DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

CST463 - WEB PROGRAMMING

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CST463 - WEB PROGRAMMING

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 Module 2 (CO3, Cognitive Knowledge Level: Apply)

► PHP Language Structure: Introduction- Building blocks of PHP

► Variables, Data Types -Converting between Data Types-
► Operators and Expressions
► simple PHP program
► Flow Control functions
► Control statements
► Working with Functions
► Initializing and Manipulating Arrays
► Objects- String Comparisons-
► String processing with Regular Expression

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 PHP Language Structure

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Introduction
► Rasmus Lerdorf developed PHP in 1994.
► A PHP script is executed on the server, and the plain HTML result is sent back to the
browser.
► A PHP script can be placed anywhere in the document.

► A PHP script starts with <?php and ends with ?>

► The default file extension for PHP files is ".php".

► A PHP file normally contains HTML tags, and some PHP scripting code.

►PHP code is executed on the server, generating HTML which is then sent to the client.

►The client would receive the results of running that script, but would not know what the
underlying code was.
►PHP is compatible with almost all servers used today (Apache, IIS, etc.). PHP is easy to
learn and runs efficiently on the server side
► PHP is FREE to download from : www.php.net

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Introduction to PHP

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Three-tier web-based application

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 Three-tier web-based application
► The bottom tier (also called the data tier or the information tier) maintains the
application’s data. This tier typically stores data in a relational database management
system (RDBMS)
► The middle tier implements business logic, controller logic and presentation logic to
control interactions between the application’s clients and its data. The middle tier
acts as an intermediary between data in the information tier and the application’s
clients. The middle-tier controller logic processes client requests (such as requests to
view a product catalog) and retrieves data from the database
► The top tier, or client tier, is the application’s user interface, which gathers input and
displays output. Users interact directly with the application through the user
interface, which is typically a web browser or a mobile device

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 Client-Side Scripting versus Server-Side Scripting
► Client-side scripting with JavaScript can be used to validate user input, to interact
with the browser, to enhance web pages, and to add client/server communication
between a browser and a web server.
► Client-side scripting does have limitations, such as browser dependency; the browser
or scripting host must support the scripting language and capabilities.
► client-side scripts can be viewed by the client using the browser’s source-viewing
capability
► server-side scripts, often generate custom responses for clients
► Server-side scripting languages have a wider range of programmatic capabilities
than their client-side equivalents.
► Server-side scripts also have access to server-side software that extends server
functionality—Microsoft web servers use ISAPI (Internet Server Application Program
Interface) extensions and Apache HTTP Servers use modules.
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 Accessing Web Server
► To request documents from web servers, users must know the hostnames on which
the web server software resides.
► Users can request documents from local web servers (i.e., ones residing on users’
machines) or remote web servers (i.e., ones residing on different machines).
► Local web servers can be accessed through your computer’s name or through the
name localhost
► localhost—a hostname that references the local machine and normally translates to
the IP address 127.0.0.1 (known as the loopback address).

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 Installing to PHP

►XAMPP integrated installer for Apache,

MySQL and PHP is available for Windows,
Mac OS X and Linux
►On windows, you can download and
install WAMP. With one installation and
you get an Apache webserver, database
server and php.
http://www.wampserver.com
►On mac, you can download and install

MAMP.
http://www.mamp.info/en/index.html

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 PHP Language Structure
► PHP: “Hypertext Preprocessor”
► Originally, PHP was an acronym for Personal Home Page

► open source general-purpose scripting language

► web development tool (not case sensitive)and can be embedded into HTML

► File ends in .php--Separated in files with the <?php ?> tag

► php commands can make up an entire file, or can be contained in html.

► Program lines end in ";" or you get an error

► PHP scripts are executed on the server and is a case sensitive language . but PHP
function names are case in-sensitive
► PHP supports many databases (MySQL, Informix, Oracle, Sybase, Solid, PostgreSQL,
Generic ODBC, etc.)
►PHP runs on different platforms (Windows, Linux, Unix, etc.)

