XII – ALTERNATING CURRENT

Q.1. If the effective current in a 50 cycle a.c. circuit is 5A, what is the peak
value of current? What is the current 1/600 sec. after it was zero?
Q.2. The effective value of current in a 50 cycle a.c. circuit is 5.0 A. What is
the value of current (1/300) s after it is zero?
Q.3. The peak voltage of a.c. supply is 14.14 A at 50 Hz. Find the rms value.
How much time will the current take in reaching from zero to max.
value?
Q.4. A sinusoidal voltage V= 200 sin 314 t is applied to a resistor or 10 ohm.
Calculate (i) r.m.s. value of voltae (ii) r.m.s value of current (iii) power
dissipated as heat in watt.
Q.5. A sinusoidal voltage V = 200 sin 314 t is applied to a resistor of 10 ohm.
Calculate (i) rms value of voltage (ii) rms current and (iii) power
dissipated as heat.
Q.6. An inductor of inductance 200 mH is connected to an a.c. source of peak
emf 210 V and frequency 50 Hz. Calculate the peak current. What is the
instantaneous value of voltage when current is at its peak value?
Q.7. How much inductance should be connected to 200V, 50 c/s supply so
that a maximum current of 0.5 A flows through it?
Q.8. A capacitor has a reactance of 100  at 50 Hz. What will be its reactance
at 125 Hz?
 𝜋
Q8A. An alternating EMF, E = 100 sin (100 t + ) is applied across a pure
3
2
inductor L = 𝐻. Find the expression of alternating current.
𝜋
𝜋 𝜋
(a) 𝑖 = 2 sin 100𝜋𝑡 − (b) 𝑖 = 0.5 sin 100𝜋𝑡 −
3 3
𝜋 𝜋
(c) 𝑖 = 0.5 sin 100𝜋𝑡 − (d) 𝑖 = 0.5 sin 100𝜋𝑡 −
6 2
Q8B. In an A.C. circuit, an alternating voltage e = 200 2 sin(100 t) volt is
connected to capacitor of capacity 1 F. The r.m.s. value of current in
the circuit is :
(a) 10 mA (b) 100 mA (c) 200 mA (d) 20 mA
Q8C. An A.C. voltage is applied to a resistance R and an inductor L in series. If
R and the inductive reactance are both equal to 3 , the phase
difference between the applied voltage and the current in the circuit is :
(a) zero (b) /6 (c) /4 (d) /2
Q8D. A coil has resistance 30 ohm and inductive reactance 20 ohm at 50 Hz
frequency. If an A.C. source, of 200 volt 100 Hz, is connected across the
coil, the current in the coil will be :
20
(a) 𝐴 (b) 2.0 A (c) 4.0 A (d) 8.0 A
13
Q8E. In an a.c. circuit the e.m.f. () and the current (i) at any instant are given
respectively by  = E0 sint, i = I0 sin (t – ). The average power in the
circuit over one cycle of a.c. is :
𝐸0 𝐼0 𝐸0 𝐼0 𝐸0 𝐼0
(a) cos  (b) E0I0 (c) (d) sin 
2 2 2
Q8F. The instantaneous values of alternating current and voltage in a circuit
are given as :
1 1 𝜋
𝑖= sin (100t) ampe e = sin 100𝜋𝑡 + volt
2 2 3
The average power in watts consumed in the circuit is :
1 3 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4 4 2 8
Q8G. A small signal voltage V(t) = V0 sint is applied across an ideal capacitor
C.
(a) Current I(t) is in phase with voltage V(t).
(b) Current I(t) leads voltage V(t) by 180.
(c) Current I(t) lags voltage V(t) by 90
(d) Over a full cycle the capacitor C does not consume any energy from
the voltage source.
Q8H. A resistance R draws power P when connected to an AC source. If an
inductance is now placed in series with the resistance, such that the
impedance of the circuit becomes Z, the power drawn will be :
𝑅 2 𝑅 𝑅
(a) 𝑃 (b) 𝑃 (c) 𝑃 (d) P
𝑍 𝑍 𝑍
Q8I. In an electrical circuit R, L, C and A.C. voltage source are all connected in
series. When L is removed from the circuit, the phase difference
between the voltage and the current in the circuit is /3. If instead. C is
removed from the circuit, the phase difference is again /3. The power
factor of the circuit is :
(a) 1/2 (b) 1/ 2 (c) 1 (d) 3/2
Q8.1 Average emf during a positive half cycle will be :
(a) 198 V (b) 220 V (c) 240 V (d) 220 2 V
Q8.2 An ac source is connected to a capacitor C. Due to decrease in its
operating frequency.
(a) Displacement current increases
