it

n
U
3b

3.0 LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of this unit, the student will be able to:
 Define the terms: primitive or anti derivative and indefinite integrals
 Understand integration as inverse process of differentiation
 Understand the indefinite integrals as family of curves
 Find the integral of simple algebraic functions by substitution, using partial fractions
and by parts
 Define definite integral as area of the region bounded by the curve y=f(x), the x-
axis and the ordinate x=a and x=b
 Apply properties of definite integrals
 Apply the definite integral to find consumer surplus-producer surplus

Integration and Its Application 3b.1

 CONCEPT MAP

3.1 Introduction:
We already know how to find the differential coefficient (derivative) of a given function. We also
know that the derivative of a function is a function, e.g., the derivative of the function x2 w. r. t.
x is the function 2x. Now, we want to find out the function whose derivative is the given function.
Suppose the given function is 2x itself. One function whose derivative w.r.t. x is 2x is undoubtedly
x2. But, there could be many other functions such as x2 + 5, x2 + 2, x2 – 1,…,whose derivative w.r.t.
x is 2x. In fact, the derivative of x2 + c, where c is an arbitrary constant, w.r.t. x, is 2x.
In this section, we shall discuss the process of integration and different methods of integration
along with some applications.

The concept of integration is widely used in business and economics. Some of them are
as follows
 Marginal and total revenue, cost, and profit;
 Capital accumulation over a specified period of time;
 Consumer and producer surplus;

Integral of a function

If then we say that the integral or primitive or anti-derivative of f(x) w.r.t. x is

F(x) and, symbolically, we write

3b.2 Applied Mathematics

 In f(x)dx, x is called the variable of integration. The function f(x) is called the integrand. The
symbol  stands for the integral.

d( F ( x )  C )
If then we also have  f ( x ) , where C is an arbitrary constant, therefore,
dx

by definition, the integral of f(x) w.r.t. x is F(x) + C, i.e.,  f (x)dx  F(x)  C

The integral of f(x) w.r.t. x is not unique as c can be assigned infinitely many values. It is due
to this indefinite nature of integral, we call it as indefinite integral. If C is assigned the value C1, then
F(x) + C1 is a particular integral of f(x) w.r.t. x.
The process of finding integral of a function is called integration.
Hence, Integration, as understood above, is nothing but Inverse process of differentiation
Let us consider the following examples:

We know that derivative of x2 w.r.t. x is 2x and we write (x2) = 2x

Now we may say that anti-derivative (primitive) of 2x w.r.t. x is x2

Further, ( ) = 2x, ( ) = 2x, ( ) = 2x …

Generalizing this, we may say (x2 + C) = 2x which means that anti-derivative of 2x can be

x2 + 1, x2 + 2 and so on, thereby leading to infinitely many anti-derivatives. Thus, to accommodate

all such anti-derivatives, we may say anti-derivative of 2x is x2 + C where C is an arbitrary constant
or in general called parameter which leads to family of integrals.

In general, if (F(x) + C) = f(x) then anti-derivative of f(x) w.r.t. x = F(x) + C which is also called

indefinite integral because C can take any arbitrary value.

Integration and Its Application 3b.3

 Geometrical Interpretation:
Understanding the integral as family of curves
Consider the curve f(x) = 2x, as discussed earlier, anti-derivative of 2x w.r.t. x is x2 + C = y say
For C = 0, y = x2
For C= 1, y = x2 + 1
For C = -1, y = x2-1 and so on
Thus, we get the family of parabolas whose vertex moves on y axis for different values of
C which can be seen in figure below. This gives the geometrical interpretation of indefinite integral.
Thus, we may conclude : indefinite integral gives the family of curves members of which can be
obtained by shifting any one of them parallel to itself.

ÿ https://mathinsight.org/indefinite_integral_intuition
ÿ https://mathinsight.org/applet/indefinite_integral_function

3b.4 Applied Mathematics

 We already know the formulae for the derivatives of many important functions. From these
formulae, we can write down the corresponding formulae (referred to as standard formulae) for the
integrals of these functions, as listed below which will be used to find integrals of other functions.

