Chapter 1 - Force

● 𝑇 = 𝐹𝑆
○ 𝑇 = 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
○ 𝐹 = 𝑀𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑
○ 𝑆 = 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐴𝑥𝑖𝑠
● 𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 = 𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 (𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠)

JI
LA
A
B
Chapter 2 - Work, Energy and Power
● 𝑊 = 𝐹 𝑆 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ
○ 𝑊 = 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝐷𝑜𝑛𝑒
○ 𝐹 = 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑
○ 𝑆 = 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑂𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡
● 𝑊 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ
○ 𝑊 = 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝐷𝑜𝑛𝑒
○ 𝑚 = 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐵𝑜𝑑𝑦

JI
𝑚 𝑚
○ 𝑔 = 9. 8 2 = 10 2 = 𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐷𝑢𝑒 𝑇𝑜 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑠 𝑠
○ ℎ = 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐵𝑜𝑑𝑦 𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑
𝑊
● 𝑃= 𝑡
○ 𝑃 = 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
○
○
LA
𝑊 = 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝐷𝑜𝑛𝑒
𝑡 = 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛
● 𝑈 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ
○ 𝑈 = 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
○ 𝑚 = 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐵𝑜𝑑𝑦
𝑚 𝑚
○ 𝑔 = 9. 8 2 = 10 2 = 𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐷𝑢𝑒 𝑇𝑜 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑠 𝑠
○ ℎ = 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐵𝑜𝑑𝑦 𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑
A
1 2
● 𝐾= 2
𝑚𝑣
○ 𝐾 = 𝐾𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
○ 𝑚 = 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐵𝑜𝑑𝑦
B

○ 𝑣 = 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝐵𝑜𝑑𝑦
● 𝑝= 2𝑚𝐾
○ 𝑝 = 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚
○ 𝑚 = 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐵𝑜𝑑𝑦
○ 𝐾 = 𝐾𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
2
𝑝
● 𝐾= 2𝑚
 ○ 𝑝 = 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚
○ 𝑚 = 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐵𝑜𝑑𝑦
○ 𝐾 = 𝐾𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
● ∆𝑈 = 𝑚𝑔(ℎ2 − ℎ1)
○ ∆𝑈 = 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
○ 𝑚 = 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐵𝑜𝑑𝑦
𝑚 𝑚
○ 𝑔 = 9. 8 2 = 10 2 = 𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐷𝑢𝑒 𝑇𝑜 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑠 𝑠

JI
○ ℎ1 = 𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐵𝑜𝑑𝑦 𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑
○ ℎ2 = 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐵𝑜𝑑𝑦 𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑
1 2 2
● ∆𝐾 = 2
𝑚(𝑣 − 𝑢 )
○ ∆𝐾 = 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝐾𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
○
○
LA
𝑚 = 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐵𝑜𝑑𝑦
𝑣 = 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝐵𝑜𝑑𝑦
○ 𝑢 = 𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝐵𝑜𝑑𝑦
A
B
Chapter 3 - Machines
𝐿
● 𝑀. 𝐴 = 𝐸
○ 𝑀. 𝐴. = 𝑀𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑑𝑣𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
○ 𝐿 = 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑
○ 𝐸 = 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑡
𝐸.𝐴.
● 𝑀. 𝐴. = 𝐿.𝐴.
○ 𝑀. 𝐴. = 𝑀𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑑𝑣𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒

JI
○ 𝐿. 𝐴. = 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐴𝑟𝑚
○ 𝐸. 𝐴. = 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝐴𝑟𝑚
𝑉𝐸 𝑑𝐸
● 𝑉. 𝑅. = 𝑉𝐿
= 𝑑𝐿

○ 𝑉. 𝑅. = 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜
○ 𝑉𝐸 = 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑡
LA
○ 𝑉𝐿 = 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑
○ 𝑑𝐸 = 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑡
○ 𝑑𝐿 = 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝑊𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
● η= 𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡

○ η (𝐸𝑡𝑎) = 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
A
○ 𝑊𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 = 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
○ 𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 = 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡
𝑀.𝐴.
● η=
B