(b) Displacement current decreases
(c) Capacitive reactance remains constant
(d) Capacitive reactance decreases
Q8.3 A 40 F capacitor is connected to a 200 V, 50 Hz ac supply. The rms
value of the current in the circuit is, nearly :
(a) 2.5 A (b) 25.1 A (c) 1.7 A (d) 2.05 A
Q8.4 If we decrease the frequency of the applied A.C. with a purely
capacitive load, do (1) the amplitude of VC and (2) amplitude of IC
increase, decrease of remain the same.
(a) (1) increase (2) same (b) (1) same (2) increase
(c) (1) same (2) decrease (d) (1) decrease (2) same
Q8.5 Assertion : Ohm's law cannot be applied to a.c. circuit.
Reason : Resistance offered by capacitor for a.c. source depends upon
the frequency of the source.
Q8.6 Assertion : A capacitor blocks direct current in the steady state.
Reason : The capacitive reactance of the capacitor is inversely
proportional to frequency f of the source of emf.
Q8.7 An inductance and resistance joined in series are respectively 16 V and
20 V. The total potential difference of the source is :
(a) 20.0 V (b) 25.6 V (c) 31.9 V (d) 53.5 V
Q8.8 In an AC circuit the potential differences across an inductance and
resistance joined in series are respectively 16V and 20V. The total
potential difference of the source is :
(a) 20.0 V (b) 25.6 V (c) 31.9 V (d) 53.5 V
Q8.9 A coil has resistance 30 ohm and inductive reactance 20 ohm at 50 Hz
frequency. If an ac source, of 200 volt, 100 Hz, is connected across the
coil, the current in the coil will be :
20
(a) 4.0 A (b) 8.0 A (c) 𝐴 (d) 2.0 A
13
Q8.10 In a series LCR circuit, the inductance L is 10 mH, capacitance c is 1 F
and resistance R is 100 . The frequency at which resonance occurs is :
(a) 15.9 kHz (b) 1.59 rad/s (c) 1.59 kHz (d) 15.9 rad/s
Q8.11 What is the value of inductance L for which the current is maximum in a
series LCR circuit with C = 10 F and  = 1000 s–1?
(a) 1 mH (b) cannot be calculated unless R is known
(c) 10 mH (d) 100 mH
Q8.12 In an electrical circuit R, L, C and A.C. voltage source are all connected in
series. When L is removed from the circuit, the phase difference
between the voltage and the current in the circuit is /3. If instead, C is
removed from the circuit, the phase difference is again /3. The power
factor of the circuit is :
(a) 1/2 (b) 1/ 2 (c) 1 (d) 3/2
Q8.13 The potential differences across the resistance, capacitance and
inductance are 80 V, 40 V and 100 V respectively in an L–C–R circuit.
The power factor of this circuit is :
(a) 1.0 (b) 0.4 (c) 0.5 (d) 0.8
Q8.14 In a circuit L, C and R are connected in series with an alternating voltage
source of frequency f. The current leads the voltage by 45. The value of
C is :
1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2𝜋𝑓 2𝜋𝑓𝐿+𝑅 2𝜋𝑓 2𝜋𝑓𝐿−𝑅 𝜋𝑓 2𝜋𝑓𝐿−𝑅 𝜋𝑓 2𝜋𝑓𝐿+𝑅
Q8.15 Power dissipated in an LCR series circuit connected to an A.C. source of
emf  is :
1 2 1 2
𝜀2 𝑅2+ 𝐿𝜔 − 𝜀2 𝑅2+ 𝐿𝜔 −
𝐶𝜔 𝐶𝜔
(a) (b)
𝑅 𝑅
𝜀2𝑅 𝜀2𝑅
(c) (d) 2
1 2 𝑅 2 + 𝐿𝜔 −
1
𝑅2+ 𝐿𝜔 − 𝐶𝜔
𝐶𝜔
Q8.16 An inductor of inductance L, a capacitor of capacitance C and a resistor
of resistance 'R' are connected in series to an ac source of potential
difference 'V' volts as shown in figure.
Potential difference across L, C and R is 40 V, 10V and 40V, respectively.
The amplitude of current flowing through LCR series circuit is 10 2A.
The impedance of the circuit is :
(a) 5  (b) 4 2 
(c) 5 2  (d) 4 
Q8.17 An alternating emf E = 440 sin 100 t is applied to a circuit containing
2
an inductance of H. I fan a.c. ammeter is connected in the circuit, its
𝜋
reading will be :
(a) 4.4 A (b) 1.55 A (c) 2.2 A (d) 3.11 A
Q8.18 The equation of current in a purely inductive circuit is 5 sin (49t –
30). If the inductance is 30 mH then the equation for the voltage across
22
the inductor, will be: 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝜋 =
7
(a) 1.47 sin (49 t – 30) (b) 1.47 sin (49 t + 60)
