operating

chapter system
s (os)
ml9
Arso Open Uvers ty
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operating system services.

-** wser interface
shell GyL touch sreen-CLI,
user iterfaces

KernalyCommunicaians between
serices Software anoh Heroware.
proganeXe Cution
is af particulareFile systems Commnication
o opetations,
iaterest Yesoce allocation accounting,
eror clete ctionogging-pratetion
and seCurty
’progam executio
The System must he able to Aoa
aa pragam into memory

a anining pragram may require /o,

which may mae a File or an fo device.
’File system mani pulatioa.
prosams need to read and write and
cirectorsies create and lelete them
Search them,list file infonaion, permission
Management
’Communications
prace ses
may echange informatisn
the same camputer or
o between
Camputers over a network
ElSherouk City P.0. Box 51 - Cairo
 ’Eror dete ction 2
Os needs to be
www au du eg
a WaYe of po9s ible constantly
errors

*Debuging
the sersFacirties Can greatly hance
and programmers abiities
efficiently wse
use the system

’ Resource alocation
when mltiple sers r mutiple jalbs running
ConcuYrentl esowrces must be allo cated to
chthem

Iypes f re sowcesCPr Cycle S, main

wmemory Fie storage, L/o devices
’dagging
To Kee track of whichwsers wse how
muchond what kinds comowter reserces
JMlsa
Logaz
> protectin and security
Lany mechanism Far Cantroling acces
processes or users to resowces hefined
theOs.
Secitydefense
intenal and eXternal
f the system
attackS .
against
clallows direct Command enthy.
Kernal
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 O Jser os lnterface
óogiooll ouollÖoolol!
Arab Open University
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wserFriendly olesktop
wsualy mouse Key baavd, and monitr.
man systems aol include both cll
and Gul interfaces.
MickoSoft widows is GUl withc
^Command shell
Apple Maeos
UNA
S

Touehscreen
Noice Cemnnanods

System cals
kprogaming interfaee to the senices.
provided the
BY
ypicaly written inahighdevelJanguge
r ct)

K accessed p by r
pragrams
os via a highdae
sia highAevel
Application progoAing imterFace APL
rather thairect system colu
Cal e

Jhree most Common APls

API For incdows
2. PosIX API For PoslXbased systems.
inclnding (Unikin ondlMac os X
3JoNaAPI For theJava victualmachine

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 System Call \molementatio
IhesyseM cal inter Face
ongogll call oarloll invokes the intended system
Arab Open UniveTsity
stoatus
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Call in os lKernal and re trns
of the system cal ond auy retn Values.

*lhe callek meed Know nothing albout haw the

system Call is implemented
st neeos to obey APLand naler standl
a re Salt Call
what likaiulaeig
os APL

Iypes f system calls.

k pracess Conttol
create terminate pracess.
end abor t
Joad execute
get set rocess attributes
wait Fa time
Wait ianalevent
locata and Free memor
Dum memoryR errar
Debusger For deteiing
bugssingle step eXe ution
Joci<s For Aanaginqaccess
shared ata between processes.

X File management
create Jelete ile
openclose
read write epostion
getset File attributes
 * Device mana 9 ement
-zquest, release
-readwri te, epo deice
Öngiópll ôuoll àoolall
Arab Open University
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-get. Set device attributes
Aogi Cally attach ar detac
device
lnRormation maintenance
get-set Time r lata
systemlata
get Set precessFile ok leice
atiributes

create, delete Cow

Co connectlon
send reeive
From ciient to SerNer
sharedmenmoV
and
model create
aqala access fo memoYy
regions
ransper status inlornatien
attach and etach Yemote
devicesi
k protection
Csntol access to resorces.
Get ond set per mssions.
Allow and enyy s e acesS.

