Unit 1: Introduction (3 Hrs)

Course contents
 Artificial Intelligence (AI)
 History of AI
 AI perspectives
 Turing Test
 Foundation of AI
 Scope of symbolic AI
 Application Of AI
Introduction:

Artificial Intelligence
Artificial Intelligence is composed of two words Artificial and Intelligence, where Artificial
defines "man-made," and intelligence defines "thinking power", hence AI means "a man-made
thinking power."

So, we can define AI as:

"It is a branch of computer science by which we can create intelligent machines which can behave like a
human, think like humans, and able to make decisions."

Artificial Intelligence exists when a machine can have human based skills such as learning, reasoning,
and solving problems

With Artificial Intelligence you do not need to preprogram a machine to do some work, despite that you
can create a machine with programmed algorithms which can work with own intelligence, and that is the
awesomeness of AI.

Why Artificial Intelligence?

Before Learning about Artificial Intelligence, we should know that what is the importance of AI and why
should we learn it. Following are some main reasons to learn about AI:

o With the help of AI, you can create such software or devices which can solve real-world problems
very easily and with accuracy such as health issues, marketing, traffic issues, etc.
o With the help of AI, you can create your personal virtual Assistant, Google Assistant, Siri, etc.
o With the help of AI, you can build such Robots which can work in an environment where survival
of humans can be at risk.
o AI opens a path for other new technologies, new devices, and new Opportunities.
Goals of Artificial Intelligence
Following are the main goals of Artificial Intelligence:

1. Replicate human intelligence

2. Solve Knowledge-intensive tasks
3. An intelligent connection of perception and action
4. Building a machine which can perform tasks that requires human intelligence such as:
o Proving a theorem
o Playing chess
o Plan some surgical operation
o Driving a car in traffic
5. Creating some system which can exhibit intelligent behavior, learn new things by itself,
demonstrate, explain, and can advise to its user.

Advantages of Artificial Intelligence

Following are some main advantages of Artificial Intelligence:

o High Accuracy with less errors: AI machines or systems are prone to less errors and high
accuracy as it takes decisions as per pre-experience or information.
o High-Speed: AI systems can be of very high-speed and fast-decision making, because of that AI
systems can beat a chess champion in the Chess game.
o High reliability: AI machines are highly reliable and can perform the same action multiple times
with high accuracy.
o Useful for risky areas: AI machines can be helpful in situations such as defusing a bomb,
exploring the ocean floor, where to employ a human can be risky.
o Digital Assistant: AI can be very useful to provide digital assistant to the users such as AI
technology is currently used by various E-commerce websites to show the products as per
customer requirement.
o Useful as a public utility: AI can be very useful for public utilities such as a self-driving car which
can make our journey safer and hassle-free, facial recognition for security purpose, Natural
language processing to communicate with the human in human-language, etc.

Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence

Every technology has some disadvantages, and thesame goes for Artificial intelligence. Being so
advantageous technology still, it has some disadvantages which we need to keep in our mind while
creating an AI system. Following are the disadvantages of AI:
o High Cost: The hardware and software requirement of AI is very costly as it requires lots of
maintenance to meet current world requirements.
o Can't think out of the box: Even we are making smarter machines with AI, but still they cannot
work out of the box, as the robot will only do that work for which they are trained, or
programmed.
o No feelings and emotions: AI machines can be an outstanding performer, but still it does not
have the feeling so it cannot make any kind of emotional attachment with human, and may
sometime be harmful for users if the proper care is not taken.
o Increase dependency on machines: With the increment of technology, people are getting more
dependent on devices and hence they are losing their mental capabilities.
o No Original Creativity: As humans are so creative and can imagine some new ideas but still AI
machines cannot beat this power of human intelligence and cannot be creative and imaginative.
What is Artificial Intelligence?
"Giving machines ability to perform tasks normally associated with human
intelligence."

AI is intelligence of machines and branch of computer science that aims to create it.
AI consists of design of intelligent agents, which is a program that perceives its
environment and takes action that maximizes its chance of success. With Ai it comes
issues likededuction, reasoning, problem solving, knowledge representation, planning,
learning, natural language processing, perception, etc.

“Artificial Intelligence is the part of computer science concerned with designing

intelligence computer systems, that is, systems that exhibit the characteristics we
associatewith intelligence in human behavior.”

Different definitions of AI are given by different books/writers. These definitions can

be divided into two dimensions.