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Building blocks of PHP

► Variables ► Variables
► Data Types ► All variable names in PHP begin with dollar signs ($)
► Operators and Expressions ► a letter or an underscore followed by any number
► Constants (including zero) of letters, digits, or underscores.
► PHP variable names are case sensitive.
► Assigned by value
► $foo = "Bob"; $bar = $foo;

► Some are preassigned, server and env vars

► For example, there are PHP vars,
eg. PHP_SELF, HTTP_GET_VARS

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 Building blocks of PHP

► Variables
► Line 5 outputs the value of variable $name by calling function print. The value of
$name is printed, not the string "$name".
► When a variable is encountered inside a doublequoted ("") string, PHP interpolates
the variable
► . All operations of this type execute on the server before the HTML5 document is
sent to the client
► PHP variables are loosely typed—they can contain different types of data (e.g.,
integers, doubles or strings) at different time

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 Building blocks of PHP

► Global Variables
► In PHP global variables must be declared global inside
a function if they are going to be used in that function.

► The above script will output 3. By declaring $a and $b global within the function, all
references to either variable will refer to the global version. There is no limit to the
number of global variables that can be manipulated by a function.
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Building blocks of PHP
► Super Global Variables ► The PHP superglobal variables are:
► Super global variables are built-in ► $GLOBALS
variables that are always available in ► $_SERVER
all scopes.
► $_REQUEST
► Some predefined variables in PHP are
► $_POST
"superglobals", which means that they
are always accessible, regardless of ► $_GET
scope - and you can access them from ► $_FILES
any function, class or file without ► $_ENV
having to do anything special. ► $_COOKIE
► $_SESSION

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Building blocks of PHP
► second way to access variables from the
global scope is to use the special PHP-
defined $GLOBALS array
► The $GLOBALS array is an associative array
with the name of the global variable being
the key and the contents of that variable
being the value of the array element.
► $b is a variable present within the
$GLOBALS array, it is also accessible from
outside the function!

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Superglobal variables
► $GLOBALS- PHP super global variable which is used to access global variables
from anywhere in the PHP script
► $_SERVER is a PHP super global variable which holds information about
headers, paths, and script locations.
► $_REQUEST is a PHP super global variable which is used to collect data after
submitting an HTML form.
► $_POST is a PHP super global variable which is used to collect form data after
submitting an HTML form with method="post". $_POST is also widely used to
pass variables.
► $_GET is a PHP super global variable which is used to collect form data after
submitting an HTML form with method="get".$_GET can also collect data sent
in the URL.

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Building blocks of PHP

► Variables
► Data Types
► Operators and Expressions
► Constants
Reserved Words

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 Variables
Building blocks of PHP Data Types
Operators & Expressions
► Data Types Constants

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 Variables
Building blocks of PHP Data Types
Operators & Expressions
► Data Types Constants

► PHP has four scalar types: Boolean, integer, double, and string; two compound
types, array and object; and two special types, resource and NULL
1 Integer Type
► PHP has a single integer type, named integer. (corresponds to the long type of C)

► In most cases, this is 32 bits, or a bit less (not fewer) than ten decimal digits.

2 Double Type
► PHP's double type corresponds to the double type of C and its successors.

► Double literals can include a decimal point, an exponent, or both. The exponent
has an E or an e
► Floating point numbers (also known as "floats", "doubles", or "real numbers") can
be specified using any of the following syntaxes:
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 Order of Precedence of Style Sheet
3.String Type
► Characters in PHP are single bytes. no character type.
► A single character data value is represented as a string of length 1.
► String literals with either single (') or double quotes (")
► In single-quoted string literals, escape sequences, such as \n, are not
recognized and the values of embedded variables are not substituted
► ‘The sum is :$sum’ exactly as it is typed.
► In double-quoted string literals, escape sequences are recognized, and
embedded variables are replaced by their current values.
$sum=10;
print “The sum : $sum”;
o/p :The sum : 10
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 Variables
Building blocks of PHP Data Types
Operators & Expressions
Constants
4.Boolean Type
► The only two possible values for the Boolean type are TRUE and FALSE, both of
which are case insensitive.
► It is used in control structure like the testing portion of an if statement.

