Q1) Using a DC and AC voltmeter to measure the output signal from a filter circuit, we obtain
readings of 25 V DC and 1.5 V rms. Calculate the ripple of the filter output voltage.
SOLUTION
I) DATA
A) GIVEN
Vr(rms) = 1.5 V
VDC = 25 V
B) REQUIRED
r=?
II) FORMULA
r = [Vr(rms) / VDC] * 100 % ----------------- (1)
III) CALCULATIONS
By using (1)
r = [Vr(rms) / VDC] * 100 %
r = (1.5 / 25) * 100
r = 0.06 * 100
r=6%
IV) RESULT
r=6%
Q2) A DC voltage supply provides 60 V when the output is unloaded. When connected to a
load, the output drops to 56 V. Calculate the value of voltage regulation.
SOLUTION
I) DATA
A) GIVEN
VNL = 60 V
VFL = 56 V
B) REQUIRED
V. R. = ?
II) FORMULA
V. R. = [(VNL - VFL) / VFL] * 100 % --------------- (1)
III) CALCULATIONS
By using (1)
V. R. = [(VNL - VFL) / VFL] * 100 %
V. R. = [(60 - 56) / 56] * 100
V. R. = (4 / 56 ) * 100
V. R. = 0.071 * 100
V. R. = 7.1 %
IV) RESULT
V. R. = 7.1 %
Q3) Calculate the ripple voltage of a full-wave rectifier with a 100 F filter capacitor connected
to a load drawing 50 A.
SOLUTION
I) DATA
A) GIVEN
IDC = 50 A
C = 100 F
B) REQUIRED
Vr(rms) = ?
II) FORMULA
Vr(rms) = 2.4 IDC / C ----------------- (1)
III) CALCULATIONS
By using (1)
Vr(rms) = 2.4 IDC / C
Vr(rms) = [2.4 (50)] / 100
Vr(rms) = 120 / 100
Vr(rms) = 1.2 V
IV) RESULT
Vr(rms) = 1.2 V
Q4) If the peak rectified voltage for the filter circuit of (Q3) is 30 V, calculate the filter DC
voltage.
SOLUTION
I) DATA
A) GIVEN
IDC = 50 A
C = 100 F
Vm = 30 V
B) REQUIRED
VDC = ?
II) FORMULA
VDC = Vm - [4.17 IDC / C] -------------------- (1)
III) CALCULATIONS
By using (1)
VDC = Vm - [4.17 IDC / C]
VDC = 30 - [{4.17 (50)} / 100]
VDC = 30 - (208.5 / 100)
VDC = 30 - 2.085
VDC = 27.9 V
IV) RESULT
VDC = 27.9 V
Q5) Calculate the ripple of a capacitor filter for a peak rectified voltage of 30 V, capacitor C =
50 F and a load current of 50 A.
SOLUTION
I) DATA
A) GIVEN
IDC = 50 A
C = 50 F
VDC = 27.9 V
Vr(rms) = 1.2 V
B) REQUIRED
r=?
II) FORMULAE
r = [2.4 IDC / CVDC] * 100 % --------------------- (1)
OR
r = [Vr(rms) / VDC] / VDC ------------------------- (1a)
III) CALCULATIONS
By using (1)
r = [2.4 IDC / CVDC] * 100 %
r = [2.4 (50) / 100 (27.9)] * 100
r = (120 / 2790) * 100
r = 0.043 * 100
r = 4.3 %
By using (1a)
r = [Vr(rms) / VDC] / VDC
r = (1.2 / 27.9) * 100
r = 0.043 * 100
r = 4.3 %
IV) RESULT
r = 4.3 %
Q6) Calculate the DC voltage across a 1 kΩ load for an RC filter section (R = 120 Ω,
C = 100 µF). The DC voltage across the initial filter capacitor is VDC = 60 V.
SOLUTION
I) DATA
A) GIVEN
RL = 1 kΩ
R = 120 Ω
VDC = 60 V
C = 100 µF
B) REQUIRED
V’DC = ?
II) FORMULA
V’DC = [RL / (R + RL)]VDC ----------------- (1)
III) CALCULATIONS
By using (1)
V’DC = [RL / (R + RL)]VDC
V’DC = [(1 * 103) / {120 + (1 * 103)}](60)
V’DC = [(1 * 103) / 1120](60)
V’DC = 0.8928(60)
V’DC = 53.6 V
IV) RESULT
V’DC = 53.6 V
Q7) Calculate the DC and AC components of the output signal across load RL in the circuit
given below. Calculate the ripple of the output waveform.
SOLUTION
I) DATA
A) GIVEN
RL = 5 kΩ
R = 500 Ω
VDC = 150 V
Vr(rms) = 15 V
C1 = 15 µF
C2 = 10 µF
B) REQUIRED
V’DC = ?
V’r(rms) = ?
r=?