Systems that think like humans Systems that think rationally

“The exciting new effort to make computers “The study of mental faculties through the use of
think…..machine with minds, in the full and literal computational models.” (Charniak and
sense.” (Haugeland, 1985) McDermott, 1985)

“[The automaton of] activities that we associate with “The study of the computations that make it
human thinking, activities such as decision-making, possible to perceive, reason, and act.” (Winston,
problem solving, learning…..” (Bellman, 1978) 1992)
Systems that act like humans Systems that act rationally
“ The art of creating machines that perform functions “Computational Intelligence is the study of the
that require intelligence when performed by people.” design of intelligent agents.” (Poole et al., 1998)
(Kurzweil, 1990)

“The study of how to make computer do things at “AI… is concerned with intelligent behavior in
which, at the moment, people are better.” (Rich and artifacts.” (Nilsson, 1998)
Knight, 1991)

Top dimension is concerned with thought processes and reasoning, where as

bottom dimension addresses the behavior.

The definition on the left measures the success in terms of fidelity of human
performance, whereas definitions on the right measure an ideal concept of
intelligence, which is called rationality.

Human-centered approaches must be an empirical science, involving hypothesis and

experimental confirmation. A rationalist approach involves a combination of
mathematics and engineering.
Acting Humanly: The Turing Test Approach

The Turing test, proposed by Alan Turing (1950) was designed to convince the
peoplethat whether a particular machine can think or not. He suggested a test based
on indistinguish ability from undeniably intelligent entities- human beings. The test
involves an interrogator who interacts with one human and one machine. Within a
given time the interrogator has to find out which of the two the human is, and
which one the machine.

The computer passes the test if a human interrogator after posing some written
questions, cannot tell whether the written response come from human or not.

To pass a Turing test, a computer must have following capabilities:

 Natural Language Processing: Must be able to communicate successfully in

English
 Knowledge representation: To store what it knows and hears.
 Automated reasoning: Answer the Questions based on the stored information.
 Machine learning: Must be able to adapt in new circumstances.

Turing test avoid the physical interaction with human interrogator. Physical
simulation of human beings is not necessary for testing the intelligence.

The total Turing test includes video signals and manipulation capability so that the
interrogator can test the subject’s perceptual abilities and object manipulation ability.
To pass the total Turing test computer must have following additional capabilities:

 Computer Vision: To perceive objects

 Robotics: To manipulate objects and move

Thinking Humanly: Cognitive modeling approach

If we are going to say that a given program thinks like a human, we must have some
wayof determining how humans think. We need to get inside the actual workings of
human minds. There are two ways to do this:

– through introspection: catch our thoughts while they go by

– through psychological experiments.

Once we have precise theory of mind, it is possible to express the theory as a

computerprogram.

The field of cognitive science brings together computer models from AI and
experimental techniques from psychology to try to construct precise and testable
 theories of the workings of the human mind.

Think rationally: The laws of thought approach

Aristotal was one of the first who attempt to codify the right thinking that is
irrefutable reasoning process. He gave Syllogisms that always yielded correct
conclusion when correct premises are given.

For example:
Ram is a man

All men are mortal

 Ram is mortal

These law of thought were supposed to govern the operation of mind: This study
initiated the field of logic. The logicist tradition in AI hopes to create intelligent
systems using logic programming. However there are two obstacles to this approach.
First, It is not easy to take informal knowledge and state in the formal terms required
by logical notation, particularly when knowledge is not 100% certain. Second,
solving problem principally is different from doing it in practice. Even problems
with certain dozens of fact may exhaust the computational resources of any computer
unless it has some guidance as which reasoning step to try first.

Acting Rationally: The rational Agent approach:

Agent is something that acts.

Computer agent is expected to have following attributes:

 Autonomous control
 Perceiving their environment
 Persisting over a prolonged period of time
 Adapting to change
 And capable of taking on another’s goal
Rational behavior: doing the right thing.
The right thing: that which is expected to maximize goal achievement, given the
available information.

Rational Agent is one that acts so as to achieve the best outcome or, when
there isuncertainty, the best expected outcome.

In the “laws of thought” approach to AI, the emphasis was given to correct
inferences. Making correct inferences is sometimes part of being a rational agent,
because one way to act rationally is to reason logically to the conclusion and act on
that conclusion. On the other hand, there are also some ways of acting rationally
that cannot be said to involve inference. For Example, recoiling from a hot stove is a
reflex action that usually more successful than a slower action taken after careful
deliberation.

