PHYSICS -XII

SCORING BETTER IN PHYSICS IS ABOUT MASTERING THE BASICS,

PRACTICING PROBLEMS REGULARLY, AND BELIEVING IN YOUR
ABILITY TO CONNECT THEORY WITH REAL-WORLD LOGIC. STAY
CONSISTENT, AND SUCCESS WILL FOLLOW!

ALBERT EINSTEIN ONCE SAID, "IF YOU CAN'T EXPLAIN IT TO A SIX-YEAR-OLD, YOU
DON'T UNDERSTAND IT YOURSELF."
SIMILARLY, LEARNING PHYSICS DEEPLY MEANS SIMPLIFYING IT ENOUGH TO EXPLAIN
EVEN TO YOUR GRANDMOTHER—MASTERY IS IN CLARITY!
 PM SHRI KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA, DIPATOLI, RANCHI
STUDENT RIVISION MATERIAL COMPILED FROM VARIOUS SOURCES
ELECTROSTATICS

1 Q N dV 1 Q J
Electric Field Intensity:- E = vector unit:- E=− Electric Potential V = scalar unit:- V = − E.dr
40 r 2 C dr 40 r C

Electric Dipole:- Equal and Opposite charge separated by small distance, Dipole moment P = 2ql vector(direction from negative to positive charge unit:- C m
E & V on Equitorial line:- Torque on Dipole:- Net force = +qE – qE = 0
E & V on Axial Line:- E at pt. P on axial line Torque = Force × ⊥ distance
E = EA cos  + EB cos 
= qE × BC [BC = 2l × sin θ
since = qE 2l sin θ
= E (2ql) sin θ
is E = E B + ( −E A ) EA = EB
τ = PE sin θ = P  E
1 q 1 q E = 2EA cos  τmax = PE for θ = 90o
E= −
40 ( r − l )2 40 ( r + l )2 work done in Rotating Dipole
1 q l l
E=
q  1
 −
1 

40  ( r − l )2 ( r + l )2 
E = 2

2ql
 
40 x2  x 
P
cos  =
x W=
  d = (1 − cos ) PE
  E= = Energy of Dipole: U = –PE cos θ
40x3 ( )
3 Stable equilibrium θ = 0, U= –PE
2  2qrl 2pr 40 x2 + l2
E= = Unstable equilibrium
40 ( r2 − l2 ) 40 ( r2 − l  )
2 2
P Θ = 180o ⇒ U = PE.
E=
3
40 ( r2 + l2 ) 2
2P Gauss Theorem:- Total electric flux (total no. of lines
E= For short dipole r >> l (direction (-)
3
40r of forces) emerges from closed surface is
1
times the
P 0
to (+)) E= For short dipole r >> l
40 ( r3 )
 E.dS = 
qin
1 −q 1 q Direction (+) to (-) charge enclosed
V = VA + VB = +
40 ( r + l ) 40 ( r − l ) 1 ( −q )
0
1 q
V = VA + VB = + =0
P 40 x 40 x
1 P
= V=
40 ( r2 − l2 ) 4 r2 0

E due to long charged wire: E due to charged plane sheet: E due to charged Hallow Sphere:
q q q
Linear charge density  = Surface charge density  = Volume charge density  =
l A V

 E.dS = 
qin For non conducting plate charge is on both side
 E.dS = 
qin


q
0 2 E.dS = 0
0
E.dS +  E.dS +  E.dS = 
qin

q
1 2 3 E dS =
q 0
0 2EA =
For dS2 and dS3 θ = 90 o 0
E( 4r2 ) =
q
For curved surface dS1 θ = 0 q 
E= E= 0


q q
E dS = ⇒ E ( 2rl ) = 20 A 20
0 0 E=
1 q
On surface
 40 R 2
2q For conducting sheet E =
0
q 1 2 1 q
E= = l ⇒E= * E is independent of distance from the sheet. E= Outside & E = 0 as q = 0 inside
2rl0 40r 40 r 40 r2