II) FORMULAE
DC V’DC = [RL / (R + RL)]VDC ----------------- (1)
AC XC = 1.3 / C2 --------------------------------- (2)
V’r(rms) = [XC / R] Vr(rms) --------------- (3)
r = [V’r(rms) / V’DC] * 100 % ------------ (4)
III) CALCULATIONS
By using (1)
V’DC = [RL / (R + RL)]VDC
V’DC = [(5 * 103) / {500 + (5 * 103)}](150)
V’DC = [(5 * 103) / 5500](150)
V’DC = 0.909(150)
V’DC = 136.4 V
By using (2)
XC = 1.3 / C2
XC = 1.3 / (10 * 10-6)
XC = 130 kΩ
By using (3)
V’r(rms) = [XC / R] Vr(rms)
V’r(rms) = [(130 * 103) / 500](15)
V’r(rms) = (260)(15)
V’r(rms) = 3.9 kV
By using (4)
r = [V’r(rms) / V’DC] * 100 %
r = [(3.9 * 103) / 136.4] * 100
r = (28.59)(100)
r = 2.86 * 103 %
IV) RESULTS
V’DC = 136.4 V
V’r(rms) = 3.9 kV
r = 2.86 * 103 %
Q8) Calculate the output voltage and the Zener current in the regulator circuit for the figure
given below:
SOLUTION
I) DATA
A) GIVEN
VZ = 12 V
VBE = 0.7 V ∵ Si = 0.7 V
Vi = 20 V
R = 220 Ω
RL = 1 kΩ
β = 50
B) REQUIRED
Vo = ?
IZ = ?
II) FORMULAE
Vo = VZ - VBE ----------------- (1)
VCE = Vi - Vo ----------------- (2)
IR = (Vi - VZ) / R ------------- (3)
IL = Vo / RL ------------------- (4)
IB = IL / β --------------------- (5)
IZ = IR - IB -------------------- (6)
III) CALCULATIONS
By using (1)
Vo = VZ - VBE
Vo = 12 - 0.7
Vo = 11.3 V
By using (2)
VCE = Vi - Vo
VCE = 20 - 11.3
VCE = 8.7 V
By using (3)
IR = (Vi - VZ) / R
IR = (20 - 12) / 220
IR = 8 / 220
IR = 36.4 mA
By using (4)
IL = Vo / RL
IL = 11.3 / (1 * 103)
IL = 11.3 mA
By using (5)
IB = IL / β
IB = (11.3 * 10-3) / 50
IB = 226 µA
By using (6)
IZ = IR - IB
IZ = (36.4 * 10-3) - (226 * 10-6)
IZ 36 mA
IV) RESULTS
Vo = 11.3 V
IZ 36 mA
Q9) What regulated output voltage is provided by the circuit given in figure below for the
circuit elements R1 = 20 kΩ, R2 = 30 kΩ and VZ = 8.3 V?
SOLUTION
I) DATA
A) GIVEN
R1 = 20 kΩ
R2 = 30 kΩ
VZ = 8.3 V
VBE = 0.7 V ∵ Si = 0.7 V
B) REQUIRED
Vo = ?
II) FORMULA
Vo = [(R1 + R2) / R2]( VZ + VBE) ------------- (1)
III) CALCULATIONS
By using (1)
Vo = [(R1 + R2) / R2]( VZ + VBE)
Vo = [{(20 * 103) + (30 * 103)} / (30 * 103)](8.3 + 0.7)
Vo = [(50000) / (30 * 103)](9)
Vo = 1.67(9)
Vo = 15 V
IV) RESULT
Vo = 15 V
Q10) Calculate the regulated output voltage in the circuit given in figure below:
SOLUTION
I) DATA
A) GIVEN
R1 = 30 kΩ
R2 = 10 kΩ
VZ = 6.2 V
Vi = 36 V
R = 1 kΩ
B) REQUIRED
Vo = ?
II) FORMULA
Vo = [1 + (R1/ R2)] VZ ------------- (1)
III) CALCULATIONS
By using (1)
Vo = [1 + (R1 / R2)] VZ
Vo = [1 + {(30 * 103) / (10 * 103)}] (6.2)
Vo = (1 + 3) (6.2)
Vo = 4(6.2)
Vo = 24.8 V
IV) RESULT
Vo = 24.8 V
Q11) Determine the regulated voltage and circuit currents for the shunt regulator given in
figure below:
SOLUTION
I) DATA
A) GIVEN
VZ = 8.2 V
VBE = 0.7 V ∵ Si = 0.7 V
RL = 100 Ω
Vi = 22 V
RS = 120 Ω
B) REQUIRED
VL = ?
IL = ?
IS = ?
IC = ?
