MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)

SUMMER-19 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: Principles of electronic communication Model Answer 22334
Subject Code:

Important Instructions to examiners:

1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in themodel answer
scheme.
2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner may try to assess the
understanding level of the candidate.
3) The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given more Importance (Not
applicable for subject English and Communication Skills.
4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components indicated in the figure. The
figures drawn by candidate and model answer may vary. The examiner may give credit for any equivalent
figure drawn.
5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the assumed constant values may
vary and there may be some difference in the candidate’s answers and model answer.
6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgement on part of examiner of relevant answer based
on candidate’s understanding.
7) For programming language papers, credit may be given to any other program based on equivalent concept.

Q. Sub Answers Marking

No. Q. Scheme
N.

1 (A) Attempt any FIVE of the following: 10- Total

Marks

(a) Define simplex and half duplex system with neat sketch 2M

Ans: Simplex System: - The system in which the information is communicated only in one 1M per
direction, called as simplex system e.g. TV broadcasting or radio. system(1/2
mark
definition
&1/2 mark
sketch)

Fig: Simplex System

Half Duplex System: The system which is bidirectional that is they can transmit as well
receive information but one at a time is known as half duplex.

Page 1/
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)

SUMMER-19 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: Principles of electronic communication Model Answer 22334
Subject Code:

Fig: Half Duplex System

(b) Define term signal to noise ratio. 2M

Ans: Signal to Noise ratio: The ratio of the strength of an electrical or other signal carrying 2 M for
information to that of unwanted interference is called as signal to noise ratio. correct
definition
OR

Signal to Noise Ratio is defined as the ratio of signal power to the noise power at the same
point.

S/N=Ps/Pn

where,Ps=Signal Power

Pn=Noise Power at the same point

(c) Represent FM wave in time domain and frequency domain 2M

Ans: 1M for
each
a) FM in time domain spectrum domain

Page 2/
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)

SUMMER-19 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: Principles of electronic communication Model Answer 22334
Subject Code:

b) FM in frequency domain spectrum

(d) State the types of AM w.r.t. frequency spectrum 2M

Ans: Types of AM based on frequency spectrum: ½ mark

1)Double side-band Full Carrier System(DSB-FC) for any 4
types
2) Double side-band Suppressed Carrier System (DSB-SC)

Page 3/
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)

SUMMER-19 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: Principles of electronic communication Model Answer 22334
Subject Code:

3)Single Sideband Suppressed Carrier System(SSB-SC)

4)Independent Sideband System(ISB)
5)Vestigial Sideband System(VSB)
e) Draw pre emphasis and de emphasis circuit used in FM transmission and reception 2M

Ans: 1 M per
circuit

Fig-Pre emphasis Circuit

Fig-De emphasis Circuit

f) Define fading w.r.t. wave propagation 2M

Ans: Fading: 2M for

The fluctuation in signal strength at a receiver, which is mainly due to the interference of correct
two waves which left the same source but arrived at the destination by different paths, is definition
known as fading.

g) Draw sketch of Loop antenna along with its radiation pattern 2M

Page 4/
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)

SUMMER-19 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: Principles of electronic communication Model Answer 22334
Subject Code:

Ans: 1M sketch
& 1M
radiation
pattern

Fig: Loop Antenna

Fig: Radiation Pattern

Q. Sub Answers Marking

No. Q. Scheme
N.

2 Attempt any THREE of the following: 12- Total

Marks

a) Explain the sources of noise in communication system 4M

Ans: Any 4
Noise: Noise is any spurious or undesired disturbances that mask the received signal in a source
communication system. with ief
explanatio
a) Atmospheric Noise : Atmospheric Noise is also known as static noise which is the natural
m
source of disturbance caused by lightning, discharge in thunderstorm and the natural
disturbances occurring in the nature.
b) Industrial Noise : Sources of Industrial noise are auto-mobiles, aircraft, ignition of electric

Page 5/
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)

SUMMER-19 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: Principles of electronic communication Model Answer 22334
Subject Code:

motors and switching gear.