► If an integer expression is used in Boolean context, it evaluates to FALSE if it is

zero; otherwise, it is TRUE.
► If a string expression is used in Boolean context, it evaluates to FALSE if it is
either the empty string or the string "0"; otherwise, it is TRUE.
Ex: $var = true;

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 Variables
Building blocks of PHP Data Types
Operators & Expressions
Constants
//Result of the equal operator is a Boolean
<?php
//Result of the condition is a Boolean
$height=100; <?php
$width=50;
$height=100;
$width=50;
if ($width == 0) if ($width)
{
{ echo "The area of the rectangle is".$height*$width;
echo "The width needs to be a non-zero }
else
number"; {
} echo "The width needs to be a non-zero number";
}
?> ?>

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 Variables
Determining data types Data Types
Operators & Expressions
Constants
► PHP has several useful functions for determining the type of a variable.
► is_array() True if variable is an array.
► is_bool() True if variable is a bool.
► is_float(), is_double(), is_real() True if variable is a float.
► is_int(), is_integer(), is_long() True if variable is an integer.
► is_null() True if variable is set to null.
► is_numeric() True if variable is a number or numeric string.
► is_scalar() True if variable is an int, float, string, or bool.
► is_object() True if variable is an object.
► is_resource() True if variable is a resource.
► is_string() True if variable is a string.
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 Variables
changing data types Data Types
Operators & Expressions
Constants
► PHP includes both implicit and explicit type conversions.
► Implicit type conversions are called coercions
► The context can cause a coercion of the type of the value of the expression.
► Whenever a numeric value appears in string context, the numeric value is coerced
to a string.
► whenever a string value appears in numeric context, the string value is coerced to
a numeric value. If the string contains a period, an e, or an E, it is converted to
double; otherwise, it is converted to an integer.
► When a double is converted to an integer, the fractional part is dropped;
rounding is not done

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 Variables
changing data types Data Types
Operators & Expressions
Constants
► Explicit type conversions can be specified in three ways.
► Using the syntax of C, an expression can be cast to a different type. The cast is a
type name in parentheses preceding the expression. For example, if the value of
$sum is 4 . 777, the following produces 4: (int)$sum
► Another way to specify explicit type conversion is to use one of the functions
intval(), doubleval(), or strval(). For example, if $sum is still 4.77 7, the following
call returns 4:
intval($sum)
► The third way to specify an explicit type conversion is the settype() function,
which takes two parameters: a variable and a string that specifies a type name.
For example, if $sum is still 4 . 777, the following statement converts the value of
$sum to 4 and its type to integer: settype($sum, "integer");
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 Variables
changing data types with settype() Data Types
Operators & Expressions
Constants
► The settype() function converts a variable to a specific type.
► Syntax: settype(variable, type);
<?php
$a = "32"; // string
settype($a, "integer"); // $a is now integer
$b = 32; // integer
settype($b, "string"); // $b is now string
$c = true; // boolean
settype($c, "integer"); // $c is now integer (1)
?>

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 Variables
changing data types by casting Data Types
Operators & Expressions
Constants
► We can cast following data type variable in PHP
► (int), (integer) - cast to integer
► (bool), (boolean) - cast to boolean
► (float), (double), (real) - cast to float
► (string) - cast to string
► (array) - cast to array
► (object) - cast to object
► (unset) - cast to NULL (PHP 5)

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 Variables
Building blocks of PHP Data Types
Operators & Expressions
► Operators &expressions Constants

► PHP has the usual (for C-based programming languages) collection of arithmetic operators (+, -,
*, /, %, ++, and --)
► If either operand is a double, the operation is double and a double result is produced
► Operators are used to perform operations on variables and values.
► PHP divides the operators in the following groups:
► Arithmetic operators
► Assignment operators
► Comparison operators
► Increment/Decrement operators
► Logical operators
► String operators
► Array operators
► Conditional assignment operators
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 Variables
Building blocks of PHP Data Types
Operators & Expressions
► Operators &expressions Constants

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 Variables
Building blocks of PHP Data Types
Operators & Expressions
► Operators &expressions Constants

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 Variables
Building blocks of PHP Data Types
Operators & Expressions
► Operators &expressions Constants

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 Variables
Building blocks of PHP Data Types
Operators & Expressions
► Operators &expressions Constants

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 Variables
Building blocks of PHP Data Types
Operators & Expressions
► Operators &expressions-predefined Functions Constants

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 Building blocks of PHP
► Operators

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 floor(),ceil()
► The floor() function rounds a number DOWN to the nearest integer, if necessary.
<?php
echo(floor(0.60) . "<br>"); //0
echo(floor(0.40) . "<br>");//0
echo(floor(5) . "<br>");//5
echo(floor(5.1) . "<br>");//5
echo(floor(-5.1) . "<br>");//-6
echo(floor(-5.9));//-6
echo (ceil(0.70)); //1
echo(ceil(-4.1));//-4
echo(ceil(6.2));//7
echo(round(0.70878, 2)); //0.71?>
► ceil():To round a number UP to the nearest integer use the ceil() function.
► round(): To round a floating-point number, use the round() function
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rand()
► The rand() function generates a random integer.
► If you want a random integer between 10 and 100 (inclusive), use rand (10,100).

