1

UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND

TECHNOLOGY PESHAWAR

INTRODUCTION TO ARCHITECTURE
AND URBAN PLANNING
Assignment no:01

STUDENT NAME: Hafsa Ayaz

SECTION: T
COURSE: Introduction to Architecture and Urban
planning
COURSE TEACHER: Engr. Muhammad Ibrahim
khan
SEMESTER: 3rd Semester
REG N0. : 23PWCIV6104
CLASS NO. : 123
DEPARTMENT: Civil Department
 2

Contents
List Of Tables.....................................................................................................................................................................4
List Of Figures................................................................................................................................................................... 5
EXPERIMENT NO.05........................................................................................................................................................6
OBJECTIVE:.......................................................................................................................................................................... 6
Conceptual Background:.............................................................................................................................................6
Apparatus:........................................................................................................................................................................... 6
Procedure:........................................................................................................................................................................... 7
Data And Observations:..............................................................................................................................................7
Calculations:...................................................................................................................................................................... 7
Precautions:....................................................................................................................................................................... 8
EXPERIMENT NO.06........................................................................................................................................................8
OBJECTIVE:.......................................................................................................................................................................... 8
Conceptual Background:.............................................................................................................................................8
Center of Mass:......................................................................................................................................................................... 8
Center of Gravity:...................................................................................................................................................................... 8
Apparatus:........................................................................................................................................................................... 8
Procedure:........................................................................................................................................................................... 9
Results And Conclusions:.........................................................................................................................................10
Precautions:.....................................................................................................................................................................10
EXPERIMENT NO.07......................................................................................................................................................11
OBJECTIVE:........................................................................................................................................................................ 11
Conceptual Background:...........................................................................................................................................11
Apparatus:.........................................................................................................................................................................11
Procedure:.........................................................................................................................................................................11
Data And Observations:............................................................................................................................................13
Precautions:.....................................................................................................................................................................13
EXPERIMENT NO.08......................................................................................................................................................13
 3

OBJECTIVE:........................................................................................................................................................................ 13
Conceptual Background:...........................................................................................................................................13
Apparatus:.........................................................................................................................................................................14
................................................................................................................................................................................................. 14
Procedure:.........................................................................................................................................................................14
................................................................................................................................................................................................. 14
Data And Observations:............................................................................................................................................15
Calculations:....................................................................................................................................................................15
Precautions:.....................................................................................................................................................................17
 4

List Of Tables
Table 1 Inclined plane table........................................................................................................................................................7
Table 2 T shape X reading...........................................................................................................................................................9
Table 3 T shape Y reading...........................................................................................................................................................9
Table 4 H shape X reading........................................................................................................................................................10
Table 5 H shape Y reading........................................................................................................................................................10
Table 6 wall crane table............................................................................................................................................................13
Table 8 Roof truss table............................................................................................................................................................15
 5

List Of Figures
Figure 1 Center of mass Apparatus............................................................................................................................................9
Figure 2 Experimental setup......................................................................................................................................................9
Figure 3 COM reading................................................................................................................................................................ 9
Figure 4 Wall crane apparatus..................................................................................................................................................11
Figure 5 labeled apparatus.......................................................................................................................................................11
Figure 6 applied load on D.......................................................................................................................................................12
Figure 7 Spring balance............................................................................................................................................................14
Figure 8 Roof truss model........................................................................................................................................................14
 6

EXPERIMENT NO.05
To Determine Co-efficient of Friction between various material by Inclined
Plane
OBJECTIVE:
To determine the coefficient of friction between different pairs of given surfaces.

Conceptual Background:
When two surfaces are in contact, burr and roughness get interlocked hereby making movement difficult. When a
body moves or tends to move over another body, a force opposing this motion is developed at the contact
surface.
Frictional force: The force that opposes the movement or tendency of movement is known as Frictional Force.
Limiting Frictional Force: The maximum friction force that can be developed at the contact surface, when he
body is just on he point of moving .is called limiting frictional force.
Coefficient of Static Friction:
Coefficient of friction shows a relationship between two objects.
Let’s say that this object is on the verge/point of movement
Frictional Force = Limiting Friction =F
Weight of the Object =W
Normal Reaction=RN
Applied force = P
F
Co-efficient of static friction = µ =
Rn

Where F is the limiting friction force between two objects when neither of the objects is moving but is on the
verge of movement.