(c) 23.1 sin (49 t – 30) (d) 23.1 sin (49 t + 60)
Q8.19 A direct current of 4 and an alternating current of peak value 4 A flow
through resistance of 3  and 2  respectively. The ratio of heat
produced in the two resistances in same interval of time will be :
(a) 3 : 2 (b) 3 : 1 (c) 3 : 4 (d) 4 : 3
Q.9. A 10 µ F capacitor is connected with 1 henry inductance in series with a
50 hertz source of a.c. Calculate the impedance of the combination.
Q.10. An a.c. voltage of 100 V, 50 Hz is connected across a 20 ohm resistor
and 2 mH inductor in series. Calculate
(i) impedance of the circuit.
(ii) rms current in the circuit.
Q.11. A coil of inductance 0.5 H and resistance 100  is connected to 200 V,
50 Hz a.c. supply. Find the maximum current in the coil Also, find the
time lag between the maximum voltage and maximum current.
Q.12. A 25.0 µ F capacitor, a 0.10 henry inductor and a 25.0 ohm resistor are
connected in series with an a.c. source whose e.m.f. is give by E = 310
sin 314 t.
(i) what is the frequency of the e.m.f.?
(ii) calculate
(iii) the reactance of the circuit
(iv) the impedance of the circuit, and
(v) current in the circuit.
Q.13. A series LCR circuit with C= 80 µF, L=5.0 H and R = 40  is connected to
a variable frequency 240 V a.c. source. Calculate
(i) angular frequency of the source which drives the circuit in
resonance.
(ii) Current at the resonating frequency.
(iii) rms pot. Drop across the capacitor.
Q.14. A resistor of 400  and a capacitor of reactance 200  are connected to
a 220 V, 50 Hz a.c. source. If the current in the circuit is 0.49 A.
(i) find the voltage across the resistor and capacitor
(ii) Value of inductance required so that voltage and current are in
phase.
Q.15. An e.m.f. E=100 sin 314 t is applied across a pure capacitor of 637 µF.
Calculate the instantaneous power P and maximum energy stored in the
capacitor.
Q.16. A resistor of resistance 100  is connected to an ac source, E =(12 V)
sin (250 s-1) t. Find the energy dissipated as heat during t=0 to t=1.0
ms.
Q.17. A light bulb and an open coil
inductor are connected to an A.C.
source through a key as shown if
Fig.
The switch is closed and after
sometime, an iron rod is inserted
into the interior of the inductor. The
glow of the light bulb (a) increases; (b) decreases; (c) is unchanged, as
the iron rod is inserted. Give you answer with reasons.
Q.18. A resistor of 200  and a capacitor of 15.0 µF are connected in series to
a 220 V, 50 Hz A.C. source, (a) Calculate the current in the circuit; (b)
Calculate the voltage (rms) across the resistor and the capacitor. Is the
algebraic sum of these voltages more than the source voltage? If yes,
resolve the paradox.
Q.19. (a) For circuits used for transporting electric
power, a low factor implies large power loss in
transmission. Explain.
(b) Power factor can often be improve by the
use of a capacitor of appropriate capacitance
in the circuit. Explain.
 PHASORS
The rotating vectors are called phasors, and diagrams containing them
are called phasor Diagrams. They are used to shown the phase
relationship between voltage and current in an ac circuit.
To represent sinusoidally varying voltage and currents, we will use
rotating phasor diagrams (similar to those we used in the study of
simple harmonic motion). In these diagrams the instantaneous value of
a quantity (vector) that varies sinusoidally with time is represented to
their projection onto vertical axis and the length of the projection of the
vector is equal to the amplitude of the quantity. The vector rotates
counter clockwise with constant angular velocity .
Q.20. The electric current in a circuit is given by i = i0 (t/) for some time.
Calculate the r.m.s. current for the period t = 0 to t = .
Ans. i0/ 𝟑
LCR CIRCUIT
QUALITY FACTOR (Q-FACTOR) AND SHARPNESS OF RESONANCE