Capacitor:- Q = CV unit:- Farad, * C depends on dimensions

Capacitance for parallel plate Surface charge Density Energy of Capacitor
capacitor Q
 = Q = A
Energy = work done in bringing charge
Consider || plate capacitor with A at potential V
area of plate A, capacitance C and Electric field q
dW = V  dq = .dq
dist. b/w plates d E = Eair + Edielectric C
Q Q Q
C=
Q
=
Q   1  q2  1 Q2
= +
 
1
V Ed 0 k0 U = dW = q  dq =   =
C C  2 0 2 C
 0 0
E= for charged sheet Potential V = E × d
0 1Q 1 2
1
(  U= = CV 2 = QV
V = a + b) + t 2 C 2 2
=
Q
for surface charge density 0 k0
A Energy Density (energy per unit volume)
 t
A  A V= a + b +  1 2 1 0 A (
E  d)
2
C= = 0 0  k CV
 1
d
d = 2 =2 d = 0E2
0  t volume Ad 2
V= d − t + 
0  k Unit of energy density:- J/m3
If dielectric with dielectric
Q A
constant k is filled b/w the plates. Now C= =
V  t
C’ = kC d − t + 
0  k
 CURRENT ELECTRICITY
q A – Area
Electric Current: i = , unit - Ampere n – number of free electrons in unit volume
t
nAle RA m
* Scalar quantity i =q/t = resistivity ρ = ρ =
Drift velocity:- v = u + a t l ne2
if u = 0  − relaxation time (10
–14
s) Also J =  E
Vd = a Current I = neAVd J=
I
= current density (vector)
eE eV I ne 2 A A
Also ma = eE = f  a = I = neA =
m ml V ml
V = IR
eE
Vd = (10–5 m/s) as V = Exl V ml
m R= =
I ne2 A
eV
Vd = V
ml Mobility  = d (m2/sV)
E

Temperature dependence of resistivity Electric Energy & power

with increase in temperature Power = Energy / Time = Work done / Time
conductors :  decrease.   inc. It is a scalar quantity
 V2
semiconductors; n increase   dec E = V.I.t = I 2 Rt = t
R
V2
P = V.I = I 2 R =
R
1 unit = 1 KWh

Series combination of resistance:- R = R1 + R2. Current same E = V + ir charging KIRCHOFF’S LAW

Parallel combination of resistance:- 1/R = 1/R1 + 1/R2 Voltage same E = V – ir discharging i. i = 0 Junction law
ii. iR = E = 0 Voltage law
Cell in series I = nE /nr + R Meter Bridge:
nE Let Unknown Resistance = X
Cell in parallel i=
r + nR R l
=
Wheatstone Bridge: X 100 − l
Balance condition P/Q=R/S R(100 − R)
X=
Potential at A & B same at null pt. l
RA
Position of Galvanometer & Resistivity  =
L
battery can be interchanged at null pt.
Meter bridge in most sensitive when null pt. in middle.
 MOVING CHARGES & MAGNETISM
Magnetic Field:- Produced by magnet, moving charge, Vector quantity. Unit:- Tesla (weber/m2), gauss (maxwell/cm2) IT = 104 G
Oested Experiment:- Current carrying conductor produces magnetic field.


Bio Savart Law:- It gives M.F. at a point around
Ampere’s Circuital Law:- B.dl = 0i The line integral of magnetic field B for
current carrying conductor.
 idl sin  any closed circuit is equal to μ0 times current i threading through this closed loop
dB = 0
4 r 2 and this closed loop is called Amperian loop.
0 B. Due to Infinitely Long Wire:-
= 10−7 TmA−1 Magnetic field at P due to wire
4
μ0 – Permeability of free space
Direction of B:- Perpendicular to dl and r. 
B.dl = 0i