𝑉.𝑅.
○ η (𝐸𝑡𝑎) = 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
○ 𝑀. 𝐴. = 𝑀𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑑𝑣𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
○ 𝑉. 𝑅. = 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜
Chapter 4 - Refraction of Light at Plane Surfaces
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑖
● 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑟
=µ
○ 𝑖 = 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
○ 𝑟 = 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
○ µ (𝑀𝑢) = 𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚
● 𝑉= 𝑓λ
○ 𝑉 = 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚
○ 𝑓 = 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡

JI
○ λ (𝐿𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑑𝑎) = 𝑊𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
𝑐
● µ= 𝑉
○ µ (𝑀𝑢) = 𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚
8 𝑚
○ 𝑐 = 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑉𝑎𝑐𝑢𝑢𝑚 = 3 * 10 𝑠

● λ' =
λ
µ
LA
○ λ' (𝐿𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑑𝑎') = 𝑊𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚
○ λ (𝐿𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑑𝑎) = 𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑊𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
○ µ (𝑀𝑢) = 𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚
1
● µ =
1 2 µ
2 1

○ µ (𝑀𝑢) = 𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 𝑜𝑓 𝐹𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚
A
1 2
○ µ (𝑀𝑢) = 𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐹𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚
2 1

● δ = (𝑖1 + 𝑖2 ) − (𝑟1 + 𝑟2)

○ δ (𝐷𝑒𝑙𝑡𝑎) = 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐷𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑚
○ 𝑖1 = 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐹𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 (𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡) 𝑅𝑎𝑦
B

○ 𝑖2 = 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 (𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑) 𝑅𝑎𝑦

○ 𝑟1 = 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 (𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑) 𝑅𝑎𝑦
○ 𝑟2 = 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑟𝑑 (𝐸𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡) 𝑅𝑎𝑦
● 𝐴 = 𝑟1 + 𝑟2
○ 𝐴 = 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑚
 ○ 𝑟1 = 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 (𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑) 𝑅𝑎𝑦
○ 𝑟2 = 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑟𝑑 (𝐸𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡) 𝑅𝑎𝑦
● 𝑖1 + 𝑖2 = δ + 𝐴
○ 𝑖1 = 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐹𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 (𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡) 𝑅𝑎𝑦
○ 𝑖2 = 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 (𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑) 𝑅𝑎𝑦
○ δ (𝐷𝑒𝑙𝑡𝑎) = 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐷𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑚
○ 𝐴 = 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑚

JI
● δ𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 2𝑖 − 𝐴
○ δ𝑚𝑖𝑛 (𝐷𝑒𝑙𝑡𝑎 𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚) = 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝐷𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑚
○ 𝑖 = 𝐸𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
○ 𝐴 = 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑚
● 𝐴. 𝐷. =
LA
𝑅.𝐷.
µ
○ 𝐴. 𝐷. = 𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ
○ 𝑅. 𝐷 = 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ
○ µ (𝑀𝑢) = 𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚
1
● 𝑆ℎ𝑖𝑓𝑡 = 𝑅. 𝐷. (1 − µ
)
○ 𝑆ℎ𝑖𝑓𝑡 = 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐵𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ
○ 𝑅. 𝐷 = 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ
A

○ µ (𝑀𝑢) = 𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚

1
● 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐶 = µ
○ 𝐶 = 𝐶𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒
B

○ µ (𝑀𝑢) = 𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚

Chapter 5 - Refraction Through a Lens
1 1 1
● 𝑓
= 𝑣
− 𝑢
○ 𝑓 = 𝐹𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑠 (𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑥 − 𝑃𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒), ( 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑎𝑣𝑒 − 𝑁𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒)
○ 𝑣 = 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑠 (𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙 − 𝑃𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒), (𝑉𝑖𝑟𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 − 𝑁𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒)
○ 𝑢 = 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑂𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑠 (𝐴𝑙𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝑁𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒)
𝐼 𝑣
● 𝑚= 𝑂
= 𝑢
○ 𝑚 = 𝑀𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
○ 𝐼 = 𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 (𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙 − 𝑁𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒), (𝑉𝑖𝑟𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 − 𝑃𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒)