Apparatus:
The apparatus consists of a wooden plane having adjustment for setting to the required
angle on a graduated arc are:
1. Inclined Plane Figure 1 Inclined plane apparatus
2. Calibrated Arc
3. Weight
4. Frictionless Pulley
5. Set of Slide weights having bottom
surface of different materials
6. Cord
 7

Procedure:

1. Note down the angle of inclination 0, after setting the inclined plane. The top surface of the inclined plane is
made of wood.
2. Place a slider of known weight “W” on the inclined plane.
3. Tie the slider to the pan with the help of a cord which passes over a frictionless pulley.
4. Increase the weights in the pan till the slider just tends to slide.
5. Note down the weight in the pan including the weight of the pan.
6. Repeat the above procedure for other slider having different base surfaces and other angles of inclination

Data And Observations:

1st Reading:
Weight of slider: 3.75lb Weight on + of pan: 2lb Angle of Inclination: 15o

S.NO SURFACE OF SLIDER WEIGH OF WEIGHT ON ANGLE OF Co-efficient

MATERIAL SLIDER (W) PAN + WEIGHT INCLINATION of Friction
OF PAN(P)

1. wood 3.75lb 2lb 15

o
0.28

2. Jute 2.87lb 2.25lb 30

o
0.32

3. Brass 4.5lb 2.75lb 20

o
0.286
Table 1 Inclined plane table

Calculations:
As we know that the formula to calculate the co-efficient of friction is:
P−Wsin ∅
μ=
Wcos∅
Putting the values in the formula
2−3.75sin 15
μ=
3.75 cos 15

μ=0.28

Results and conclusions:

 8

We Conclude that, The value of coefficient of friction depends upon the material and
surface finish, Rough surfaces have higher co-efficient of friction, resulting higher value of
“P” to move the slider.

Precautions:
1. Pulley should be smooth and frictionless
2. The cord should be free from any knot
3. Weights should be put in the pan gently.
4. The cord should be parallel to the inclined surface in between the slider and the
pulley.
5. The surface of the inclined plane and the bottom of the slider should be clean

EXPERIMENT NO.06
To Determine Center of Mass of various Figures

OBJECTIVE:
To experimentally determine the center of mass of various figures by & verify your results by calculations.

Conceptual Background:

Center of Mass:
The point in a body or systems of bodies at which the whole mass may be considered as concentrated.
n n

∑ aixi ∑ aiyi
i=1
x= y= i=1
A A

Center of Gravity:
The point at which the entire weight of a body may be considered as concentrated so that if supported at this
point the body would remain in equilibrium in any position.
n n

∑ Wixi ∑ Wiyi
x= i=1 y= i=1
W W
Centroid: Geometric Center of a plane figure.
n n

∑ mixi ∑ miyi
i=1
x= y= i=1
M M

Apparatus:
 9

1. Lamina (T and H shapes have been used)

2. Inextensible String with a plumb bob
3. Stand

Procedure: Figure 1 Center of mass Apparatus

1. Setup:
 Start by making a hole in the lamina and suspend the lamina at any suitable point on the stand.
 Next hang the plum bob on the stand and wait for the plum bob and the lamina to come at rest.

2. Marking the Center:

 Draw the line where the plum bob lies.
 Next, make another at any suitable point, suspend the lamina on the rod and with the plum bob
take the reading.
 Repeat again to take the third reading.

Figure 3 COM reading

Figure 2 Experimental setup

3. Comparing results:
 Compare the values obtained from both experimental and analytical solution.

Table 2 T shape X reading

Calculations:
S.No Area (A) X AX

1. 68 cm
2
680 cm
2

10cm
2. 84 cm
2
840 cm
2

10cm
∑ ¿152 ∑ ¿1520
 10

Table 3 T shape Y reading

S.No Area (A) Y AX

1. 68 cm
2
1747.6 cm
2

25.7c
m
2. 84 cm
2
1008 cm
2

12cm
∑ ¿152 ∑ ¿2755.6
A 1 X 1+ A 2 X 2 1520 A 1 y1 + A 2 y 2 2755.6
x= = =10 cm , y= = =18.1
A 1+ A 2 152 A1 + A 2 152
Table 4 H shape X reading