B = 0 if sin θ = 0 B dl = 0i
B = max sin θ = 1 θ = 90o
 idl  r B(2πr) = μ0i
Vector Form dB = 0
4 r 3  2l
B= 0
4 r
Mag. Field At Centre of Coil:-
Direction:- Right Hand Thumb Rule curly finger gives field direction if thumb of
 idl sin 90o right hand points current outside
dB = 0
4 r2 B. due to Solenoid:-
B =   i
dB = 0 2
4 r 
dl

Bdl = B.dl cos 

 i N – Total Turns
= 0 2 (2r ) d
4 r
 i
B = 0 or B = 0
 Ni
a

B.dl = 0i

2r 2r
b c d a
Direction:- Right Hand Thumb Rule.
On Axis of Coil:-
0 idl sin 90o

a

b

c

B.dl + B.dl + B.dl + B.dl = 0 ( Ni )
d
dB =
4 x2 b

B =  dB sin   B.dl + 0 + 0 + 0 =  ( Ni )
a
0

0i ( 2a ) a
= . b
4x2

x N
B. dl = 0 Ni B.L = 0 ni ⇒ ∴ B = μ0ni n= (Turns per unit Length)
2 L
0 Nia
B= a

2 ( a2 + r 2 )
3/ 2
Force on charge in Electric field:- Magnetic Field:-
B. Due to Toroid:- (Closed solenoid) F = qE (both for rest & motion) F = qV Bsin θ (only for moving charge)

 B.dl =  Ni0

B (2r ) = 0 Ni
0 Ni  N 
B= n = 
2 r  2r 
B = 0 ni [at P]
Lorentz Force:- F = qE + qvB sin θ = q (E + vB sin θ)
Cyclotron:- Used to accelerate charge Particles. Force b/w 2 parallel current carrying wire:- Force acting on a due to b.
Principle:- The repeated motion of charged particles under mag. & ele.   2i 
field accelerates it. E.F. provides energy while M.F. changes direction. F =  0 1  i2l sin 90o
 4 r 
Construction:- Dees, Sources, M.F., R.F. Oscillator
1 2    2i i
Working:- Max KE = mvmax F =  0  1 2 (For unit Length)
2  4  r
2 By Flemings LHR force is of attraction for same
1  qBr 
= m  direction of current and force of repulsion for opposite
2  m  direction of current.
2 2 2
1q B r if i1 = i2 = 1 A, r = 1m.
K .E. =
2 m then F = 2 × 10–7 N.
Current Sensitivity:- Deflection per unit current
Moving Coil Galvanometer:- Device Torque Experienced By a  BAN Radian
Is = =
to detect & measure electric current. Current loop in uniform i C Ampere
Principle:- Current loop experience Magnetic Field:- Voltage Sensitivity:- Deflection per unit voltage
torque in uniform M.F. τ = F × ⊥ distance
I   BAN  Radian 
Construction:- Light Coil, concave = Bil × bsin θ Vs = s = = =  
magnetic Poles → radial field. τ = Bi A sin θ R V iR CR  Volt 
Theory:- Deflecting torque For N Turns:-
Limitation:- Only charged particles can be acceleration Application:-
= Restring force (torque) τ = BiNa sin θ
For circular path:- For nuclear
B × i × N × A × sin θ = CØ
mv2 mv reaction & other
(θ = 90o) as field is radial = qvB ⇒ r = ⇒r∝v research purpose.
C r qB
∴ B AiN = CØ ⇒ i =
ABN 1 q 2 B2r 2
K .E. =
2 m
Time period = Distance / Velocity = 2πr / v ⇒ T = 2πm / qB
Frequency of Revolution:- f = 1/T = qB/2πm
Conversion of Galvanometer into Ammeter:- Conversion Into Voltmeter:- By connecting high resistance in series
(i – ig)S = ig.G {For Ideal voltmeter, R = ∞}
ig .G V = ig ( R + G )
S =
i − ig V (
= R + G)
{For Ideal Ammeter R = 0} ig

ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION (E.M.I)

The phenomena of producing induced current due to change in magnetic flux is called electromagnetic induction.
Faraday Law:- (i) Change in magnetic flux induces current which last till there is change.
−d 
(ii) e =
dt
Lenz’s Law:- Induce current opposes the factor due to which it is produced. Method of producing emf:-
acc. to law of conservation of energy. − d  − dBAcos 
e= =
dt dt
Induced current / charge:-
−d  e −d  dq −d 
e= ,i = = , =
dt R Rdt dt Rdt
−d 
dq =
R
Motional emf:- The emf induced due to motion of a conductor in M. field.