(a) Q is just a number.

(b) Q factor is also called voltage amplification factor of the circuit.
(c) If R is low or L is large or C is low, Q-factor of LCR series circuit will be
large i.e., the circuit will have more sharpness.
(d) The electronic circuits with high Q value would respond to a very narrow
range of frequencies and for low Q value circuit will respond to a wide
range of frequencies.
(e) The value of Q varies from 10 to 100. However the electronic circuits
dealing with very high frequencies may have Q even 200.
IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS OF SERIES RESONANT CIRCUIT

A unique characteristics of the series resonant circuit is that the potential

differences available across the inductance L and across the capacitor C may be
much more than the applied voltage.
Let us take an example to make this point clear. Suppose in a LCR series circuit,
R= 10 ohm, XL= XC= 40 ohm and the root mean square value of applied voltage
is 100 volt.
The current in the circuit
𝐸 𝐸 100
𝐼= = = = 10 ampere
𝑧 𝑅 10

Potential difference across the resistance R is

VR = IR = 10 × 10 = 100 volt
Potential difference across the inductance L is
VL= IXL = 10 × 40 = 400 volt
Potential difference across the capacitor C is
VC = IXC = 10 × 40 = 400 volt
A series resonant circuit gives voltage amplification. It is also called voltage
resonant circuit.
 LC OSCILLATIONS

At the instant shown, the current is increasing so the polarity of inducted

emf in the inductor is as shown.
Q51. A coil has inductance 2.2/ H and is joined in series with a resistance of
220 . An AC EMF 220V, 50 Hz is applied to it find the vattless current
in circuit.
Q52. A series RLC circuit with 100  resistance is connected to an AC source
of 200 V and angular frequency 300rad/s. when only the capacitance is
removed, the current lags behind the voltage by 60. When only the
inductance is removed, the current leads the voltage by 60. Calculate
the current and power dissipated in RLC circuit.
Q53. A RLC series circuit has L= 10 m H, R = 3 and C = 1 µF connected in
sires to a source of 15 cost volt. Calculate the current amplitude and
the average power dissipated per cycle at a frequency that is 10% lower
than the resonant frequency.
Q54. A capacitor of unknown capacitance, a resistance of 100 ohm and an
inductor of self inductance L = 4/2 henry are connected in series across
an a.c. source of 200 V and 50 hz. Calculate the value of capacitance and
the current that flows in the circuit, when the current is in phase with
the voltage.
Q55. A series LCR circuit is connected to an a.c. source (200 V, 50 Hz). The
voltages across resistor capacitor and inductor are respectively 200 V,
250 V and 250 V. The algebraic sum of the voltage across the three
elements is greater than the source voltage. Why?
A. C. GENERATOR
TRANSFORMER
Q56. A power station has to transmit 10,000 W. It can be done either by
sending 100 A at 100 V or 10 A at 1000 V.
(a) If the resistance of the transmission line is 0.25 , calculate the power
loss in each case.
(b) Which transformer is needed to convert the lower voltage into higher
voltage?
Q57. At a hydroelectric power plant, the water pressure head is at a height of
300 m and the water flow available is 100 m3/s. If the turbine-generator
efficiency is 60%, estimate the electric power available from the plant.
(g = 9.8 m/s2)
Q58. A small town with a demand of 800 kW
of electric power at 220 V is situated 15
km away from an electric plant
generating power at 440 V (figure). The
resistance of the two-wire line carrying
power is 0.5  per km. The town gets power from the line through a
4000-220 V step-down transformer at a substation in the town.
(a) Estimate the line power loss in the form of heat.
(b) How much power must the plant supply, assuming there is negligible
power loss due to leakage?
(c) Characterise the step-up transformer at the point.
Q59. A step-down transformer is used in a 1000 V line to provide a potential
difference of 200 V at 2A. If the primary has 100 turns, find the number of
turns in the secondary and the current in the primary.
[ Ans. 20, 0.4 A ]
Q60. A step-up transformer operates on a 200 V line and supplies a load of 2A.
The ratio of the primary and the secondary windings is 1 : 5. Determine
the secondary voltage, primary current and power output. Assume
efficiency to be 100%.
[ 1000 V, 10A, 2000 W ]
Q61. A power transmission line feeds input power at 2300V to a step-down
transformer with its primary windings having 4000 turns. What should be
the number of turns in the secondary in order to get output power at
230V?
[ Ans. 400 ]
Q62. A step up transformer is used on a 120V line to provide a potential
difference of 2400V. If the primary has 75 turns, how many turns must
the secondary have?
[ Ans. 1500 ]
Q63. How much current is drawn by the primary of a transformer which steps
down 220V to 22V to operate a device with an impedance of 220?
[ 0.01A ]