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>

<?php
echo(rand() . "<br>");
echo(rand() . "<br>");
echo(rand(10,100));
?>

</body>
</html>

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 Variables
Building blocks of PHP Data Types
Operators & Expressions
► Constants Constants
► A constant is a name or an identifier for a simple value. A constant value cannot
change during the execution of the script. By default, a constant is case-sensitive.
By convention, constant identifiers are always uppercase.
► A constant name starts with a letter or underscore, followed by any number of
letters, numbers, or underscores.
► If you have defined a constant, it can never be changed or undefined.
► To define a constant you have to use define() function and to retrieve the value
of a constant, you have to simply specifying its name
<?php
define("MINSIZE", 50);
echo MINSIZE;
echo constant("MINSIZE"); // same thing as the previous line?>

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 Variables
Building blocks of PHP Data Types
Operators & Expressions
► Constants Constants
► Only scalar data (boolean, integer, float and string)
can be contained in constants.
► Differences between constants and variables are
► There is no need to write a dollar sign ($) before a
constant, where as in Variable one has to write a
dollar sign.
► Constants cannot be defined by simple assignment,
they may only be defined using the define() function.
► Constants may be defined and accessed anywhere
without regard to variable scoping rules.
► Once the Constants have been set, may not be
redefined or undefined.
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 Echo and Print
► PHP echo and print Statements <!DOCTYPE html >
► echo and print are more or less the
<html><head>
<title> today.php </title> </head>
same. <body> <p>
<?php
► They are both used to output data print "<b>Welcome to my home page <br /> <br />";
to the screen.
print "Today is:</b>date("Y/m/d"); print "<br />";
► echo has no return value while ?>
print has a return value of 1 so it
</p>
</body>
can be used in expressions. </html>
► echo can take multiple parameters o/p
(although such usage is rare) while Welcome to my Home Page
Today is 2014/09/24
print can take one argument.
► echo is marginally faster than print. l-day of the week, F-month, j-date value and S –suffix for the day
date(l,F,jS)=>Saturday June 1st

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 Module 2 (CO3, Cognitive Knowledge Level: Apply)

► -simple PHP program

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 Flow Control functions and control statements

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 Flow Control statements in PHP
► Selection Statements
If statement can include any number of elseif clauses.
example of an if construct:
if ($day == "Saturday" || $day == "Sunday")
{$today = "weekend”};
else
{$today = "weekday";}

If($num>0)
$pcount++;
elseif($num<0)
$ncount++;
else
print “Zero”;
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 Flow Control statements in PHP
► Selection Statements
► switch (n) {
case label1:
code to be executed if n=label1;
break;
case label2:
code to be executed if n=label2;
break;
case label3:
code to be executed if n=label3;
break;
...
default:
code to be executed if n is different from all labels; }
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 Loop statements in PHP
► The while, for, and do-while statements of PHP are exactly like those of Java.
PHP also has a foreach statement
Example

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 Loop statements in PHP
► For loop

► The break statement can be used to

terminate the execution of a for, foreach,
while, or do-while construct.
► The continue statement is used in loop
constructs to skip the remainder of the
current iteration but continue execution at
the beginning of the next.

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Page 48
 Loop statements in PHP
► For each loop

The For every loop iteration, the value of the

current array element is assigned to $value
(and the array pointer is moved by one) - so
on the next loop iteration, you'll be looking
at the next array value

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 Basic Programs-Palindrome number

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 Arrays

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 Arrays in PHP
► PHP provides the capability to store data in arrays. Arrays are divided into elements
that behave as individual variables. Array names, begin with the $ symbol.
► Individual array elements are accessed by following the array’s variable name with
an index enclosed in square brackets ([]).
► If a value is assigned to an array element of an array that does not exist, then the
array is created
► assigning a value to an element where the index is omitted appends a new element
to the end of the array
► In PHP, there are three kind of arrays:
> Numeric array - An array with a numeric index
> Associative array - An array where each ID key is associated with a value
> Multidimensional array - An array containing one or more arrays

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 Creating numeric Arrays in PHP
►A numeric array stores each array element with a numeric index.
► > There are two methods to create a numeric array.