c) Extraterrestrial Noise : Extraterrestrial Noise exist on the basis of their originating source.
They are Solar Noise
ii) Cosmic Noise
Internal Noise are the type of Noise which are generated internally or within the
Communication System or in the receiver. They are as follows:
1) Shot Noise : These Noise rises in the active devices due to the random behaviour of
Charge particles or carries. In case of electron tube, shot Noise is produces due to
the random emission of electron form cathodes.
2) Partition Noise : When a circuit is to divide in between two or more paths then the noise
generated is known as Partition noise. The reason for the generation is random fluctuation
the division.
3) Low- Frequency Noise : They are also known as FLICKER NOISE. These type of noise are
generally observed at a frequency range below few kHz. Power spectral density of these
noise increases with the decrease in frequency. That why the name is given Low- Frequency
Noise.
4) High- Frequency Noise : These noises are also known TRANSIT- TIME Noise. They are
observed in the semi-conductor devices when the transit time of a charge carrier while
crossing a junction is compared with the time period of that signal.
5) Thermal Noise : Thermal Noise are random and often referred as White Noise or Johnson
Noise. Thermal noise are generally observed in the resistor or the sensitive resistive
components of a complex impedance due to the random and rapid movement of molecules
or atoms or electrons.
Dark current noise: When there is no optical power incident on the photodetector a small
reverse leakage current still flows from the device terminals. This Dark current contributes to
the total system noise and gives random fluctuations about the average particle flow of the
photocurrent.
The Dark current noise is given by:

where e is the charge on an electron

Id is the dark current
⇒Quantum noise: Discrete nature of electrons cause a signal disturbance called Quantum
noise or Shot noise.It arises from the statistical nature of the production and collection of
photoelectrons. It is given by

Page 6/
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)

SUMMER-19 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: Principles of electronic communication Model Answer 22334
Subject Code:

Ip is the photocurrent

b) Explain power relation in AM wave 4M

Ans: 4M for
correct
answer

OR

OR

Page 7/
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)

SUMMER-19 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: Principles of electronic communication Model Answer 22334
Subject Code:

Or

c) Explain Duct propagation with neat sketch 4M

Ans: Duct propagation: (Microwave Space Wave Propagation) 2M

diagram &
2M
explanatio
n

Page 8/
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)

SUMMER-19 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: Principles of electronic communication Model Answer 22334
Subject Code:

Duct propagation is the special type of phenomenon which is also called as “super
refraction”.
It is observed at very high microwave frequencies.
As the height above the earth increases, the air density decreases and the refractive index
increases. The change in the refractive index is normally linear and gradual.
However under certain special atmospheric condition, a layer of warm air may get trapped
above the cooler air. This happens usually over the surface of the water.
Due to this the refractive index will decreases more rapidly with height than usual. This
happens near the ground normally within a distance of 30 meters above the surface.
Due to this rapid reduction of refractive index, the microwave will completely bend back
towards the earth surface.
Microwaves are thus continuously refracted inside the duct and reflected back by the
conducting ground or water surface.
These waves then then propagate around the curvature of the earth over a distance of 1000
Km.
The region in which super refraction takes place is called duct.
d) Explain the term beam width related to antenna with a sketch 4M

Ans: The beamwidth of an antenna is described as the angles created by comparing the half 2M
power points (3 dB) on the main radiation to be its maximum power points. diagram &
2M
explanatio
n

Q. Sub Answers Marking

No. Q. Scheme
N.

Page 9/
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)

SUMMER-19 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: Principles of electronic communication Model Answer 22334
Subject Code:

3 Attempt any THREE of the following : 12- Total

Marks

a) A 500 watts carrier is modulated to depth of 80% 4M

Calculate :

(i) Total power in AM

(ii) Power in side bands

Ans: 2M-for
each
calculatio
n

b) A frequency modulated signal is represented by the voltage equation 4M

efm= 10 sin ( 6 x 108 t + 5 sin 1250 t )
calculate :
(i) Carrier frequency fc

(ii) Modulating frequency fm

(iii) Maximum deviation

Page 10/
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)

SUMMER-19 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: Principles of electronic communication Model Answer 22334
Subject Code:

(iv) What power will this FM wave dissipate in 20 Ω resistor

Ans: 1M for
each
calculatio
n(each
value)

c) Compare between simple AGC and delayed AGC 4M

Page 11/
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)

SUMMER-19 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: Principles of electronic communication Model Answer 22334
Subject Code:

Ans: (1M for

each
correct
point)

Parameter Simple AGC Delayed AGC

i) Definition Simple AGC is a system by Delayed AGC is a system

means of which overall gain which does not reduce the
of a radio receiver is varied gain for weak signals but
automatically reduces the gain for strong
signals only.