Advantages:
 It is more general than laws of thought approach, because correct inference
is just one of several mechanisms for achieving rationality.
  It is more amenable to scientific development than are approaches based on
human behavior or human thought because the standard of rationality is
clearly defined and completely general.

Applications of AI
AI has been dominant in various fields such as −
 Gaming − AI plays crucial role in strategic games such as chess, poker, tic-tac-toe,
etc., where machine can think of large number of possible positions based on heuristic
knowledge.
 Natural Language Processing − It is possible to interact with the computer that
understands natural language spoken by humans.
 Expert Systems − There are some applications which integrate machine, software,
and special information to impart reasoning and advising. They provide explanation
and advice to the users.
 Vision Systems − These systems understand, interpret, and comprehend visual input
on the computer. For example,
o A spying aeroplane takes photographs, which are used to figure out spatial
information or map of the areas.
o Doctors use clinical expert system to diagnose the patient.
o Police use computer software that can recognize the face of criminal with the
stored portrait made by forensic artist.
 Speech Recognition − Some intelligent systems are capable of hearing and
comprehending the language in terms of sentences and their meanings while a
 human talks to it. It can handle different accents, slang words, noise in the
background, change in human’s noise due to cold, etc.
 Handwriting Recognition − The handwriting recognition software reads the text
written on paper by a pen or on screen by a stylus. It can recognize the shapes of the
letters and convert it into editable text.
 Intelligent Robots − Robots are able to perform the tasks given by a human. They
have sensors to detect physical data from the real world such as light, heat,
temperature, movement, sound, bump, and pressure. They have efficient processors,
multiple sensors and huge memory, to exhibit intelligence. In addition, they are
capable of learning from their mistakes and they can adapt to the new environment.

Scope of symbolic AI
Symbolic AI is an approach that trains Artificial Intelligence (AI) the same way
human brain learns. It learns to understand the world by forming internal
symbolic representations of its “world”. Symbols play a vital role in the
human thought and reasoning process.

When we speak of artificial intelligence (AI), we talk about computers or machines

made to mimic human behavior, particularly the way we think and arrive at
decisions. Symbolic artificial intelligence is the earliest approach toward this end,
and it relies heavily on the following concepts:

 Humans think using symbols.

 Computers operate using symbols.
 Computers can be trained to think.

Symbolic AI rests on the idea that we use symbols to come up with a particular
solution, such as the way we solve a mathematical problem. The “+” symbol
represents addition, and the answer comes after the “=” sign. We use symbols to
define even the simplest things (house, table, chairs, etc.) and characterize people
(man, woman, doctor, lawyer, etc.). We also use symbols to describe actions like
running, eating, and typing.

Human communication widely makes use of symbols, which is one of the things
that makes us intelligent. As such, symbols have also become the basis of creating
 AI. Symbolic AI was the frontrunner in the technology’s creation, which is why it is
also called “classical AI” or “good old-fashioned AI (GOFAI).

What is Symbolic AI?

Symbolic Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a subfield of AI that focuses on the

processing and manipulation of symbols or concepts, rather than numerical
data.

Symbolic Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a subfield of AI that focuses on the processing and
manipulation of symbols or concepts, rather than numerical data. The goal of Symbolic AI is
to build intelligent systems that can reason and think like humans by representing and
manipulating knowledge and reasoning based on logical rules.

Examples of Real-World Symbolic AI Applications

Symbolic AI has been applied in various fields, including natural language processing, expert
systems, and robotics. Some specific examples include:

 Siri and other digital assistants use Symbolic AI to understand natural language and provide
responses.
 Medical diagnosis systems use Symbolic AI to provide recommendations to doctors based
on patient symptoms (as demonstrated earlier).
 Autonomous cars use Symbolic AI to make decisions based on the environment, such as
recognizing stop signs and traffic lights.
 Computer vision systems use Symbolic AI to recognize objects and patterns in images.
Assignment -1 (submission date :2080/08/20

I. Answer the Long questions:

1) Define AI? Explain the different perspectives of AI.
2) Explain any five foundation of AI
3) What is scope of symbolic AI? Explain the real time application of AI
4) What is Turing Test? How Turing Test is used to evaluate intelligence of a machine? What properties a
machine should have to pass the Total turing test?
5) Create the History time line of AI from 1950 to till date.

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Some solved questions:

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