Derivative Formulae Corresponding Integral

d  x n 1  x n 1
  = xn, n  –1
 x n dx = + C where n  –1
dx  n  1  n 1

d
In particular,
dx
(x) = 1  1dx = x + C

d x x
dx
(e ) = ex  e dx = ex + C

d  ax  x ax
   a = ax
 a x dx = + C
dx  log a  log a

1
 x dx = log|x| + C
Proof: Case 1: x > 0
d(log(|x|) d(log x) 1
 
dx dx x
Case 2: x < 0

d(log(|x|) d(log(– x)) 1 1

  (–1) 
dx dx –x x

Some Standard Integrals, we will use (without proof)

S. No. Expression Integral

1
1  x  a2
2 dx
2 2
log x  x  a + C

1
2  x a2 2 dx
2 2
log x  x  a + C

x a2 2 2
3  x 2  a 2 dx x 2  a2  log x  x  a + C
2 2

x a2 2 2
4  x 2  a 2 dx x 2  a2  log x  x  a + C
2 2

1 1 xa
5 x 2
 a2
dx
2
log
x a
+ C

Integration and Its Application 3b.5

 1 1 ax
6 a 2
 x2
dx
2a
log
ax
+ C

x 2 a2 x
a 2  x 2 dx a  x 2  sin –1    C
7  2 2 a

Properties of Indefinite Integral

P1. The process of differentiation and integration are inverses of each other as follows:

P1. (a) = f(x) P1. (b) = f(x) + C

P2. =

P3. =

Example 1

Evaluate the following Integrals

a) b)

c) d)

Solution: (a) Let I =

2
Hence, I =
(x +5x +2)dx = +

= + C1 + 5 + C2 + 2x + C3

= + 5 + 2x + C1+ C2 + C3

= + + 2x + C where C = C1+ C2 + C3

NOTE: Now onwards, in such situations we will add C only once

b) Let I =

= + C = + C = + C

3b.6 Applied Mathematics

 c) Let I =

= + C

d) Let I = dx

= dx

= dx

= + C

= + C

Example 2.
The marginal revenue of a company is given by MR = 80+20x+3x2, where x is the number of units
sold for a period. Find the total revenue function R(x) if at x=2, R(x) = 240.

Solution: We have We find the total revenue function R(x) by integrating

both sides w.r.t. x

= (80 + 20x + 3x2)dx

.
The constant of integration C can be determined using the initial condition R(x=2) = 240.
Hence, 160 + 40 + 8 + C = 240  C = 32.
So, the total revenue function is given by
R(x) = 80x + 10x2 + x3 + 32.

Methods of Integration:
In previous section, we discussed integrals of those functions which were readily obtainable from
derivatives of some functions. It was based on inspection, i.e., on the search of a function F whose
derivative is f which led us to the integral.

Integration and Its Application 3b.7

 However, this method, which depends on inspection, may not work well for many functions.
Hence, we need to develop additional techniques or methods for finding the integrals by reducing
them into standard forms. Some important methods are as follows

3.2 Integration by substitution

Rule of substitution

where g(x) = t
Proof:

Note: When we make the substitution g(x) = t, we have . Since, the formula established
above allows us to write g’(x)dx as dt, we may be formally allowed to write equation (1) as g’(x)dx = dt while

working out the solution. Although, does not mean dx : dt.

Similar rules may be established such as

where f(x) = t

Consider

Here the integrand is for which we do not have direct formula applicable to get the
integral.

If we assume x2 + 1 = t and differentiate, we get 2x = which is formally written as 2xdx = dt

Thus, given integral becomes which can be determined using the formula =

+ C where n

+ C = + C

3b.8 Applied Mathematics

 putting the value of t we get, = + C

Following the above rule, we may also write where x = g(t)

Thus, we observe that the given integral f(x) dx can be transformed into another form by
changing the independent variable x to t by substituting x = g (t) and dx = g’(t)dt
Some common substitutions that usually work well are:

Integrand Substitution

f (x) Put f(x) = t or t2

logx Put logx = t or x = et
fog(x) or f(g(x)) Put g(x) = t

 f ( x ) m / n Put f(x) = tn

Important Rule: If f(x)dx = F(x) + C then f(ax +b) dx = F(ax+b) + C

Proof: let ax + b = t differentiating we get a dx = dt

Thus, integral becomes f(t) dt = f(t) dt = F(ax+b) + C

Example 3
Evaluate the following:

a) dx b) e4-5x dx

c) (ax + b)2 dx d)
Solution:

a) dx = + C = + C

b) e4-5x dx = + C

c) (ax + b)2dx = + C

d) Let I =

a2x a 2x
=   2x + C
2 2

Integration and Its Application 3b.9

Example 4
Evaluate the following integrals by the method of substitution

a) dx b) dx c)

Solution:

a) Let I = dx
Let x + 2 = tdx = dt and x = t – 2
I becomes, dt = dt - dt

= – 2. + C

= – + C

Remark: we may also substitute x + 2 = t2

b) Let I = dx Let x – 1 = t2 gives dx = 2t dt and x = t2 + 1

Thus, I becomes 2t dt = dt = + 2t + C

 I = + + C

d) Let I = Put 3x = t which gives 3xlog3dx = dt

I becomes + C = + C

Alternatively, we may put

Example 5

Evaluate a) dx b) dx

Solution

a) Let I = dx dx

1
[using  dx  log x  x 2  a2  C ]
2 2
x a

= log| 2x + | + C

3b.10 Applied Mathematics

 b) Let I = dx

Consider 5 + 4x + x2 = 5 – 4 + 4 + 4x + x2 (by method of completion of squares)

= (x + 2)2 + 12

Thus, I = = log| x + 2 + | + C

= log| x + 2 + | + C

Example 6
The weekly marginal cost of producing x pairs of tennis shoes is given by

MC = 17 + , where C(x) is cost in Rupees. If the fixed costs are 2,000 per day, find the cost

function.