JI
○ 𝑂 = 𝑂𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 (𝐴𝑙𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝑃𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒)
○ 𝑣 = 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑠 (𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙 − 𝑃𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒), (𝑉𝑖𝑟𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 − 𝑁𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒)
○ 𝑢 = 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑂𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑠 (𝐴𝑙𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝑁𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒)
1
● 𝐷 = 𝑓
○ 𝐷 = 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑠 (𝑖𝑛 𝐷𝑖𝑜𝑝𝑡𝑟𝑒)
LA
○ 𝑓 = 𝐹𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑠 (𝑖𝑛 𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠)
𝐷
● 𝑀=1 + 𝐹
○ 𝑀 = 𝑀𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
○ 𝐷 = 𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑡 𝑉𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
○ 𝐹 = 𝐹𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑠 (𝑖𝑛 𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠)
A
B
Chapter 6 - Spectrum
● δ = δ1 + δ2
○ δ (𝐷𝑒𝑙𝑡𝑎) = 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐷𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑚
○ δ1 (𝐷𝑒𝑙𝑡𝑎 𝑂𝑛𝑒) = 𝐹𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐷𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
○ δ2 (𝐷𝑒𝑙𝑡𝑎 𝑇𝑤𝑜) = 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐷𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
● 𝑐 = 𝑓λ
○ 𝑐 = 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡

JI
○ 𝑓 = 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
○ λ (𝐿𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑑𝑎) = 𝑊𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡

LA
A
B
Chapter 7 - Sound
● 𝑉 = 𝑓λ
○ 𝑉 = 𝑊𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
○ 𝑓 = 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑊𝑎𝑣𝑒
○ λ (𝐿𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑑𝑎) = 𝑊𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑊𝑎𝑣𝑒
1
● 𝑓= 𝑇
○ 𝑓 = 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑊𝑎𝑣𝑒

JI
○ 𝑇 = 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑊𝑎𝑣𝑒
γ𝑃
● 𝑉= 𝑑
○ 𝑉 = 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑊𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚
○ γ (𝐺𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎) = 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑤𝑜 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑠
○
○
LA
𝑃 = 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝑑 = 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚
𝑇
● 𝑉= 𝑚
○ 𝑉 = 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑆𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑊𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑑 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔
○ 𝑇 = 𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔
○ 𝑚 = 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑃𝑒𝑟 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
2𝑑
● 𝑉=
A
𝑡
○ 𝑉 = 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚
○ 𝑑 = 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐵𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑆𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒
○ 𝑡 = 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑜 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝐸𝑐ℎ𝑜
B

● 𝐿 = 𝐾 𝑙𝑜𝑔10𝐼
○ 𝐿 = 𝐿𝑜𝑢𝑑𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑
○ 𝐾 = 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦
○ 𝐼 = 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑
𝐼
● 𝐿 = 𝐾 𝑙𝑜𝑔10( 𝐼1 )
0

○ 𝐿 = 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝐿𝑜𝑢𝑑𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑

○ 𝐾 = 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦
○ 𝐼0 = 𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑
○ 𝐼1 = 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑

JI
LA
A
B
Chapter 8 - Current Electricity
● 𝑞 = 𝑛𝑒
○ 𝑞 = 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒
○ 𝑛 = 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑠
−19
○ 𝑒 = 1. 6 * 10 𝐶 = 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛
𝑞
● 𝐼= 𝑡
○ 𝐼 = 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡
○ 𝑡 = 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒

JI
○ 𝑞 = 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒
𝑊
● 𝑉= 𝑞
○ 𝑉 = 𝑃𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙
○ 𝑊 = 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝐷𝑜𝑛𝑒
LA
○ 𝑞 = 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒
𝑊
● 𝑃. 𝑑. = 𝑞
○ 𝑃. 𝑑 = 𝑃𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
○ 𝑊 = 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝐷𝑜𝑛𝑒
○ 𝑞 = 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒
● 𝑉= 𝐼𝑅
○ 𝑉 = 𝑃𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙
A
○ 𝐼 = 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡
○ 𝑅 = 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
1
● 𝐺 = 𝑅
○ 𝐺 = 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
B