II) FORMULAE
VL = VZ + VBE -------------------- (1)
IL = VL / RL ----------------------- (2)
IS = (Vi - VL) / RS ---------------- (3)
IC = IS - IL ------------------------- (4)
III) CALCULATIONS
By using (1)
VL = VZ + VBE
VL = 8.2 + 0.7
VL = 8.9 V
By using (2)
IL = VL / RL
IL = 8.9 / 100
IL = 89 mA
By using (3)
IS = (Vi - VL) / RS
IS = (22 - 8.9) / 120
IS = 13.1 / 120
IS = 109 mA
By using (4)
IC = IS - IL
IC = (109 * 10-3) - (89 * 10-3)
IC = 20 mA
IV) RESULTS
VL = 8.9 V
IL = 89 mA
IS = 109 mA
IC = 20 mA
Q12) For the transformer output of 15 V and a filter capacitor of 250 F, calculate the minimum
input voltage when connected to a load during 400 A.
SOLUTION
I) DATA
A) GIVEN
IDC = 400 A
C = 250 F
Vm = 15 V
B) REQUIRED
Vi(low) = ?
II) FORMULAE
Vr(peak) = √3 [Vr(rms)]
∵ Vr(rms) = 2.4 IDC / C
Vr(peak) = √3[2.4 IDC / C] --------------- (1)
VDC = Vm - Vr(peak) --------------------- (2)
Vi(low) = VDC - Vr(peak) ---------------- (3)
III) CALCULATIONS
By using (1)
Vr(peak) = √3[2.4 IDC / C]
Vr(peak) = √3[{2.4 (400)} / 250]
Vr(peak) = √3[960 / 250]
Vr(peak) = √3[3.84]
Vr(peak) = 1.73(3.84)
Vr(peak) = 6.64 V
By using (2)
VDC = Vm - Vr(peak)
VDC = 15 - 6.64
VDC = 8.36 V
By using (3)
Vi(low) = VDC - Vr(peak)
Vi(low) = 8.36 - 6.64
Vi(low) = 1.72 V
IV) RESULT
Vi(low) = 1.72 V
Q13) Determine the maximum value of load current at which regulation is maintained for the
circuit given in figure below. [Vi(min) = 7.3 V]
SOLUTION
I) DATA
A) GIVEN
Vm = 15 V
Vi(min) = 7.3 V
C = 250 µF
B) REQUIRED
IDC = ?
II) FORMULAE
Vr(peak) = Vm - Vi(min) --------------- (1)
Vr(peak) = √3[Vr(rms)] )
Vr(rms) = Vr(peak) / √3 --------------- (2)
IDC = Vr(rms)C / 2.4 ------------------- (3)
III) CALCULATIONS
By using (1)
Vr(peak) = Vm - Vi(min)
Vr(peak) = 15 - 7.3
Vr(peak) = 7.7 V
By using (2)
Vr(rms) = Vr(peak) / √3
Vr(rms) = 7.7 / √3
Vr(rms) = 7.7 / 1.73
Vr(rms) = 4.45 V
By using (3)
IDC = Vr(rms)C / 2.4
IDC = [4.45 (250 * 10-6)] / 2.4
IDC = [1.1125 * 10-3)] / 2.4
IDC = 463.5 µA
IV) RESULT
IDC = 463.5 µA
Q14) Determine the regulated voltage for the circuit given below with R1 = 240 Ω and
R2 = 2.4 kΩ.
SOLUTION
I) DATA
A) GIVEN
R1 = 240 Ω
R2 = 2.4 kΩ
Vref = 1.25 V
Iadj = 100 µA
B) REQUIRED
Vo = ?
II) FORMULA
Vo = Vref [1 + (R2 / R1)] + IadjR2 -------------------- (1)
III) CALCULATIONS
By using (1)
Vo = Vref [1 + (R2 / R1)] + IadjR2
Vo = 1.25[1 + {(2.4 * 103) / 240}] + (100 * 10-6)(2.4 * 103)
Vo = 1.25[1 + 10] + 0.24
Vo = 1.25[11] + 0.24
Vo = 13.75 + 0.24
Vo = 13.99 V
IV) RESULT
Vo = 13.99 V
Q15) Determine the regulated output voltage for the circuit given below:
SOLUTION
I) DATA
A) GIVEN
R1 = 240 Ω
R2 = 1.8 kΩ
Vref = 1.25 V
Iadj = 100 µA
B) REQUIRED
Vo = ?
II) FORMULA
Vo = Vref [1 + (R2 / R1)] + IadjR2 -------------------- (1)
III) CALCULATIONS
By using (1)
Vo = Vref [1 + (R2 / R1)] + IadjR2
Vo = 1.25[1 + {(1.8 * 103) / 240}] + (100 * 10-6)(1.8 * 103)
Vo = 1.25[1 + 7.5] + 0.18
Vo = 1.25[8.5] + 0.18
Vo = 10.625 + 0.18
Vo = 10.8 V
IV) RESULT
Vo = 10.8 V