Solution: As MC = 17 +

C(x) =  MC(x)dx = dx = 17x + 200 log|x+1| + C

Given that, when x = 0, C(x) = 2000

2000 = 17(0) + 200 log1 + C which gives C = 2000
Hence, C(x) = 17x + 200log|x+1| + 2000

Exercise 3.1
Q1. Evaluate the following:

i) ii)

iii) iv)

v) vi)

Q2. Evaluate the following by substitution method

i) dx ii) dx

iii) dx iv) dx

v) dx vi) dx

Integration and Its Application 3b.11

 vii) dx viii)

ix) dx

Q3. Find i) ii)

Q4. If the marginal revenue function of a firm in the production of output is MR = 40 – 10x2 where x is
the level of output and total revenue is 120 at 3 units of output, find the total revenue function.

Q5. The marginal cost function of producing x units of a product is given by MC = .

Find the total cost function and the average cost function, if the fixed cost is 1000.
(Note: Average Cost Function is obtained by dividing cost function by number of units produced.)

Q6. The marginal cost of producing x units of a product is given by MC = x . The cost of producing
3 units is 7800. Find the cost function.

3.3 Integration by Partial Fractions

We know that a rational function is defined as the ratio of two polynomials in the form

, where P(x) and Q(x) are polynomials in x and Q(x)  0.

Depending on the degree of P(x) and Q(x), a rational function can be classified as Proper or
Improper.
If the degree of P(x) is less than the degree of Q(x), then the rational function is called proper,
otherwise, it is called improper.
We may reduce the improper rational functions to the proper rational functions by the process

of long division Thus, if is improper, then we may divide P(x) by Q(x). We know that Dividend

= Divisor X Quotient + Remainder. Thus, P(x) = Q(x) X T(x) + R(x) where degree of R(x) < degree
of Q(x)

Therefore, = + = T(x) +

Example7

Identify the following expressions as Rational Functions. Further classify them as Proper or
Improper. If Improper, express them as sum of a polynomial and proper rational function.

a) b) c)

3b.12 Applied Mathematics

Solution

a) In both numerator and denominator are polynomials, hence is a

rational function
Note : 1 is a constant polynomial of degree 0.
As degree of numerator < degree of denominator, hence it is a proper rational function.

b) In since numerator is not a polynomial, hence

is not a rational function.

c) In both numerator and denominator are polynomials, hence

is a rational function

As degree of numerator = degree of denominator, hence it is an improper rational function.

Consider dividing numerator by denominator, we get

x2 + 7x + 12 )x2 + 3x + 2( 1
– x2 + 7x + 12
–4x –10
Thus, x2 + 3x + 2 = 1 × (x2 + 7x + 12) + (–4x – 10)

= 1 + is the required sum of polynomial and proper rational function.

For the purpose of Integration, we shall be considering those rational functions as integrands
whose denominators can be factorised into linear and quadratic factors. In order to evaluate Integral

with integrand , where P (x) and Q(x) are polynomials in x and Q(x)  0 and is a proper
rational function. It may be possible to write the integrand as a sum of simpler rational functions
by a method called Partial Fraction Decomposition. Then the integration can be carried out easily
using the already known methods.
Here is the list of the types of simpler partial fractions that are to be associated with various kind
of rational functions.

Integration and Its Application 3b.13

 S.No. Type of Rational Function Corresponding Partial Fractions Decomposition

px  q A B
1 
(x  a)(x  b) xa xb

px 2  qx + c A B C
2  
(x  a)(x  b)(x  c) xa xb xc

px  q A B
3 
2
(x  a) x  a ( x  a)2

px 2  qx + c A B C
4  
(x  a)(x  b)2 x  a x  b ( x  b)2

px 2  qx + c A Bx  C
5  2
(x  a)(x2  b) x  a ( x  b)

Consider = + . In order to find A and B, we may write px + q = A(x

+ b) + B(x + a). The partial fractions are so designed that this equation turns out to be an identity.
Equating coefficients of x and constant terms on both sides, we get p = A + B and q = Ab + Ba,
which can be solved to get A and B. Similarly, we may find A, B and or C for other cases