−d  −d  Eddy Current:- The circulating induced

Motional emf:- e = Rotating rod:- e = current in a oscillating metallic block kept in
dt dt
magnetic field. In can be reduced by using
− dB.A − dBA
= e= laminated core, or cutting slots in block.
dt dt Application:-
− BdA − Bldx BdA (i) Magnetic brakes
= = e= (ii) Induction furnace
dt dt dt
(iii) Dead beat galvanometer
e = − Bvl BL2
e=
Direction = Anticlockwise 2
Force:- i =
Bvl 
R 1 1
e = BL2 or e = BR2
 Bvl  2 2
F = Bil = − B  l
 R  No. of spokes is increased emf remain same.
− B2vl 2
F=
R
Power:- P = Fv
− B2v2l 2
P=
R
Self – Induction:- Change in current in a coil, induced Mutual – Induction:- when the change in current *No. of turns is double than inductance
current is produced which opposes the change in same coil. in primary coil induces current in secondary coil. become four times ( L ∝ n2).
Electrical Resonance:-
Unit:- L = 1 Henry (H) ϕ∝i 1 1
Dimension Formula:- [ML2T–2A–2] ϕ = Mi F=
2 LC
Solenoid:- Unit – Henry
ϕ = Li ∈0 = Farad/m Power in A.C. circuit:-
ϕ = BAN = (μ0niA) × N μ0 = Henry/m 1
P = V0i0 cos 
Li = μ0n2 × i × A × l (n = N/l) Solenoid:- B2 = μ0n2i2 2
L = μ0n2Al ϕ = B2AN1 V i
ϕ = (μ0n2i2)AN1 P = 0 0 cos 
ϕ = Mi2 2 2
Mi2 = μ0n1n2Ali2  P = VRMS iRMS Cos 
M = μ0n1n2Al
 R
Cos  = Z 
 MAGNETISM & MATTER
Properties of Magnet: Permanent Magnets are made up of steel: Magnetic Material:
1. Magnets have north pole and south pole. Hysteresis Loop / curve: The graph plotted b/w
2. Likes poles repel & unlike attract each other. external field (H) & mag. induction (B) is called “BH Paramagnetic Diamagnetic Ferromagnetic
3. Freely suspended magnet rests in N – S direction. curve ‘or hysteresis Loop. 1. odd no of e– 1. Even no of 1.
4. Monopole do not exist. Energy Loss: Work done (energy loss) in in outer most e– and Ferromagnetic
5. Mag. Length is eq to 0.84 times of their geometric magnetization and demagnetization is eq. to area of orbit & possess net materials
length. BH curve. possess net dipole have some
Elements of Earth’s magnetic field: dipole moment is 0. unpaired
Magnetic Dipole Moment: N  2l → S
1. Angle of Dip: Angle b/w horizontal line & mag. moment. electrons so
M = m2l unit: Am2 their atoms
meridian as a freely suspended magnet.
m → pole Strength. have a net
2. Angle of Declination: Angle b/w geographical
M → Magnetic Dipole Moment magnetic
meridian & mag. meridian is called Angle of
Declination moment. They
M. Due to Current Loop: When current is passed get their strong
3. Horizontal Intensity of Earth Mag.
through a loop it, behaves like a magnet. (M = iA) = magnetic
The horizontal component of to. Earth’s field at any
current × Area, M = NiA properties due
point is called horizontal intensity
q evr to the presence
⸫ M= ( r)2 = {for e-, v = 2r/t} BV Bsin 
= tan  , B2 = (BH ) 2 + ( BV )
2
t 2 = of magnetic
BH Bcos  domains.
Magnetic Dipole Moment of a revolving: B = BH 2 + BV 2
M = iA = ( r 2 ) =
q evr 2. Aligns || to 2. Align ⊥ 2. When
{for e-, v = 2r/t} field & get a magnetizing
t 2 to ext. field.
weakly force
magnetized is applied, the
Magnetic Field of Earth:
along ext. domains
Magnetic Field Intensity due to magnetic Dipole: field. become aligned
0 2M to produce a
1. On Axial line: B =
4 r 3 strong magnetic
 M field
2. On Equatorial line: B = 0 3 within the part.
4 r
Torque Acting on dipole in Mag. field: 3. Mag. field 3. Mag. field 3. Temp. at
 = f  dis. = mB2 l sin = m2 lBsin pass through repelled by which
substance substance. ferromagnetic
= MBsin
substance
⸫  = MBsin  becomes
→Torque is ⊥ to mag. field and mag. dipole paramagnetic
moment (M) called curie
Temperature.
→  max = MB (sin = 1),  = 90° {Due to torque
4. Increase
rotation motion or liner. } 4.Increase with increase
→  min = 0 = (sin = 0) ,  = 0 with decrease in temp
in temp.
Work done in Rotating the Dipole:
W = MB [cos1 – cos2] Electromagnets: Are prepended by passing electric
current in a solenoid. The magnet lasts till the current
is passed.
It can be increased by:
1. Increasing number of turns.
2. Increasing current.
3. using soft iron core.
 ALTERNATING CURRENT (A.C)
TRANSFORMER: - It is a device use the A.C. Generator :- It is a device which convert mechanical Alternating Current: -
change AC voltage. energy into electrical energy. D.C – Direction & magnitude are fixed.
Principle: It is based on principle of mutual Principle: It is based on principle of electromagnetic A.C – Change in both magnitude and direction.
induction. induction.
Construction: two coil primary & secondary Construciton: 
V
Step up: Increase voltage (k>1) and decrease (i) Arumature coil. HALF– CYCLE: Vavg. = 
current. (ii) Field magnet 0
Step down: decrease voltage (k < 1) and (iii) Slip ring 1
increase current. (iv) Brushes . Vavg . =
  V sin  d
0