○ 𝑅 = 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
2
𝑅𝑎 𝑅π𝑟
● ρ = 𝑙
= 𝑙
○ ρ(𝑅ℎ𝑜) = 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒/𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦
○ 𝑅 = 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
○ 𝑎 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑊𝑖𝑟𝑒
○ 𝑙 = 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑊𝑖𝑟𝑒
 ○ 𝑟 = 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑊𝑖𝑟𝑒
1
● σ = ρ
○ σ (𝑆𝑖𝑔𝑚𝑎) = 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦
○ ρ(𝑅ℎ𝑜) = 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒/𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑊
● ε= 𝑞
○ ε(𝐸𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑛) = 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 − 𝑒. 𝑚. 𝑓.
○ 𝑊 = 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝐷𝑜𝑛𝑒(𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡)

JI
○ 𝑞 = 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒
𝑊’
● 𝑉= 𝑞
○ 𝑉 = 𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
○ 𝑊' = 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝐷𝑜𝑛𝑒(𝐸𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡)
○ 𝑞 = 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒
● 𝑣 =
𝑤
𝑞
LA
○ 𝑣 = 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐷𝑟𝑜𝑝
○ 𝑤 = 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝐷𝑜𝑛𝑒(𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑡𝑒)
○ 𝑞 = 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒
● ε= 𝑉+ 𝑣
○ ε(𝐸𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑛) = 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 − 𝑒. 𝑚. 𝑓.
○ 𝑉 = 𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
A
○ 𝑣 = 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐷𝑟𝑜𝑝
● 𝑣 = 𝐼𝑟
○ 𝑣 = 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐷𝑟𝑜𝑝
○ 𝐼 = 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡
B

○ 𝑟 = 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
ε
● 𝑟 = ( 𝑉 − 1)𝑅
○ 𝑟 = 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
○ ε(𝐸𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑛) = 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 − 𝑒. 𝑚. 𝑓.
○ 𝑉 = 𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
○ 𝑅 = 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
● 𝑅𝑆 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3…..
○ 𝑅𝑆 = 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑆𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠
○ 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3….. = 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 1, 2, 3.....
1 1 1 1
● 𝑅𝑝
= 𝑅1
+ 𝑅2
+ 𝑅3

○ 𝑅𝑃 = 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙
○ 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3….. = 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 1, 2, 3.....

JI
2
2 𝑉𝑡
● 𝑊 = 𝑃𝑡 = 𝑞𝑉 = 𝑉𝐼𝑡 = 𝐼 𝑅𝑡 = 𝑅
○ 𝑊 = 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
○ 𝑃 = 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
○ 𝑞 = 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒
○ 𝑉 = 𝑃𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
○
LA
𝐼 = 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡
○ 𝑡 = 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
○ 𝑅 = 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
2
𝑊 2 𝑉
● 𝑃= 𝑡
= 𝑉𝐼 = 𝐼 𝑅 = 𝑅
○ 𝑃 = 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
○ 𝑊 = 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
A
○ 𝑡 = 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
○ 𝑉 = 𝑃𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
○ 𝐼 = 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡
○ 𝑅 = 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
B

2
𝑉
● 𝑅= 𝑃
○ 𝑅 = 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
○ 𝑉 = 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
○ 𝑃 = 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
2
● 𝐻 = 𝐼 𝑅𝑡
○ 𝐻 = 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
○ 𝐼 = 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡
○ 𝑅 = 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
○ 𝑡 = 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒

JI
LA
A
B
Chapter 9 - Household Appliances
𝑃
● 𝐼= 𝑉
○ 𝐼 = 𝑆𝑎𝑓𝑒 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡
○ 𝑃 = 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
○ 𝑉 = 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒

JI
LA
A
B
Chapter 10 - Electromagnetism
● 𝐹 = 𝐼𝐵𝑙
○ 𝐹 = 𝑀𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
○ 𝐼 = 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑛 𝑊𝑖𝑟𝑒
○ 𝐵 = 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝐹𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
○ 𝑙 = 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑊𝑖𝑟𝑒
● 𝑒 = 𝑒0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2π𝑛𝑡
○ 𝑒 = 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒

JI
○ 𝑒0 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
○ 𝑛 = 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠
○ 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑛𝑦 𝐼𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
● 𝑖 = 𝑖0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2π𝑛𝑡
○ 𝑖 = 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡
LA
○ 𝑖0 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡
○ 𝑛 = 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠
○ 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑛𝑦 𝐼𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝐼𝑝 𝐸𝑠 𝑁𝑠
● 𝐼𝑠
= 𝐸𝑝
= 𝑁𝑝
= 𝑛

○ 𝐼𝑝 = 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝐶𝑜𝑖𝑙

A
○ 𝐼𝑆 = 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝐶𝑜𝑖𝑙
○ 𝐸𝑆 = 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝐶𝑜𝑖𝑙
○ 𝐸𝑝 = 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝐶𝑜𝑖𝑙
B

○ 𝑁𝑆 = 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝐶𝑜𝑖𝑙

○ 𝑁𝑝 = 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝐶𝑜𝑖𝑙
○ 𝑛 = 𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜
Chapter 11 - Calorimetry
● 𝑇 𝐾 = 273 + 𝑡 °𝐶
○ 𝑇 𝐾 = 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝐾𝑒𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛
○ 𝑡 °𝐶 = 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝐷𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠 𝐶𝑒𝑙𝑠𝑖𝑢𝑠
● ∆𝑇 𝐾 = ∆𝑡°𝐶
○ ∆𝑇 𝐾 = 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝐾𝑒𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛
○ 𝑡 °𝐶 = 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝐾𝑒𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛
● 𝑄 = 𝑚𝑐∆𝑡

JI
○ 𝑄 = 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐴𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑒𝑑
○ 𝑚 = 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐵𝑜𝑑𝑦
○ 𝑐 = 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙
○ ∆𝑡 = 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝑄
● 𝐶' = ∆𝑡
LA
○ 𝐶' = 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐵𝑜𝑑𝑦
○ 𝑄 = 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐴𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑒𝑑
○ ∆𝑡 = 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
● 𝐶' = 𝑚𝑐
○ 𝐶' = 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐵𝑜𝑑𝑦
○ 𝑚 = 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐵𝑜𝑑𝑦
○ 𝑐 = 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙
A
● 𝑚1𝑐1(𝑡1 − 𝑡) = 𝑚2𝑐2(𝑡 − 𝑡2)
○ 𝑚1 = 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐹𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
○ 𝑐1 = 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐹𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
B

○ 𝑡1 = 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐹𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 (𝐻𝑜𝑡)

○ 𝑚2 = 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
○ 𝑐2 = 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
○ 𝑡2 = 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 (𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑑)
○ 𝑡 = 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
 𝑄
● 𝐿= 𝑚
○ 𝐿 = 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
○ 𝑄 = 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐴𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑒𝑑/𝐿𝑖𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐷𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑃ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒
○ 𝑚 = 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒

JI
LA
A
B
Chapter 12 - Radioactivity
𝐴 𝐴−4
● 𝑋𝑍 − α → 𝑋𝑍−2
○ 𝑋 = 𝐴𝑛𝑦 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
○ 𝐴 = 𝐴𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑋
○ 𝑍 = 𝐴𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑋
○ α (𝐴𝑙𝑝ℎ𝑎) = 𝐴𝑙𝑝ℎ𝑎 𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝐷𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝐴 𝐴
● 𝑋𝑍 − β → 𝑋𝑍+1

JI
○ 𝑋 = 𝐴𝑛𝑦 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
○ 𝐴 = 𝐴𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑋
○ 𝑍 = 𝐴𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑋
○ β (𝐵𝑒𝑡𝑎) = 𝐵𝑒𝑡𝑎 𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝐷𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝐴 𝐴
● 𝑋𝑍 *− γ → 𝑋𝑍
○
LA
𝑋 = 𝐴𝑛𝑦 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
○ 𝐴 = 𝐴𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑋
○ 𝑍 = 𝐴𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑋
○ γ (𝐺𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎) = 𝐺𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎 𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝐷𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
○ * = 𝐸𝑥𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑢𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑢𝑠

𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒: 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑍 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 𝑏𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑋.

A
B
ALL IN ONE PCMB #2.0

ALL IN ONE PCMB #1.0

ISC AND ICSE 1.0#