Example 8
Express the following as sum of two or more partial fractions and hence integrate

a) b) c)

Solution:

a) Let

1 = A(x + 3) + B(x - 1) = Ax + 3A + Bx – B
1 = (A + B) x + 3A – B
Comparing coefficients of x and constant terms on both sides we get
A + B = 0 and 3A – B = 1

Solving we get, A = and B =

Let I = dx =

= log|x-1| – log|x+3| + C

3b.14 Applied Mathematics

 b) Let

3x – 2 = A(x – 2)2 + B(x + 1)(x – 2) + C(x + 1)

3x – 2 = A(x2 – 4x + 4) + B(x2 – x – 2) + C(x + 1)
= (A + B) x2 + (–4A – B + C) x + 4A – 2B + C
Comparing coefficients of x2, x and constant terms on both sides, we get
A + B = 0, –4A – B + C = 3, 4A – 2B + C = –2

Solving we get A = , B = , C =

5 1
9  (x  2)
Let I = = + dx +

I = + C

c) = = 1 +

Now

4x–10 = A(x–4) + B(x–3) = (A + B)x + (–4A – 3B)

A + B = 4, –4A – 3B = -10
Solving we get A = -2, B = 6

So,

Hence, = 1 +

Let I = =

= x – 2log|x – 3| + 6log|x – 4| + C

Integration and Its Application 3b.15

 Exercise 3.2
Q1. Integrate the following expressions

i) ii)

iii) iv)

v) vi)

vii) viii)

ix) x)

xi)

Q2. The marginal revenue function for a firm is given by .

Show that the revenue function is given by

Q3. Find the total revenue function and demand function, if the marginal revenue function is given by

MR(x) = –c

3.4 Integration by Parts

Now we will discuss one more method of integration, that can be used in integrating products
of functions.
If u and v are any two differentiable functions of a single variable x (say). Then, by the product
rule of differentiation, we have

(u) + u

Integrating both sides w.r.t. x, we get

uv = (u)dx + u u = uv – (u)dx ...............(i)

3b.16 Applied Mathematics

 Let u = f(x) and = g(x)

Then (i) becomes f(x)g(x) = f(x) g(x) – f’(x) g(x) =f’(x)

If we take f as the first function and g as the second function, then this formula may be stated
as follows:
“The integral of the product of two functions = (first function) × (integral of the second
function) – Integral of the product of (derivative of the first function) and (integral of the second
function)”
There is no particular rule for choosing a function out of the two given functions in the integrand
to be first or second. The one which is easily differentiable may be taken as first function and second
function should be such that its integral is readily available.
Usually, the order of first and second functions should be in the order of ILATE functions, where
I, L, A, T, E stand for inverse trigonometric function, logarithmic function, algebraic function,
trigonometrical function, exponential function. This works in most of the situations.

Example 9

Integrate the following:

a) xe2x b) logx
Solution :

a) Let I =

Assuming x as first function and e2x as second function, and applying by parts, we get

I = x + C

= x. – . + C

= x. + C

b) Let I =
Assuming logx as first function and 1 as second function, and applying by parts, we get

I = logx + C

= (logx). x - + C

= (logx). x– x + C

Integral of the type:

Let I = = = I1 + I2 say

Integration and Its Application 3b.17

 Applying Integration by Parts in I1, we get

I1= = f(x)e x –  f '(x)e x dx  C

Thus, I = f(x)e x –  f '(x)e x dx   e x f '(x)dx  C =

Example 10
Evaluate

a) b)

c) d)

Solution :

a) Let I = , Here f(x) = x2 and f’(x) = 2x

b) Let I = Here f(x) = logx and f’(x) =

c) Let I =

Here f(x) = and f’(x) =

d) Let I =

Method 1
Let logx = t

Hence, I = Here f(t) = and f’(t) =

3b.18 Applied Mathematics

Method 2

Let I = = I1 + I2

In I1 =

Assuming as first function and 1 as second function and applying integration by parts

I1 =

= C

= = + C

Thus I = –

Exercise 3.3
Q1. Integrate the following functions
i) x e2x+3 ii) x log(x2 + 1) iii) x2ex
iv) xlogx v) xlog2x vi) x2log x
vii) (x2+ 1)logx viii) x (log x)2
Q2. Evaluate the following

i) ii)

iii) iv)

3.5 Definite Integral

So far in this topic, we have studied about the indefinite integrals and discussed a few methods
of evaluating these. In this particular section, we shall define definite integral of a function.

A definite integral is denoted by where a is called the lower limit of the integral and

b is called the upper limit of the integral.

Definite Integral has a fixed value.