ii)Advantages Simplicity,Low cost High cost

iii)Applications Simple AGC circuit is used in Delayed AGC is used in the
all the low cost domestic high quality receivers like
radio receiver. communication receivers.
iv)Characteristics Refer Fig Fig 3C –The AGC Refer Fig Fig 3C –The AGC
characteristics characteristics

d) Compare resonant and non resonant antenna on the basis of 4M

(i) Definition
(ii) Circuit

(iii) Reflection co efficient

(iv) Radiation pattern

Page 12/
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)

SUMMER-19 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: Principles of electronic communication Model Answer 22334
Subject Code:

Ans (1M for

: Each
Parameter Resonant antenna Non resonant antenna Parameter
)

It is transmission Line of It is transmission line whose

i) Definition length equal to multiples of length is not a multiple of
λ/2 and open at both end. λ/2

ii) Circuit

(iii) Reflection co efficient Standing wave present Standing wave not present

(iv) Radiation pattern

e) Differentiate between ground wave and sky wave propagation

Ans: Sr. No Parameters Ground

Ground
WaveWave Sky Wave Any Four
Sky Wave Propagation
Propagation
Propagation Propagation relevant
correct
points – 1
1 Frequency Range 30 kHz to 3 MHz 3 MHz to 30 MHz mark

2 Polarization Vertical Vertical

Page 13/
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)

SUMMER-19 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: Principles of electronic communication Model Answer 22334
Subject Code:

3 Applications Radio Broadcasting Radio Broadcasting

(MW Range) (SW Range)

4 Range of Less (OR) More (OR)

Communication Few hundred Km Few Thousand Km

5 Limitations Limited Range, Tall Skip Distance, Power

Antenna Required, loss due to
High transmission absorption of energy
power. in layers

6 Fading Problem Less Severe

Q. Sub Answers Marking

No. Q. Scheme
N.

4 Attempt any THREE of the following : 12- Total

Marks

(a) Draw the block diagram of basic electronic communication system 4M

Ans: 4M for
correct
block
diagram

Fig: Basic electronic communication system

Page 14/
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)

SUMMER-19 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: Principles of electronic communication Model Answer 22334
Subject Code:

(b) Differentiate between AM & FM on the basis of 4M

(i) Definition
(ii) Band width
(iii) Modulation index
(iv) Application

Ans: 1M-Each
difference

(c) Draw the circuit diagram of practical AM diode detector. Sketch its input and output 4M
waveforms

Ans: (2M-Circuit
Diagram

2M
waveforms)

Fig: Circuit diagram of Practical AM diode detector

Page 15/
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)

SUMMER-19 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: Principles of electronic communication Model Answer 22334
Subject Code:

Fig: Input and Output waveforms

(d) Describe the term virtual height with the help of diagram showing ionized layer and 4M
path of wave

Ans: 2M Diagram
2M
Description

Virtual height: -The incident wave returns back to the earth due to refraction. In this
process it bends down gradually and not sharply, but the incident and reflected rays
follow exactly the same paths as those if the signal have been reflected from a surface

Page 16/
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)

SUMMER-19 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: Principles of electronic communication Model Answer 22334
Subject Code:

located at greater height.

It is the height above the earth’s surface from which a refracted wave appears to have
been
reflected. It is also defined as the maximum height that the hypothetical reflected wave
would have reached.

(e) Draw the construction of Yagi Uda antenna . Draw its radiation pattern and write 4M
two applications

Ans: 2M
construction
1M
radiation
pattern
1M
application

Fig: Yagi Antenna

Application:- (any two) :- ½ M each

1) It is used as HF transmitting antenna.
2) It is used as VHF and UHF as TV receiver antenna because of its physical size.
3) A stack of Yagi - Uda antenna can be used as a super gain antenna.

Page 17/
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)

SUMMER-19 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: Principles of electronic communication Model Answer 22334
Subject Code:

Q. Sub Answers Marking

No. Q. Scheme
N.