1)Assignment operation creates scalar variables. The same operation works for
arrays—assigning a value to an element of an array that does not yet exist creates the
array.
► For example, assuming no array named $list currently exists, the following
statement creates one:$list[0] = 17;
► If the script has a scalar variable named $list prior to this assignment, $ list is now
an array
► If the array currently has no elements with numeric keys, the value 0 is used. For
example, in the following code, the second element's subscript will be 2:
► $list[l] = "Today is my birthday!"; $list[] = 42;

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 Creating numeric Arrays in PHP
►A numeric array stores each array element with a numeric index.
►> There are two methods to create a numeric array.

2)second way to create an array is with the array construct.

► In the following example the index is automatically assigned (the index starts at 0):

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 Creating Associative Arrays in PHP
► With an associative array, each ID key is associated with a value.
►When storing data about specific named values, a numerical array is not always the
best way to do it.
► With associative arrays we can use the values as keys and assign values to them.

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 Creating Associative Arrays in PHP

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Page 57
 Functions dealing with Array

1. unset

• A whole array can be deleted with unset(), as with a scalar variable.

• Individual elements of an array also can be removed with unset, as in

the following:
$list = array(2, 4, 6, 8);

unset($list[2]);
• Now $list has three remaining elements with keys 0,1, and 3 and
elements 2, 4, and 8.

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 Functions dealing with Array
► The collection of keys and the collection of values of an array can be extracted with built-in
functions.

► The array_keys function takes an array as its parameter and returns an array of the keys of the
given array. The returned array uses 0, 1, and so forth as its keys.

► The array_values function does for values what array_keys does for keys.

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 Functions dealing with Array
• The existence of an element of a specific key can be determined with the array_key_exists function,
which returns a Boolean value. For example, consider the following:

• The is_array function is similar to the is_int function: It takes a variable as its parameter and returns
TRUE if the variable is an array, FALSE otherwise.

• The in_ array function takes two parameters an expression and an array and returns TRUE if the
value of the expression is a value in the array; otherwise, it returns FALSE.

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 Functions dealing with Array
• The existance of an element of a specific key can be determined with the array_key_exists function,
which returns a Boolean value. For example, consider the following:

• The is_array function is similar to the is_int function: It takes a variable as its parameter and returns
TRUE if the variable is an array, FALSE otherwise.

• The in_ array function takes two parameters an expression and an array and returns TRUE if the
value of the expression is a value in the array; otherwise, it returns FALSE.

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 Functions dealing with Array
► sizeof()

• The number of elements in an array can be determined with the sizeof function.

► For example, consider the following code:

$list = array("Bob", "Fred", "Alan", "Bozo");
$len = sizeof($list);
After executing this code, $len will be 4.

► count() -counts the number of elements in an array; sizeof() is an alias of count().

► Given the array

$colors = array("blue", "black", "red", "green");

► both count($colors); and sizeof($colors); return a value of 4

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 Functions dealing with Array-explode and implode
► The explode function explodes a string into substrings and returns them in an array.
► The delimiters of the substrings are defined by the first parameter to explode, which is a string; the
second parameter is the string to be converted.
For example, consider the following:
$str = “May god bless you all";
$words = explode(" ", $str);
$words creates an array which contains (“May", “god", “bless", “you", “all").
► The implode function does the inverse of explode. Given a separator character (or string) and an
array, it concatenates the elements of the array together, using the given separator string between
the elements, and returns the result as a string.
$words = array("Are", "you", “coming", "to“, ”India?”);
$str = implode(" ", $words);
$str has "Are you coming to India?"

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 Functions dealing with Array
► The array_push and array_pop functions provide a simple way to implement a stack
in an array.

► The array_push function takes as its first parameter an array. After this first
parameter, there can be any number of additional parameters. The values of all
subsequent parameters are placed at the end of the array.

► The array_push function returns the new number of elements in the array.