eXs. indowS
indows and uni system ols.
OPro Cess Wind wni
Conttol creatpYocess Fork
ExitpYo cess() exit
WaitFosingle oje ct Wait
àngiogll ôujoll àoolall
Arab Open University
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wiaows
OFile creat Fle ) open ()
Management ReadFile l) read)
writeFie () write L
closeHandle ) close )
Oeice wiadows.
mangement setConSole mode () ioct1
Readconsale) read cy
write consale ( write )
Olnfamctian
maintenance
windos.
GetCuuntetProcess ID) getpid c
Set mer ( alarm )
Capital small Seep ()
6Commnications
wiadows unix
CreatePipe ) pipe ()
Create File Mappinaq ) shmopen (J
Mapvieuof File
Qpratection indas uni
setEileSecunty () chmocl)
Initlialize Securit Oesériptor () wmasIk)
Set Securiy Descriptor Graup (y Chown)
System Services.
DFile Managenent
create deleteCopy, Yenamme, print
umeist andgenerallymanipulate
Files and dive ctors
Qstats inbrnatibn.
Some systens imm plementa reqisth-used to
storeand retrieve ConfiguWotiom innformatian.
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 3. File modification
Text editors to create and
Ôogiooll áujoll óoolall
Arab Open University modify eiles.
www.aou.edu.eg

+ progla.mmingAanguage support Capilers,

Ssemblers, deonggers and preters
inter pr
Sometimes provided.

eXecutio
5. proglam Joaciag andproicle
& Communications i the mechanism
For creating NirtuaConnections among
processes,wsers, Cnd Camputer SystemS.
4Backramad services startupshatdan
Jaunch at bost time
prouide Facinities ike disk checking
prace ss sheding errYY or dogging príating Context
Run ia wser Coatext aot Kenad
Knows as Services, sub system5 dameons.

8 Application pagramssystem
Oont pertain to
Anby users
Not typically Censiderel partof os
dannched bybycsmman ine mouse click,
Finger pake
Dinkers andoaders.
iner Combines these into single binay
eXecutablefile
-’ progam resides seConlay starage
as bingay executable addresses
K Relo Cationassi_nsCodefinal
and data
program parts
fo progonn adiusts
and addre sses.
in to matchthose
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 -Rather, clnamicaily nked
lbraries in winc ows, DLLs)
are doaded as needed, shawed
wwWAtueg

of lby
thatse
all
Same
that se the
Abakyloadedonce)
Same version

Apps Can multioperating system

in interpeted Janguage ke python
VA Cantaining the Kunning opp (like.
Se standard Aanguage (ike cy
XDesign anc nalementationol OS is_not
solvable " Som ppraaches have
proven Successfl
start the design by defining gsadsand
SpeciEications
Aser gols OS shauld be conNenient to
reiablesale,andFast
wse,ealy to leavn,
*System goals os showed be easyWellas
t
inaglement, and maitain, as
design
Flexible reiiable error
Free,andefficient.

k Palicynterrupt eveky loo seConds

atterTimer
mechanisni
MaXimum Flexibiity ic palicy descisions
are to be chang edAate
change loo to 2o0
 -lmplementation 9
mnch Noriation
Aran p Urvsty
WAWaLedueg Then system programinganguages
ike Algol,PL1
Actually wsually a mit of angnages
_Aoevels in assembly
-main bocy in c
System programming incctt
Scrigtiag Aangage's ike ff PERL python
sheil scripts
’Emalation Can allow OS to uno
nol natie hardare

faop. s stactwre
Geal pupo Seos Nery daYge progron
Narions sinaple sthctareMs-Dos
MoYe cenapleX
*Jayered an abstroction
mico KeXnadach.

Aayered Appra ach.

Ihe botto.m yer(lyor a)is the hardaare
The highestdayer N) is the wser interface.
Mickokeraals
eyample micYo keraals
Mac os X Kernal CDanwin) party based
-onMach
Easierto extenda
ynefitsmicraKekaad
*
Easier to port the os to. new architectues
More reliabledessCode is running in
Kehal mode)
Mare Sesre
 Dethiments.
perfomance olerhead of ser
space Communication .
spoce to Kelaal
x ystem Boot so
must be made aNailable to hardware
hardare Can start t.
Smal piece af Code
boststrap oader stored in ROM
plos.
EEFRO
Madera systems replace Blos with
aified Etensible fnmware nterFace
VEF L)
KernalAoads and systen is then nning
Os Debugging
De is Fiacing and Fixing erors, er buys..
*Also perfolnance tuning
*Os generate dog files containna. e r infolfnation
OS Failre Can generate crashomo File
Containing Ikernal memaC
Beond crashesperfornance tuning coCan.
-optimize systemper formance
Sonetimes wsinq Tace Aisting s ofactiities,
reCovded Far analysis.
-prafiing is pericclic Sampling of instrction
painter to loak For statistial- trends