5. Attempt any TWO of the following: 12- Total

Marks

a) Write down the range of different frequencies in electro magnetic spectrum for 6M
following :
(i) Voice frequency

(ii) High frequency

(iii) Infra red frequency
(iv) Visible spectrum (light)
(v) Radio frequency
(vi) UV frequency
Also write one application area of each frequency

Ans: Sr No. Frequency Range Application 1M each

for
1 Voice frequency 300 Hz to 3KHz transmission correct
of speech range &
applicati
2 High frequency 3MHz to 30 MHz SW band of AM Rx on

(1/2 M
3 Infra red frequency 3 THz to 30 THz Used for directed
range &
links e.g. to connect 1/2 M
different buildings applicati
via laser links. on)

4 Visible spectrum 375 THz to 750 THz Smart

(light) Lighting,Mobile
Connectivity

5 Radio frequency 3 kHz-300 GHz radar signals or

communications

Page 18/
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)

SUMMER-19 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: Principles of electronic communication Model Answer 22334
Subject Code:

6 UV frequency 3 - 30 PHz Pool water

purification

b) Explain why the local oscillator frequency should be always greater than signal 6M
frequency in radio receiver. A Suprehetrodine radio receiver with an IF of 455 kHz is
turned to 1000kHz. Find its image frequency and local oscillator frequency.

Ans: Reason for local oscillator frequency to be greater than signal frequency in radio receiver: 3M for
correct
The local oscillator frequency is made greater than signal frequency in radio receiver. answer &
3M for
Local oscillator frequency range is 995 KHz to 2105 KHz for MW band. Numerical
s
Fmax/Fmin=2105/995=2.2

If local oscillator has been designed to be below signal frequency,the range would be 85 to
1195KHz and frequency ratio is F max/Fmin=1195/85=14.0

The normal tunable capacitance ratio is Cmax/Cmin=10

So this capacitance ratio easily gives the frequency ratio of 2:2:1

Hence the 2:2:1 ratio required for the local oscillator operating above signal frequency is
well within range whereas the other system has a frequency ratio of 14:1 whose capacitance
are not practically available.

Numerical:

A signal (image) can interfere with a superheterodyne receiver if fits the following equation.

Image = Signal +/- 2 x I.F.

Which says that a signal has the capacity to interfere with a superhet receiver if its frequency
is equal to the signal frequency (1000 kHz in our question) plus or minus twice the IF (455
kHz in our question).

So one possible image is: 1000 + ( 2 x 455 ) = 1910 kHz

And the other: 1000 - ( 2 x 455 ) = 90 kHz

local oscillator frequency=455 + 1000 =1455 KHz

c) Name the different layers of atmosphere which satisfy following conditions : 6M

(i) Reflects LF, absorbs MF and HF waves to some degree

Page 19/
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)

SUMMER-19 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: Principles of electronic communication Model Answer 22334
Subject Code:

(ii) Helps surface waves and reflect HF waves

(iii)Partially absorbs HF waves yet allowing them to reach its upper layer
(iv) Efficiently reflects HF waves , specially in night
(v) Exists in day time only
(vi) Exists in day time but merges with F2 layer in night time

Ans: Sr No. Name of the layer of Frequencies most affected 1M each

atmosphere
1 D (Part of Stratosphere) Reflects LF, absorbs MF and
HF waves to some degree

2 E( Part of Stratosphere) Helps surface waves and

reflect HF waves
3 F1 (Part of mesosphere) Partially absorbs HF waves
yet allowing them to reach
its upper layer
4 F2 (Thermosphere) Efficiently reflects HF waves
, specially in night
5 D & E (Part of Stratosphere) Exists in day time only
6 F1 (Part of mesosphere) Exists in day time but
merges with F2 layer in
night time

Q. Sub Answers Marking

No. Q. Scheme
N.

6. Attempt any TWO of the following : 12- Total

Marks

a) Explain the effect modulation index on AM wave with waveforms for 6M

(i) m<1
(ii)m=1
(iii)m>1

Ans: i) m< 1 (2 M for

 If m < 1 or if the percentage of modulation is less than 100% then this type of each
effect with
modulation is known as under modulation .
waveform

Page 20/
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)

SUMMER-19 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: Principles of electronic communication Model Answer 22334
Subject Code:

 The amplitude of modulating signal less than carrier amplitude, no distortion will )
occur.

ii) m = 1

 If m = 1 or percentage of modulation is 100 this type modulation is 100% modulation

 The ideal condition for AM is m =1, since this will produce the greatest output at the
receiver with no distortion.