S.No Area (A) X AX

1. 108 cm
2
238.12 cm
2

2.2cm
2. 50.75 cm
2
11.65c 591.23 cm
2

m
3. 108 cm
2
21.1cm 2283.86 cm
2

∑ ¿266.75 ∑ ¿3113.21

Table 5 H shape Y reading

S.No Area (A) Y AY

1. 108 cm
2
1331.3 cm
2

12.3cm
2. 50.75 cm
2
10.5cm 532.8 cm
2

3. 108 cm
2
12.3cm 1331.3 cm
2

∑ ¿266.75 ∑ ¿3195.47

A 1 X 1+ A 2 X 2 3113.21 A 1 y 1+ A 2 y 2 3195.47
x= = =11.64cm , y= = =12 cm
A 1+ A 2 266.75 A 1+ A 2 266.75

Results And Conclusions:

 Based on the experiment we can find out the com, cog and centroid of a shape
 The calculated and measured values are approximately same
 11

Precautions:
 Handle the instruments carefully
 Take proper Readings and Data
 Make sure that the lamina and plum bob come at rest before taking the readings.

EXPERIMENT NO.07
To Experimentally Find Forces in Various Parts of Wall Crane
OBJECTIVE:
To observe how force (applied load) is distributed over the members of a Wall Crane

Conceptual Background:
CRANE: A heavy machinery that is equipped with cables and pulleys and is used to lift and lower materials. One of
the most common uses of cranes is in the construction industry.

Axial force is a force that acts in the direction of a body's axis. It can be tensile or compressive, depending on the
direction of the force:

 Tensile axial loads: Stretch the member

 Compressive axial loads: Shorten the member

Apparatus:
1. Weights
2. Wall Crane
3. Measuring Tape

Figure 4 Wall crane apparatus

Procedure:
1. Label the members and connections.
 12

2. Read the spring balance reading before applying load, T i.

3. Measure the length of members before loading.
4. Apply Load at D.

Figure 6 applied load on D

5. Read the spring balance reading after applying load,T f .

T 1=T f −T i

This will give us our T 1 reading.

6. Observe the forces in the system

OA: Member 1- Tension
OB: Member 2- Compression
OC: Member 3- Tension
7. Measure the length of OA, OB OC, AB and CB
8. Draw Space Diagram
9. Use a suitable scale to convert actual length of the members to a scaled length to adjust the space
diagram on your sheet
10. Draw a free body diagram of point O.

11. As this is a coplanar concurrent force system so we will use law of polygon on this free body Diagram.
12. Our know and unknowns are:
Known: Magnitude and Direction of W
Magnitude and Direction of T2= W
Direction of T,
Direction of C
 13

Unknown:
Magnitude of T =?
Magnitude of C=?
As our System is in Equilibrium so the Polygon shall close.

13. Select a suitable scale and convert the of W and T 2 in to length using the scale.
14. Measure T 1 and C from force diagram.
15. Use the scale to calculate the magnitudes of T 1 and C.

Data And Observations:

Table 6 wall crane table

EXPERIMENTAL VALUES GRAPHICAL SOLUTION

Applied load

T1 T2
W

S.NO OA OB OC AB CB C

1. 2lb 3lb 11.5cm 11.2cm 10.4cm 10cm 5.6cm 3lb 1.2lb 3.2lb

Results and conclusions:

From the experiment we can find the various forces distributed on a wall crane.

Precautions:
1. Pulley should be smooth and frictionless
2. The cord should be free from any knot
3. Weights should be put in the pan gently.

EXPERIMENT NO.08
To Experimentally Find The Forces In Various Parts Of Roof Truss
OBJECTIVE:
The objective of this experiment is to determine the forces acting on various members of a roof truss when
subjected to external loads.
 14

Conceptual Background:
A roof truss is a structural framework of triangles designed to support a roof. Trusses are widely used in buildings
and bridges due to their efficient use of materials and their ability to distribute loads effectively. Each truss
consists of straight members connected at joints, forming a rigid structure.

