1.

what is protected base class inheritance Key Points:

Protected base class inheritance refers to a type of 1. Abstract Methods: These are methods that
inheritance in object-oriented programming (OOP) where are declared but not implemented in the
the base (parent) class members marked as protected are abstract class. They must be implemented in
inherited by the derived (child) class. These protected the derived class.
members are accessible within the derived class, but not 2. Cannot Be Instantiated: You cannot create an
outside of it, preserving some level of encapsulation. object of an abstract class directly. It must be
Key Features: subclassed.
Protected Access Modifier: 3. Provides Common Interface: An abstract
A member (variable or method) in a class that is declared class can define a set of methods that must
as protected can be accessed by the class itself and any be implemented by its subclasses, ensuring a
derived (child) classes. However, it cannot be accessed by consistent interface across different derived
objects or code outside the class hierarchy. classes.
Inheritance: Procedure to Create an Abstract Class:
When a derived class inherits from a base class, it can 1. Declare the Class as Abstract: Use the
access the base class's protected members directly, abstract keyword to declare the class as
which helps extend or modify the base class's abstract.
functionality. 2. Declare Abstract Methods: Define methods
as abstract by using the abstract keyword,
Purpose and Use: leaving their implementation for subclasses.
 Code Reusability: The derived class can access 3. Implement the Abstract Methods in
and modify the protected members of the base Subclasses: Derived classes must provide
class, allowing for greater code reuse and implementations for all abstract methods of
extension. the base class.
 Encapsulation: By using protected inheritance, Summary:
the base class can hide certain details from the An abstract class provides a way to define methods
outside world while still allowing subclasses to that must be implemented by derived classes,
interact with them. ensuring a common interface. You cannot instantiate
 Control Access: It provides controlled access to an abstract class directly; it is meant to be subclassed,
base class members, restricting visibility outside where abstract methods are implemented. It is useful
the class hierarchy but enabling subclasses to use for creating common behavior that all subclasses
and modify them. must follow, while still allowing flexibility in their
Summary: individual implementations.
Protected base class inheritance allows derived classes to
access and modify the protected members of a base
class, enabling reuse and extension of functionality while
maintaining some level of data encapsulation.
2. what is an abstract class? explain the procedure
to create an abstract class with citable example
An abstract class is a class in object-oriented
programming that cannot be instantiated directly. It is
meant to be subclassed by other classes. The primary
purpose of an abstract class is to provide a common
interface or blueprint for its derived classes, but it may
contain incomplete methods (called abstract methods)
that the derived classes must implement.
 3.what is a scope resolution operator? Describe
its differents uses.
The scope resolution operator (::) in C++ is used to
define the scope of a function, variable, or class,
especially when there is ambiguity or when a member
of a class or namespace needs to be accessed. It allows
you to specify the scope in which an identifier is
defined, ensuring the correct reference to the variable
or function.

Key Uses of the Scope Resolution Operator:

Accessing Global Variables When There Is a Local
Variable with the Same Name:

If a local variable and a global variable have the same

name, the scope resolution operator can be used to
access the global variable explicitl
Defining Class Member Functions Outside the Class
Definition:
 The scope resolution operator is used to
define class member functions outside the
class body. This is particularly useful when the
function definitions are separated from the
class declaration.
Accessing Static Members of a Class:

Static members of a class are shared among all

instances of the class. The scope resolution operator is
used to access these static members.
Accessing Namespace Members:
 The scope resolution operator is used to
access members (variables, functions, classes,
etc.) of a specific namespace.
Accessing Base Class Members in Derived Class:

The scope resolution operator can be used in a derived

class to refer to members of the base class, especially
when there's ambiguity or when overriding methods.
Summary:
The scope resolution operator (::) in C++ is used for:

Accessing global variables when local variables have the

same name.
Defining class member functions outside the class definition.
Accessing static members of a class.
Accessing members of a specific namespace.
Referencing base class members from a derived class.