Integration and Its Application 3b.19

 Area Function

If f(x) is a continuous function defined over [a, b], then we define as the area of the

region bounded by the curve y = f (x), the ordinates x = a and x = b and the x-axis. Let x be a given
point in [a, b]. Then the shaded area in the figure given below is a function of x denoted by A(x)

and is called the Area Function. Clearly, A(x) =

Y= f(x)

First fundamental theorem of Integral Calculus

Theorem 1 : Let f be a continuous function on the closed interval [a, b] and let A (x) be the area
function. Then A’(x) = f (x), for all x  (a, b).

Second fundamental theorem of Integral Calculus

Following theorem enables us to evaluate definite integrals by making use of anti-derivative.
Theorem 2 : Let f be continuous function defined on the closed interval [a, b] and F(x) be an anti-
derivative of f(x). Then F(b) – F(a).

Note: In , the function f needs to be continuous in [a, b].

Further, any anti-derivative works, i.e. If we take the anti-derivative as F(X) + C1 the value of the definite
integral will still turn out to be F(b) – F(a).

Steps for calculating

(i) Find the indefinite integral f(x)dx. Let this be F(x).

(ii) Evaluate F(b) – F(a) which is equal to the value of

3b.20 Applied Mathematics

Example 11
Evaluate the following definite integrals:

b) c)

d) e) f) dx

Solution :

a) =

b) = log|x+ |

= log|1+ - log|0+

= log(1+ )- log1= log(1+ )

c)

Consider

x = A(x+4) + B(x+1)
x = (A+B)x + 4A+B
comparing coefficients of x and constant terms on both sides
A + B = 1, 4A + B= 0

Solving we get, A = , B =

1 4 4 1 5 4 8
I = log x  1  log x  4 1   log  log
3 3 3 2 3 5

d)

= =

Integration and Its Application 3b.21

 e) Let I =

Consider

I = =

f) Let I = dx

Consider

= = 1+

Let

3x–2 = A(x–2) + B(x–1)= (A+B)x + (–2A – B)

Comparing, we get 3 = A + B, -2 = -2A – B
Solving we get, A = -1, B = 4

I = dx

= [x – log|x-1| + 4log|x-2|
= 5 – log4 + 4log3 – [3 -log2 + 4log1]
= 2 – log2 + 4log3

Evaluation of Definite Integrals by Substitution

We are aware that one of the important methods for finding the indefinite integral is the method
of substitution.

Steps to evaluate definite integral by the method of substitution

1. Consider the integral without limits and substitute, y = f (x) or x = g(y) to reduce the given
integral to a known form.
2. Obtain the new limits by putting original limits in the substituted expression.
3. Integrate the new integrand with respect to the new variable without mentioning the
constant of integration.
4. Find the values of answer obtained in (3) at the new limits of integral and find the
difference of the values at the upper and the lower limits.

TIP : The step of changing the limits and not re-substituting to get the integral in terms
original variable may save time and avoid tedious calculations.

3b.22 Applied Mathematics

 Let us understand this, with the help of a few examples.

Example 12
Evaluate the following:

a) b)

Solution:

a) Let I =

Let implies 3x2 dx = dt

when x = –1, t = 0 and when x = 1, t = 2

I becomes,

I =

c)
Let x + 4 = t  dx = dt and x = t – 4
When x = -3, t = 1, when x = 0, t = 4

I becomes, dt = dt - dt

= – 4.

5 4 3 4
2t 2 4.2 t 2
= 
5 3
1 1
5 5 3 3
2. 42 2. 12 8. 42 8. 12
= − −[ − ]
5 5 3 3
=

Exercise 3.4
Evaluate the following definite integrals

i) dx ii)

3 x
iii) dx iv) 
0 (16  x 4 )
dx

Integration and Its Application 3b.23

 v) dx vi) dx

1
vii) dx viii)  log(1  2x)dx
0

ix) x) dt

3.6 Some Properties of Definite Integrals

Here are some important properties of definite integrals. These will be useful in evaluating the
definite integrals more easily.

S.N. Property Remark/ Proof

P1 The value of definite integral is independent

of the variable.
Proof: Let F(x) be an anti-derivative of f(x)
w.r.t. x. Then F(t) will be the anti-derivative
of f(t) w.r.t. t.

F (b) – F(a)

F (b) – F(a)

Hence,

P2 Let F(x) be an anti-derivative of f(x) w. r. t. x.

Then, by the second fundamental theorem of

calculus, we have

F (b) – F (a)

= – [F (a) - F (b)]

3b.24 Applied Mathematics

 P3 Let F(x) be anti-derivative of f(x) w. r. t. x.

Then = F(b) – F(a)

=[F(b) – F(c)] +[F(c) –F(a)]

P4 Let t = a + b – x. Then dt = – dx.