(iii)m>1
 If m>1 or if the percentage of modulation is greater than 100% then this type of
modulation is known as overmodulation .
 The amplitude of modulating signal greater than carrier amplitude.For m>1 the

Page 21/
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)

SUMMER-19 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: Principles of electronic communication Model Answer 22334
Subject Code:

envelope can sometimes reverse the phase.

 overmodulation introduces envelope distortion.Hence it should be avoided.

b) Explain the working of AM super heterodyne receiver with the help of neat block 6M
diagram and waveform

Ans: 2 M-
Diagram,1
M-
waveform,
3M-
Explainati
on

AM super heterodyne receiver works on the principle of super heterodyning.

In the super heterodyne receiver, the incoming signal voltage is combined with a
signal generated in the receiver. The local oscillator voltage is normally converted
into a signal of a low fixed frequency with the help of mixer.
The signal at this intermediate frequency contains the same modulation as the original
carrier and it is now amplified and detected to reproduce the original modulating signal

Functions of each block-

Receiving antenna- AM receiver operates in the frequency range of 540 KHz to 1640
Page 22/
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)

SUMMER-19 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: Principles of electronic communication Model Answer 22334
Subject Code:

KHz.
RF stage- Selects wanted signal and rejects all other signals and thus reduces the
effect of noise.
Mixer- Receives signal from RF stage Fs and the local oscillator Fo, and are mixed to
produce intermediate frequency signal IF which is given as:
IF=Fo-Fs
Ganged Tuning- To maintain a constant difference between the local oscillator and
RF signal frequency, gang capacitors are used.
IF stage- The IF signal is amplified by the IF amplifier with enough gain.
Detector-Amplified signal is detected by the detector to get original modulating
signal. The detector also provides control signals to control the gain of IF and RF
stage called as AGC.
AGC- Automatic gain control controls the gain of RF and IF amplifiers to maintain a
constant output level at the speaker even though the signal strength at the antenna
varies.
c) Explain following terms in short related to antenna 6M

(i) Antenna resistance

(ii) Directivity
(iii)Antenna gain
(iv)Power density
(v) Radiation pattern
(vi)Polarization

Ans: (i)Antenna resistance:- 1 M for

each
The resistance of an antenna has two components: correct
1. Its radiation resistance due to conversion of power into electromagnetic waves definition
2. The resistance due to actual losses in the antenna.
or
The antenna resistance has two components:
1.Radiation resistance: it is defined as the ratio of the power radiated by the antenna to
square of the current at the input of the antenna feed point.

Page 23/
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)

SUMMER-19 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: Principles of electronic communication Model Answer 22334
Subject Code:

Where
Pt is radiated power by antenna
I is the current at feed point
2.Resistance due to actual losses in the antenna
(ii).Directivity:-
The directive gain can be defined in any direction. However directivity means the maximum
directive gain which is obtained in only one direction in which the radiation is maximum.

Therefore Directivity = Maximum Directive gain.

OR

The directive gain is defined as the ratio of the power density in a particular direction of one
antenna to the power density that would be radiated by an omnidirectional antenna
(isotropic antenna).
The maximum directive gain is called directivity.

(iii)Antenna gain:-

Antenna Gain –
The directional antenna radiate more power in certain direction. The Omni-directional
antenna radiates information equally in all directions.

Or

Antenna gain

It is the ratio of focused transmitted power (Pt) to the input power of the antenna (Pi)
Or
Antenna gain: antenna gain is defined as the ratio of the power density radiated in a
particular direction to the power density radiated to the same point by the reference
antenna.

(iv)Power density:-

The EM waves cause the energy to flow from one point to the other in the direction of
propagation.

The power density is defined as the rate at which energy passes through a given surface area

Page 24/
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)

SUMMER-19 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: Principles of electronic communication Model Answer 22334
Subject Code:

in free space.

Therefore,

Power density = Energy per unit time per unit area.

(v) Radiation pattern:-

The transmitting antenna transmit more energy in some directions than the other directions.

A graph or diagram which tells us about the manner in which an antenna radiates power in
different directions is known as the “Radiation Pattern of antenna”.

Fig.- Radiation Pattern of an antenna

(vi)Polarization:-

Polarization is defined as the direction of the electric vector in the electromagnenic wave
radiated from an antanna.

OR

The polarization of a plane EM wave is simply the orientation of the electric field vector with
respect to the surface (i.e. looking at the horizon)

Page 25/