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Repeated Measures Design

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28 views20 pages

Repeated Measures Design

Uploaded by

hehefarwa91
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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REPEATED MEASURES DESIGNS

REPEATED MEASURES DESIGNS

 A repeated measures design also known as within subject design is the design for
comparing two scores of the same group of subjects.
REASON OF USING REPEATED MEASURE DESIGNS

 Researchers choose to use a repeated measures design in order to


 conduct an experiment when few participants are available
 conduct the experiment more efficiently
 increase the sensitivity of an experiment
 study changes in participants’ behavior over time
THE ROLE OF PRACTICE EFFECTS IN REPEATED MEASURES

 Repeated measures designs cannot be confounded by individual differences variables


because the same individuals participate in each condition of an independent variable.
 Participants’ performance in repeated measures designs may change across
conditions simply because of repeated testing. These changes are called practice
effects.
 Practice effects may threaten the internal validity of a repeated measures experiment
when the different conditions of the independent variable are presented in the same
order to all participants.
CONTINUED..

 There are two types of repeated measures designs (complete and incomplete
designs) that differ in the ways in which they differ in practice effects.
DEFINING PRACTICE EFFECTS

 The repeated testing of participants in these designs may give them practice with the
experimental task.
 As a result participants may get better and better at doing the task because they
learn more about the task
 Or they get worse at the task because of such factors as fatigue and boredom
 The changes participant undergo are called practice effects.
 Practice effects should be balanced across the participants for better results.
TYPES OF REPEATED MEASURES DESIGNS

Complete
Design

Incomplete
Design
COUNTERBALANCING

 The general term used to balance the practice effects in these designs is called
counterbalancing
COMPLETE DESIGN

 Practice effects are balanced across subjects for each participants by administering
the conditions to each participant several times, using different order each time.
BALANCING PRACTICE EFFECTS IN COMPLETE DESIGN

 Practice effects are balanced in complete designs within each participant using block
randomization and ABBA counterbalancing.
 In block randomization, all of the conditions of the experiments are randomly
ordered each time they are presented.
 In ABBA counterbalancing , a random sequencing of all conditions is presented ,
followed by the opposite of the sequence.
 Block randomization is preferred over ABBA counterbalancing when participant’s
performance can be effected by anticipation effects.
BLOCK RANDOMIZATION

 Each block includes a random order of conditions, and there are as many blocks as
there are subjects in each condition of the experiments.
ABBA COUNTERBALANCING

 It involves presenting the conditions in one sequence followed by the opposite of


that same sequence.
 This is not limited to just two conditions (ABCCBA, ABCDDCBA)
BALANCING PRACTICE EFFECTS IN INCOMPLETE DESIGNS

 Practice effects are balanced across subjects in the incomplete design rather than for
each subject , as in the complete design.
 The rule for balancing practice effects in the incomplete design is that each condition
of the experiment must be presented in each ordinal position (first, second, third etc)
equally often.
 The best method for balancing practice effects in the incomplete design with four or
fewer conditions is to use all possible orders.
 Two methods for selecting specific orders in these designs are LATIN SQUARE and
RANDOM STARTING ORDER WITH ROTATION
CONTINUED..

 Whether using all possible orders or selected orders, participants should be


randomly assigned to these conditions.
USING ALL POSSIBLE ORDERS

 The preferred technique for balancing practice effects in the incomplete design is to
used all possible orders of the conditions. Each participant is randomly assigned to
one of the orders.
 When there are two conditions, AB, there will be two possible orders, AB AND BA,
but..
 If there are three conditions there will be six possible orders, ABC, ACB, BAC, BCA,
CAB, CBA.
SELECTED ORDERS- LATIN SQUARE & RANDOM STARTING ORDER
WITH ROTATION

 In Latin square, each condition appears at each ordinal position at once.


 Whereas, Random starting with rotation requires you too begin with a random
order of the conditions and to rotate this sequence systematically with each
condition moving one position to the left each time.
EFFECTIVENESS OF USING ORDERS IN DIFFERENT WAYS..

 Using all possible orders, Latin squares and random starting orders with rotation are
equally effectives in balancing practice effects because all three techniques ensure
that each condition appears in each ordinal position equally often..
 Sequence of conditions should be fully prepared prior to testing the first participant,
and participants should be randomly assigned to these sequences.
PROBLEM OF DIFFERENTIAL TRANSFER

 Differential transfer occurs when the effects of one condition persist and influence
performance in subsequent conditions.
 It threatens the internal validity.
Repeated Measures
Design

How many times was each level


given to each participant

(Once) (more than once)


Incomplete design complete design

Are there four or


Are there likely to be
fewer conditions
anticipation problem?

If yes, then.. All If No, then.. If Yes, then.. Block If No, then.. ABBA
possible orders Selected orders randomization counterbalancing
THANK YOU 

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