When x = a, t = b and when x = b, t = a.

= + by P2

= by P1

P5 Let t = a – x. Then dt = – dx.

When x = 0, t = a and when x = a, t = 0.

= + by P2

= by P1

P6 We may write LHS as

Let t = 2a – x. Then dt = – dx.

When x = a, t = a and when x = 2a, t = 0

Integration and Its Application 3b.25

 Thus,

P7 if f(2a-x) = f(x) We know that

= 0 if f(2a-x) = -f(x) by P6
Case i) Let f(2a-x) = f(x)

=
Case ii) Let f(2a-x) = -f(x)

= 0

P8 if f(x) is even We may write

= 0 if f(x) is odd

Note: Consider and put x = -t which

gives dx = -dt
A function f(x) is said to be even if When, x = -a, t = a and when x = 0, t = 0

f(-x) = f(x)

eg. f(x) = x2 is even as f(-x)

= (-x)2 = x2= f(x)

A function f(x) is said to be odd if Case i) f(x) is even i.e. f(-x) = f(x). Hence,

f(-x) = - f(x) = 2
e.g., f(x) = x3 is odd as f(-x) Case ii) f(x) is odd i.e. f(-x) = -f(x). Hence,

= (-x)3= -x3= -f(x) = 0

3b.26 Applied Mathematics

 Let us illustrate the use of these properties with the help of some examples.

Example 13
Evaluate the following definite integrals

a) b)

Solution: a) Let I =

(x  2), x2

We know that x  2  
(x  2), x 2

I= by P3

= - +

=- +

= 2 + 2 = 4

b) Let I =

Let = 0 gives x = -1, 0, 1

Clearly,

As 0, 1  (-1, 2)

We may w rite, I = by P3

= -

Integration and Its Application 3b.27

Example 14

Evaluate dx

Solution Let I = ……..(1)

Here a = -1, b = 1
Replacing x by a + b - x i.e. 0 - x, we get

I= by P4

I = …….(2)

Adding (1) and (2), we get

2I =

2I =

2I = x
2I = 1 – (-1) = 2
I = 1

Example 15

Evaluate

Solution Let I = ……..(1)

Replacing x by 1-x, we get

1 log (1− )
I = ∫0 dx by P3
log (1−x) + log (1−(1− ))

I = …….(2)

Adding (1) and (2), we get

2I =

3b.28 Applied Mathematics

 2I =

2I = x
2I = 1

I =

Example 16

dx

Let I = ……..(1)

Here a = 1, b = 3
Replacing x by a + b - x i.e. 4 - x, we get

I = dx by P4

I = …….(2)

Adding (1) and (2), we get

2I =

2I =

2I = x
2I = 3 – 1 = 2 gives I = 1

Exercise 3.5
Q1. Evaluate the following definite integrals:

i) where f(x) =

ii) iii)

Integration and Its Application 3b.29

 iv) v)

vi) vii) dx

viii) dx ix) dx

x) dx xi)

xii)

Q2. Evaluate where [.] denotes Greatest integer function

3.7 CONSUMERS’ SURPLUS AND PRODUCERS’ SURPLUS

CONSUMERS’ SURPLUS (CS)

Let us first recall Demand Curve

What Is the Demand Curve?

The demand curve is a graphical representation of the relationship between the price of a good
or service and the quantity demanded for a given period of time. In a typical representation, the
price will appear on the left vertical axis, the quantity demanded on the horizontal axis.

Understanding the Demand Curve

We know that as per the law of demand as the price of a given commodity increases, the
quantity demanded decreases, all else being equal. Thus, the demand curve will move downward
from the left to the right as shown in the figure given below:

3b.30 Applied Mathematics

 Let us assume that the prevailing market price is p0. Let the quantity of commodity sold at price
po, as determined by demand curve be xo as shown in figure below.

A consumer surplus happens when the price that consumers pay for a product or service is less
than the price, they’re willing to pay. It is the measure of the additional benefit that consumers
receive because they are paying less for something than what they were willing to pay. Consumers’
surplus always increases as the price of a good falls and decreases as the price of a good rises.
However, there are buyers who would be willing to pay a price higher than p0. These buyers will
gain from the fact that the prevailing market price is only p0. This gain is called Consumers’ Surplus.
It is represented by the area below the demand curve p = f(x) and above the line p = p0.