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 Functions dealing with Array
► array_pop function takes a single parameter, the name of an array. It removes the
last element from the array and returns it. The value NULL is returned if the array
is empty.

► array_unshift()—This function adds one or more elements to the beginning of an

existing array

► array_shift()—This function removes (and returns) the first element of an existing array,

► array_merge()—This function combines two or more existing arrays

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 To process Array use foreach statement
► The foreach statement is designed to build loops that process all of the elements of
an array.
► This statement has two forms:
foreach (array as scalar_variable) loop body
foreach (array as key => value) loop body
► In the first form, one of the array's values is set to the scalar variable for each
iteration of the loop body.
Ex: $list=array(2,4,6,8);
foreach (Slist as $temp)
print("$temp <br />");
► This code will produce the values of all of the elements of $list

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 To process Array use foreach statement
► The second form of foreach provides both the key and the value of each element of
the array.
Syntax:
foreach (array as key => value) loop body
► For example:
$lows = array("Mon" => 23, "Tue" => 18, "Wed" => 27);
foreach ($lows as $day => $temp)
print("The low temperature on $day was $temp <br />");

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 Sorting Arrays
► sort() - sort arrays in ascending order
► rsort() - sort arrays in descending order

► asort() - sort associative arrays in ascending order, according to the value

► ksort() - sort associative arrays in ascending order, according to the key

<?php
$fruits = array("Orange", "Grapes", "Apple","Banana");
sort($fruits);
foreach($fruits as $x )
{
echo $x;
echo "<br>";
}
?PPage
>
age 68 Prof.Smitha Jacob, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, SJCET Palai
 Sorting Arrays
► sort() - sort arrays in ascending order
► rsort() - sort arrays in descending order

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 Sorting Arrays
► asort() - sort associative arrays in ascending order, according to the value

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 Sorting Arrays
► ksort() - sort associative arrays in ascending order, according to the key

► The sort function, which takes an array as a parameter, sorts the values in the array, replacing the
keys with the numeric keys, 0, 1, 2, ....
► The array can have both string and numeric values.
► The string values migrate to the beginning of the array in alphabetical order. The numeric values
follow in ascending order
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 Sorting Arrays

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 Arrays-Using array_search()
► With the help of array_search() function, we can remove specific elements from an
array.

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 Arrays-Using array_diff()
► With the help of array_diff() function, we also can remove specific elements from an
array.

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 PHP Program to find if an array is a subset of another:
► You need to find whether an array is subset of another array.
► Let us suppose that there are two arrays.First array is large which have 6 values.
► Second array is small which have 2 values.Find if second array is subset of first
which means that all values of second array should exists in first array.

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 PHP Program to check whether an array is empty or not
► An empty array can sometimes cause software crash or unexpected outputs. To
avoid this, it is better to check whether an array is empty or not beforehand. There
are various methods and functions available in PHP to check whether the defined
or given array is an empty or not.

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 MultiDimensional Arrays

► The first two types of arrays hold strings

and integers, whereas this third type holds
other arrays.
► If each set of key/value pairs constitutes a
dimension, a multidimensional array holds
more than one series of these key/value
pairs
► The $characters array is initialized using
the array() function. $characters[0],
$characters[1]...
► Each element consists of an associative
array, itself containing four elements:
name, occupation, age, and special_power
►echo $characters[1]['occupation’];

will display “superhero”

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 MultiDimensional Arrays

Page 78
 Working with Functions

Page 79
 Functions

► Besides the built-in PHP functions, it is possible to create your own functions.
► A function is a block of statements that can be used repeatedly in a program.
► A function will not execute automatically when a page loads.
► A function will be executed by a call to the function.
► A user-defined function declaration starts with the word function
► A function name must start with a letter or an underscore.
► Function names are NOT case-sensitive.They are case-insensitive for the ASCII
characters A to Z
► All functions and classes in PHP have the global scope - they can be called
outside a function even if they were defined inside and vice versa.
► PHP does not support function overloading, nor is it possible to undefine or
redefine previously-declared functions.
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 Functions

► A function is a self-contained block of code that can be called by your scripts.