Bow's method, also known as the graphical method, is a technique used to determine the internal forces in truss
members. It is based on the principles of static equilibrium, which state that the sum of forces and moments
acting on a joint must be zero. By constructing force polygons for each joint, we can graphically determine the
magnitude and direction of forces in each member. This method is particularly useful for analyzing complex
trusses where analytical methods may be cumbersome. It provides a visual representation of the forces, aiding in
the understanding of load distribution within the truss

Apparatus:
1. Roof truss model
2. Weights (known masses)
3. Spring balance
4. Measuring tape or ruler

Figure 8 Roof truss model Figure 10 Measuring tape

Figure 7 Spring balance

Procedure:

1. Setup:
 Set up the roof truss model on a stable surface.
 Ensure the truss is securely fixed at the supports to prevent any movement during the experiment.

2. Initial Measurements:
 Measure and record the dimensions of the truss, including the lengths of all members and note down
the initial reading on the spring balance; T i
 Identify and label all joints and members of the truss
3. Type of forces in members:
 AC and BC are in compression (struts)
 AB is in Tension (Tie)

A B

Figure 8 Roof truss model

4. Applying Loads:
 Apply a known weight at “C”. This will act as the external load.
 Read the value on spring balance again;T f .
 15

 Measure the lengths AB, AC, CB.

C
C

B A B
A

5. Suitable scale:
 Select a suitable scale to convert the Applied load (lbs) in to cm to draw the space Diagram.
6. Space Diagram:
 Draw A line equal to the length of AB
 Open a compass equal to AC and draw an arc above AB.
 Open the compass equal to BC and Draw an arc to cut the previous arc.
 Connect all the points.
7. Suitable Scale
 Select another suitable scale to for graphical solution b/w force/applied load and length.
8. Bow’s Method:
 For Graphical Solution we will use “Bow’s Method”
 Using Set Squares, draw a straight line equal to the applied load; ab
 Draw a line parallel to AC on point a, extend this line.
 Draw a line parallel to CB on point b, extend this line.
 The intersection point of both the lines is d.
 Draw a horizontal line of AB on d, which meets the line ab at point c.
 Covert the length cd back using the scale selected.

Data And Observations:

Table 7 Roof truss table

EXPERIMENTAL DATA ANALYTICAL GRAPHICAL SOLUTION

SOLUTION
T AB AB AC CB Ay By T AB C AC C CB Ay By
S.NO

(db) (in) (in) (in) (lb) (lb) (lb) (lb) (lb)

1. 2.9 32 28 23.2 2.84 4.2 2.9 3.7 5.9 2.8 4.2

 16

2. 2.1 31 28 23 2.2 3.8 2.2 4 4.2 2 4

Calculations:
W=7lb
Ti= 2.5lb , Tf=5.5lb
T AB= 5.4 – 2.5 = 2.9LB

T AB= 2.9LB

Scale selected: 1cm = 5in

AB= 32in = 6.4cm
BC= 23.2in = 4.6cm
AC= 28in = 5.6cm
Scale selected (Graphical Solution):
AC= 3.7cm = 3.7lb
CB= 5.9cm = 5.9lb
AB= 2.7cm = 2.7lb
Ay= 2.8cm = 2.8lb
By= 4.15cm = 4.2lb

Analytical Solution:
∑ F x =0
R Ax =0

∑ F y =0
−W + R Ay+ R By =0

R Ay + R By =7 lb

R Ay =7 lb−¿ R By

∑ M A =0
(W)(3.8)-( R By ¿(6.4)
R By=4.15

R Ay =2.84 lb
 17

ERRORS:
Ay = Ay(analy) – Ay(graph)
Ay=2.8 – 2.8 = 0
By = By(analy) – By(graph)
By= 4.2 – 4.2 = 0
T= T(exp) – T(graph)
T= 2.9 – 2.9 = 0

Results and conclusions:

The experiment illustrated how loads applied to the truss are distributed among its members. The calculated
forces closely matched the measured forces, demonstrating the method's reliability and accuracy.

Precautions:
1. Ensure the truss model is securely fixed to prevent any movement during the experiment.
2. Calibrate the spring balance or force gauge before use to ensure accurate measurements.
3. Apply loads slowly and steadily to avoid dynamic effects that could affect the measurements.
4. Double-check all measurements (lengths, angles, forces) for accuracy.
5. Keep the drawing scale consistent throughout the graphical analysis.
6. Record data carefully and methodically to prevent any loss of information.
7. Be aware of and minimize potential sources of error, such as friction at the joints, measurement
inaccuracies, and errors in the graphical method.