Thus, Consumers’ Surplus, CS = [Total area under the demand function bounded by x = 0, x =
x0 and x-axis – Area of the rectangle OAPB]

CS = – p 0x 0

Example 17
Find the consumers’ surplus for the demand function p = 25 - x - x2 when p0 = 19.
Solution: Given that, the demand function is p = 25 - x - x2, p0 = 19
19 = 25 - x - x2
 x2 + x – 6 = 0

Integration and Its Application 3b.31

  (x + 3) (x – 2) = 0
 x = 2 (or) x = -3
x0 = 2 [demand cannot be negative]
p0x0 = 19 x 2 = 38

x3
CS = – 38 = 25x – –
3

Example 18

The demand function for a commodity is p = .

Find the consumers’ surplus when the prevailing market price is 5.

Solution: Given that, Demand function, p =

p0 = 5  5 =  x = 1 i.e. x0 = 1

p 0x 0 = 5

CS = – p 0x 0

= 10 [log(x + 1)] –5.

= 10[log 2 – log 1] -5 = 10 log2 - 5

PRODUCERS’ SURPLUS (PS)

What Is the Supply Curve?

The supply curve is a graphical representation of the relationship between the price of a good
or service and the quantity supplied for a given period of time. In a typical representation, the price
will appear on the left vertical axis, the quantity supplied on the horizontal axis.
Thus, a supply curve for a commodity shows the quantity of the commodity that will be brought
into the market at any given price p.
As the price of a given commodity increases, the quantity supplied increases (all else being equal).

3b.32 Applied Mathematics

 Suppose the prevailing market price is p0. At this price a quantity x0 of the commodity, determined
by the supply curve, will be offered to buyers as shown in figure below.

However, there are producers who are willing to supply the commodity at a price lower than
p0. All such producers will gain from the fact that the prevailing market price is only p0. This gain
is called ‘Producers’ Surplus’.
It is represented by the area above the supply curve p = g(x) and below the line p = p0 as shaded
in figure below.

Thus, Producers’ Surplus, PS = [Area of the whole rectangle OAPB - Area under the supply
curve bounded by x = 0, x = x0 and x - axis]

i.e. PS = p0x0 –

Example 19

The supply function for a commodity is p = x2 + 4x + 5 where x denotes supply. Find the
producers’ surplus when the price is 10.
Solution: Given that, Supply function, p = x2 + 4x + 5
For p0 = 10, we have 10 = x2 + 4x + 5  x2 + 4x - 5 = 0
 (x + 5) (x - 1) = 0  x = -5 or x = 1
Since supply cannot be negative, x = -5 is not possible.
 x = 1
As p0 = 10 and x0 = 1 ?p0x0 = 10
1
2
Producers’ Surplus, PS = p0x0 – = 10 –  (x
0
+ 4x + 5)dx

= 10 – [ + ] = 10 – [ + 2 + 5] =

Integration and Its Application 3b.33

 Equilibrium Price and Quantity
On a graph, the point where the supply curve P = S(Q) and the demand curve P = D(Q)
intersect is the equilibrium. The equilibrium price is the price where the amount of the product that
consumers want to buy (quantity demanded) is equal to the amount producers want to sell (quantity
supplied). This mutually desired quantity is called the equilibrium quantity.

ef

Refer to following link for further details

ÿ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W5nHpAn6FvQ&t=20s

Steps to find equilibrium price and quantity

1) Solve for the demand function and the supply function in terms of Price (p).
2) Equate xs (quantity supplied) to xd (quantity demanded). The equations will be in terms
of price (p)
3) Solve for p, the value so obtained will be called equilibrium price.
4) Substitute equilibrium price into either demand or supply function (or both—but most
times it will be easier to put into supply function) and solve for x, which will give required
equilibrium quantity.

Example 20
Suppose that demand is given by the equation xd=500 – 50P, where xd is quantity demanded, and
P is the price of the good. Supply is described by the equation xs= 50 + 25P where xs is quantity
supplied. What is the equilibrium price and quantity?
Solution : 20 We know that, for equilibrium price xd = xs
hence we get, 500-50P = 50+25P
i.e. 450 = 75P which gives P = 6
putting P = 6 in xd = 500 – 50P we get x = 500 - 50(6) = 200

3b.34 Applied Mathematics

 Exercise 3.6
1) If the demand function is p = 35 - 2x - x2 and the demand x0 is 3, find the consumers’ surplus.
2) If the demand function for a commodity is p = 25- x2, find the consumers’ surplus for p0 = 9.
3) The demand function for a commodity is p = 10 - 2x. Find the consumers’ surplus for (i) p = 2 (ii)
p = 6.
4) The demand function for a commodity is p = 80 - 3x - x2. Find the consumers’ surplus for p = 40.
5) If the supply function is p = 3x2 + 10 and x0 = 4, find the producers’ surplus.
6) If the supply function is p = 4 - 5x + x2, find the producers’ surplus when the price is 18.
7) If the demand and supply curve for computers is D = 100 - 6P, S = 28 + 3P respectively where P
is the price of computers, what is the quantity of computers bought and sold at equilibrium?