► When called, the function’s code is executed and performs a particular task.
► You can pass values to a function, which then uses the values appropriately—
storing them, transforming them, displaying them, or whatever the function is
told to do.
► When finished, a function can also pass a value back to the original code that
called it into action.
► Functions come in two flavors: those built in to the language and those you
define yourself.
► PHP has hundreds of built-in functions.
► strtoupper() returns a string value, so its usage requires the presence of a
variable to accept the new string, such as the following:

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 Functions
► PHP supports user-defined functions
► The general form of a PHP function definition is as follows:
function name( [parameters] ) { }
► Function names are not case sensitive. So, you cannot have a function named sum
and another named Sum.
► the parameters in the call to a function actual parameters.
► the parameters that are listed in the function definition formal parameters.
► The number of actual parameters in a call to a function does not need to match the
number of formal parameters defined in that function.
► If there are too few actual parameters in a call, the corresponding formal
parameters will be unbound variables.
► If there are too many actual parameters, the excess parameters will be ignored

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 Functions-scope of variables
► The default scope of a variable defined in a function is local.
► If a variable defined in a function has the same name as a variable used outside the
function, there is no interference between the two.
► A local variable is visible only in the function in which it is used
► PHP has the global declaration. When a variable is listed in a global declaration in a
function, that variable is expected to be defined outside the function. So, such a
variable has the same meaning inside the function as outside.
► The default lifetime of local variables in a PHP function is from the time the variable
is first used (that is, when storage for it is allocated) until the function's execution
terminates.
► The lifetime of a static variable in a function begins when the variable is first used in
the first execution of the function. Its lifetime ends when the script execution ends

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 Functions

Page 84
 Functions-Loosely Typed Language
► PHP is a Loosely Typed Language
► PHP automatically associates a data type to the variable, depending on its value.
Since the data types are not set in a strict sense, you can do things like adding a
string to an integer without causing an error.

In PHP 7, type declarations were added. This gives us an option to specify the
expected data type when declaring a function, and by adding the strict declaration, it
will throw a "Fatal Error" if the data type mismatches.
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 Functions-Loosely Typed Language
► To specify strict we need to set declare(strict_types=1);. This must be on the very
first line of the PHP file.
► In the following example we try to send both a number and a string to the function,
but here we have added the strict declaration:
► it will throw a "Fatal Error" if the data type mismatches.

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 Functions-returning values

Page 87
 Functions-PHP Return Type Declarations
► PHP 7 also supports Type Declarations for the return statement. Like with the type
declaration for function arguments, by enabling the strict requirement, it will throw
a "Fatal Error" on a type mismatch.
► To declare a type for the function return, add a colon ( : ) and the type right before
the opening curly ( { )bracket when declaring the function.

Page 88
 Functions-Pass by value
► Default parameter-passing mechanism of PHP is pass by value.
► the values of actual parameters are copied into the memory locations associated
with the corresponding formal parameters in the called function.
► The values of the formal parameters are never copied back to the caller, so passing
by value a one-way communication to the function.

Page 89
 Functions-Pass by reference
► Pass-by-reference parameters can be done
in PHP in two ways.
► One way is to add an ampersand (&) to
the beginning of the name of the formal
parameter that you want to be passed by
reference.
► The other way is to add an ampersand to
the actual parameter in the function call.
► In PHP, arguments are usually passed by
value, which means that a copy of the
value is used in the function and the
variable that was passed into the function
cannot be changed.

Page 90
 Objects

Page 91
 Objects
► An object is a sort of theoretical box of things—variables, functions, and so
forth—that exists in a templated structure called a class
► Think of an object as a little box with inputs and outputs on either side of it.
The input mechanisms are methods, and methods have properties.
► an object exists as a data structure, and a definition of that structure called a
class. In each class, you define a set of characteristics.
► For example, suppose you have created an automobile class. In the automobile
class, you might have color, make, and model characteristics
► Each automobile object uses all the characteristics, but each object initializes
the characteristics to different values, such as blue, Jeep, and Renegade, or red,
Porsche, and Boxster.

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 Objects

► Creating object is so simple

► Create an instance of class

as:

Page 93
 Properties of Objects

► The variables declared inside an object are

called properties.
► These properties can be values, arrays, or
even other objects.
► If you use the keyword public, protected,
or private before the variable name, you
can indicate if the class member (the
variable) can be accessed everywhere
(public), within the class itself or a parent
class or an inherited class (protected), or
only by the class itself (private) :

Page 94
 Properties of Objects

► The variables declared inside an object are called properties.