V N ip  − d 0

Theory:  s = S = = K  e= 1
 −V0 cos 0

Vp N p is 
dt Vav =
– dBA cos t 
 output  e= −V0
 =  100%  dt Vav = cos  − cos 0
 input  e = BA(–ωsinωt) 
e = BAN ωsin ωt
emax = e0 = BANω 2V0 2I0
Vav = or Iav =
e = e0sinωt  
2
1
Full Cycle: Vav =
2  V d
0
2
1
Vavg =
2  V sin  d
0
0

V0
( − cos )0
2
Vavg =
2
A.C. Circuit: - V V
Pure Resistive Circuit: (Circuit containing Pure capacitor circuit (circuit containing capacitor only) Vavg = 0 ( − cos 2 + cos ) = 0 ( −1 + 1)
2 2
resistance) Q = CV
Vavg =0 or Iavg = 0
d dV d d
V V0 =C , i=C (V0 sinωt) i = CV0 sin  t Root mean Square:
= sin  t dt dt dt dt
2
R R 1
VRMS = V
2

2
i = i0 sin t  V = V0 sin t 
0
2 2
1 1
V 2 RMS = V = V sin 2  d
2 2

2 2
0
V 0 0
I ωCV0 cosωt
V0 V02 V2  2 1 − cos 2 
Resistance is independent frequency of A.C.
i= sin( t +  / 2) V 2 RMS = ( ) = 0 sin  = 
1 2 2  2 
C V0 I0
VRMS = or IRMS =
V
i= 0 2 2
1
C