CASE BASED QUESTION

Question: The second new species named Puntius euspilurus is an edible freshwater fish found
in the Mananthavady river in Wayanad. The epithet euspilurus is a Greek word referring to the
distinct black spot on the caudal fin. The slender bodied fish prefers fast flowing, shallow and clear
waters and occurs only in unpolluted areas. It appears in great numbers in paddy fields during the
onset of the Southwest monsoon.

Suppose that the supply schedule of this Fish is given in the table below which follows a linear
relationship between price and quantity supplied.

PRICE P PER KG (IN ) QUANTITY (X) OF FISH SUPPLIED (IN KG)

25 800
20 700
15 600
10 500
5 400
Suppose that this Fish can be sold only in the Kerala. The Kerala demand schedule for this Fish is
as follows and there is a linear relationship between price and quantity demanded.

PRICE(p) PER KG (IN ) QUANTITY (x) OF FISH DEMANDED (IN KG)

25 200
20 400
15 600
10 800
5 1000

Integration and Its Application 3b.35

Q1. Which of the following represents the Price (p) - supply(x) relationship?
x x
a) p = 65 - b) p= 65 +
20 20
x x
c) p = -15 + d) p = 15 -
20 20
Q2. The equation of demand curve can be given by
x x
a) p = 30 – b) p = 30 +
40 40
x x
c) p = 20 – d) p = 20 +
40 40
Q3. The value of x at equilibrium is
a) 1400/3 b) 600
c) 15 d) 200/3
Q4. The equilibrium price is
a) 400 b) 20
c) 600 d) 15
Q5. The consumers’ surplus at equilibrium price is
a) 18009 b) 13500
c) 9000 d) 4500

Miscellaneous Exercise
Q1. Integrate the following

i) x3 ii) dx

iii) dx iv) dx

v) dx vi)  (1  x)log x dx
Q2. Evaluate the following

i) ii) dx

iii) iv)

v) vi)

Q3. Show that dx = + 2x + C

Q4. A firm finds that quantity demanded and quantity supplied are 30 units when market price is 8 per
unit. Further, if price is increased to 12 per unit, demand reduces to 0 and at a price of 5 per
unit, the firm is not willing to produce. Assuming the linear relationship between price and quantity
in both cases, find the demand function, supply function and consumers’ surplus and producers’
surplus at equilibrium price.

3b.36 Applied Mathematics

 SUMMARY
 This reverse process of differentiation is termed as Integration.
 A function f which on differentiating gives f’ is called anti-derivative (or primitive) of the function.

 If ( ) = f(x) then anti-derivative of f(x) = F(x) + C which is also called indefinite integral

because C can take any arbitrary value.

 Formulae of Integration

= + C where n

=x +C

= ex + C

= + C

= log|x| + C

dx = log(x + )+ C

dx = log(x + )+ C

= + log |x + + C

– log |x + + C

dx = + C

dx = + C

Type of Rational Function Corresponding Partial Fractions Decomposition

C
+ +
xc

Integration and Its Application 3b.37

 +

+ +

 INTEGRATION BY PARTS: f(x)g(x) = f(x) g(x) - f’(x)

’(x) g(x)

 A definite integral is denoted by where a is called the lower limit of the integral and
b is called the upper limit of the integral.
Definite Integral has a fixed value.
 Let f be continuous function defined on the closed interval [a, b] and F be an anti-derivative of

f. Then, F(b) – F(a).

 Properties of Definite Integral

where

3b.38 Applied Mathematics

 2a  a
 0
f(x)dx   2
 
0
f(x)dx if f(2a-x) = f(x)

= 0 if f(2a-x) = -f(x)
a  a
 a
f(x)dx  2
  0
f(x)dx if f(x) is even

= 0 if f(x) is odd

 Cost Function, C(x) = MC(x)dx where MC is Marginal Cost

 Revenue Function, R(x) = MR(x)dx where MR is Marginal Revenue

 Consumers’ Surplus, CS = – p0x0 where f(x) is the demand curve

 Producers’ Surplus, PS = p0x0 - where g(x) is the supply curve

 The equilibrium price is the price where the amount of the product that consumers want to buy
(quantity demanded) is equal to the amount producers want to sell (quantity supplied). This
mutually desired amount is called the equilibrium quantity.

ANSWERS
EXERCISE 3.1

Q1 i) + C ii) + C

iii) + C iv) +C

v) +C vi) + + C

Q2 i) + C ii) 2log ( + 1) + C

iii) + C iv) + C

–x 7
v) + C vi)  log 4e x  5e –x  C
8 8

vii) log | + C viii) + C

ix) + C

Integration and Its Application 3b.39