► These properties can be values, arrays, or even other objects.
►

Page 95
 Object Methods

► Methods add functionality to your objects

► The -> operator is used to call the object method in the context of your script. Had
there been any variables stored in the object, the method would have been
capable of accessing them for its own purposes

Page 96
 Object Methods
► The special variable $this is used
to refer to the currently
instantiated object

► Any time an object refers to

itself, you must use the $this
variable.

► Using the $this variable in

conjunction with the ->
operator enables you to access
any property or method in a
class, within the class itself
Page 97
 Changing the value of a property from within a method
► when the sayHello() function is called and it
looks for $this->name, it uses Julie, which is
the new value that was just set by the
setName() function.

Page 98
 Constructors

► A constructor is a function that lives within a

class and, given the same name as the class,
is automatically called when a new instance
of the class is created using new classname.
► Using constructors enables you to provide
arguments to your class, which will then be
processed immediately when the class is
called.
► A constructor allows you to initialize an
object's properties upon creation of the
object.If you create a construct() function,
PHP will automatically call this function when
you create an object from a class.
Page 99
 Object Inheritance

► One class inherits functionality

from its parent class

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100
 Method 0verriding

► a child class can override the

methods of the parent class

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101
 String Comparisons

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102
 String Comparisons

► Many string-processing tasks can be

accomplished by using the equality and
comparison operators,
► function strcmp to compare two strings. The
function returns -1 if the first string
alphabetically precedes the second string, 0
if the strings are equal, and 1 if the first
string alphabetically follows the second.
► Relational operators (==, !=, <=, > and >=)
can also be used to compare strings.

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 String Comparisons

Page 104
104
 String Processing with Regular Expression

Page 105
105
 String Processing with Regular Expressions
► PHP can process text easily and efficiently, enabling straightforward searching,
substitution, extraction and concatenation of strings.
► Text manipulation is usually done with regular expressions—a series of characters that
serve as pattern-matching templates (or search criteria) in strings, text files and
databases.
► A regular expression is a sequence of characters that forms a search pattern. When you
search for data in a text, you can use this search pattern to describe what you are
searching for.
► A pattern is a sequence of characters to be searched for in a character string.
► In PHP, patterns are normally enclosed in slash characters.
/def/ → This represents the pattern def.
► If the pattern is found, a match occurs. For example, if you search the string redefine for
the pattern /def/, the pattern matches the third, fourth, and fifth characters

Page 106
106
 String Processing with Regular Expressions

► PHP includes two different kinds of string pattern matching using regular
expressions:
► one that is based on POSIX regular expressions and one that is based on Perl regular
expressions
► Function preg_match uses regular expressions to search a string for a specified
pattern using Perl-compatible regular expressions (PCRE).
► POSIX regular expressions are compiled into PHP
preg_match(regex, str) - Returns a Boolean value
► Perl-Compatible Regular Expression (PCRE) library must be compiled before Perl
regular expressions can be used
preg_split(regex, str) - Returns an array of the substrings

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107
 String Processing with Regular Expressions

The ^ and $ Pattern Anchors

► The pattern anchors ^ and $ ensure that the pattern is matched only at the
beginning or the end of a string.
► For example, the pattern /^def/matches ’def’ only if these are the first three
characters in the string.
► Similarly, the pattern /def$/ matches ’def ’only if these are the last three characters in
the string.
► You can combine ^ and $ to force matching of the entire string, as follows:
► /^def$/This matches only if the string is def

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108
 String Processing with Regular Expressions

► preg_match function
► The preg_match() function takes two parameters, the first of which is the Perl-style
regular expression as a string. The second parameter is the string to be searched.

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109
 String Processing with Regular Expressions

► The preg_split function operates on strings but returns an array and uses patterns
► preg_split takes two parameters, the first of which is a Perl-style pattern as a string.
The second parameter is the string to be split.
► For example, consider the following sample code:
$fruit_string = "apple : orange : banana";
$fruits = preg_split("/ : /", $fruit_string);
► The array $ fruits now has ( "apple", "orange", "banana").

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 String Processing with Regular Expressions

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 String Processing with Regular Expressions

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112
 String Processing with Regular Expressions-Modifiers

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113
 String Processing with Regular Expressions-Modifiers

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114
 String Processing with Regular Expressions

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 String Processing with Regular Expressions

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 Thank You

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