analogous of Molecular Transport Equations
General Mass Heat Momentum
ψ Na Q 𝜏𝑦𝑥
δ D α ν
Γ 𝜌 or 𝐶𝑎 ρCpT ρνy
dΓ/dx dCa/dx d(ρCpT)/dx d(ρνy)/dx
Phenomenological Fick’s law of molecular Fourier’s law of heat Newton’s law of viscosity
Equation diffusion conduction
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Diffusivity D=D α=k/ρCp v=μ/ρ
Analogous terms in flux for various types of transport in one-dimension.

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Conservation equation on system is the basic concept upon which techniques of
chemical engineering problem is established.
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓𝜑 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓𝜑 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓𝜑 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓𝜑
− + =
𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒏𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏, 𝝋 = 𝝋(𝒕, 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛)


It can be applied to:
• mass and chemical species
• momentum,
• energy
Simplifications to the equation:
𝜕𝜑 𝜕𝜑 𝜕𝜑 𝜕𝜑
𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑦 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒: = 0; 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚: = = =0
𝜕𝑡 𝑥,𝑦,𝑧
𝜕𝑥 𝑦,𝑧,𝑡
𝜕𝑦 𝑥,𝑧,𝑡
𝜕𝑧 𝑥,𝑦,𝑡

Equilibrium: a system at both steady-state and uniform conditions simultaneously.


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Chapter 2:
Fundamentals of Heat transfer

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