Pure inductive circuit: Series LCR circuit: -

V = V0 sin ωt
Ldi v2 = VR2 + (Vc − Vc)2
V=
dt (IZ)2 = (IR) 2 + (IX L − IXC ) 2
+Vdt
di = Z = R 2 + (XL − XC )2
L
V0 sin  tdt 2
di =  1 
L Z = R 2 +  L − 
 C 
V0 V
 di = L  sin t dt = L0 ( − cos t ) 
L −
1 
 C  ⇒  tan  = XL − XC 
 tan  =  
 R   R 
 
 RAY OPTICS
I −v
Reflection of Light: i = r, Magnitization m = = − real inverted. + virtual erect.
o u
→ Convex Mirror +f, m < 1 and negative m > 1 (enlarged) m < 1(small)
→ Concave Mirror −f , m > 1, < 1, = 1 both +& −
sin i μ2 v1 λ1 1
Refraction of Light: μ = , 1μ2 = = = = = 2μ1
sin r μ1 v2 λ2 1μ2
1
Total Internal Reflection (i) Denser → Rarer (ii) i > ic sin ic = ( )
μd
Mirror formula: Thin lens formula: Refraction through Spherical
Surface:
ASSUMPTION:

Object AB image A′ B ′ △ ABP ≈△ A′ B ′ P

△ AFB ≈△ PFN AB PB u
AB AB FB u − f = = − (i)
= = = − (i) A′ B ′ PB ′ v
PN A′ B ′ PF f △ MPF ≈△ A′ B ′ F (Since i & r are very small)
ΔA′ B ′ F ≈ ΔMFP PM PF f 1. Small Aperture
MP AB PF f = ′= −
= ′ ′= ′= − (ii) AB′ ′ FB v−f 2. Point size object
AB′ ′ AB FB v−f AB v By snell's law
from eq − (i) and (ii). ′ ′
= − (ii)
AB v−f sin i i
u−f f From eq (i) and (ii) μ= =
= sin r r
f v−f f u i = μr
By sing convention u, v, f are -ve. =
v−f v △ COM
f 2 = (u − f)(v − f) Since u = −ve sign convention α=i+γ ∴ i=α−γ
f 2 = uv − uf − fv + f 2 vf = (−u)v − (−u)f △ CIM
uv = uf + vf. vf = −uv + uf
β=r+γ ∴ r = β − γ.
Dividing by uvf uv = uf − vf
α − γ = μ(β − γ)
uv uf vf Dividing by uvf
= + PM PM (PM PM)
uvf uvf uvf 1 1 1 − =μ −
1 1 1 = − −u −R −v −R
= + f v u 1 1 μ μ μ 1 μ 1
f v u − = − ⇒ − = −
u R v R v u R R
m = I/0 = −v/u μ 1 (μ − 1)
− =
v u R
Lens maker formula: 1 μ 1−μ Combined focal length: -
− = − (ii)
v v′ R2
adding eq (i) & (ii).
1 1 1 1
− = (μ − 1) ( − )
v u R1 R 2
By Refraction through first surface
1 1 1 First lens forms image I ′ of 0
μ 1 μ−1 = (μ − 1) ( − )
− = ⋯ (1) f R1 R 2 1 1 1
v′ u R1 = − − (i)
Power of Lens: f1 v′ u
I ′ acts as an object for second surface so
1 100 I' acts as object for second lens and
that final image is formed at I, so for P= = Diopter.
f( m) f( cm) final image is formed at I, so for second
second surface.
leans.
1/μ 1 1/μ − 1
− = 1 1 1
v v′ R2 = − − (ii)
f2 v v ′
Adding eq (i) & (ii)
1 1 1 1
− = +
v u f1 f2
Refraction through a Prism: In quadrilateral AMPN. By snell’s Low
∠A + 90∘ + ∠P + 90∘ = 360∘ sin i
μ=
N A + 90∘ + 180 − (r1 + r2 ) + 90 = 360 sin r
A = (r1 + r2 ) − − − (2) A + δm
sin ( )
μ= 2
i+e = A+δ A
At minimum deviation δm sin ( )
2
i = r1 + x ie, r1 = r2 = r For then prism
} vertically
e = r2 + y A + δm
2i = A + δm
opposite Angles. (A + δm ) 2
μ=
i + e = (r1 + r2 ) + (x + y) –-----(1) ∴i= − − − − − (3) A/2
2
δ=x+y A δm = (μ − 1)A
exterior angle is equal A = 2r ∴ r = ( ) − − − −(4) A-Prism Angle
2
to sum of interior angles μ = Refractive Index.
∠P = 180 − (r1 + r2 ).

OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS:
Simple Microscope: Convex lens of low focal length and high power.
i) Image at D.: Object placed blow Focus and tens.

ii) Image at ∞
Object placed on focus.
Magnifying Power. D
magnifying Power m =
D f
m= 1+
fe
β Angle made by image
m= =
α angle made by object when kept in position of image.
Compound Microscope: Objective - (convex lens of low focal length and small aperture).
Eyelens - (convex lens of high focal length and large aperture).
i) Image at D.: Final virtual inverted Image.
ii) Image at infinity ∞
Final Image at Infinity.

v0 D 1 D
m = m0 × me = (1 + ) ≈ (1 + )
−u0 fe fe fe
v0 D L D
m=− ( )≈ ⋅
u0 fe f0 fe
Length of tube L = v0 + fe
Astronomical Telescope: Objective - (convex lens of high focal length & large aperture.)
Eyelens - (Convex tens of low focal length & small aperture.)
i) Image at Infinity ii) Image at D

f0
m= f0 fe
fe m= (1 + )
fe D
L = f0 + fe (Length of tube)
D
Length of the Tube L = f0 + ue R. P =
1.22λ
D-Diameter of objective

Reflecting Telescope: Concave mirror acts as an objective.

ADVANTAGES:
1) Bright Image is formed.
2) Image free from chromatic aberration.
 WAVE OPTICS
• A wavelet is the point of disturbance due to propagation of light.
• A wavefront(w.f.) is the locus of points having the same phase of oscillation.
• A line perpendicular to a wavefront is called a 'ray'.

HUYGEN'S PRINCIPLE:- Find the shape of wavefront at any particular instance. The two postulate are-
(i) Each paint on primary w. f. acts as a source of secondary w.f. which travel in all direction with
speed of light.
(ii) The forward envelope or common tangent of secondary w. f. give shape of new wavefronts.

Reflection by Huygen’s Principle Refraction by Huygen’s Principle

S′1 S′2 (M-1)

MPN and MQN , MN = MN common side

P = Q = 90o ,PN = MQ (dist. covered by light in same time) PN = V1t
MPN  MQN (by SAS) MQ = V2t
90 − i = 90 − r sini PN / MN PN
μ0 = = =
i=r sinr MQ / MN PQ
v1 t v1
μ0 = =
v 2t v t
INTERFERENCE OF LIGHT: - Variation of intensity of light due to overlapping of two light waves.
Constructive: - Resultant increase and bright light is formed.
λ 3λ λ
Path diff.:- Δx = 0, λ, 2λ, . . . . . ,3λ Destructive:- Path diff.:- x = , , ....., (2n − 1)
2 2 2
Phase diff.:- Δϕ = 0,2π, 4π, 6π, . . . . . ,2nπ Phase diff.:- Δϕ = π, 3π, 5π ⋯ (2n − 1)π
2π
Δϕ = × Δx
λ
Destructive:- Resultant is minimum.
Young's double slit Experiment (YDS):- A monochromatic light beam is incident in double slit the pattern obtain on screen consist
alternate bright and dark bands called fringes.

Expression for Interference Pattern: Expression for fringe width:

Let, two interference wave
y1 = a,sinωt
y 2 = a2(sin(ωt + ))   = phase diff.
by Principle of Superposition-
y = y1 + y 2
y = a1sinωt +a2sin(ωt + )
y = a1sinωt +a2sinωt cos  +a2cosωt sin 
y = sinωt (a1 +a2cos)+a2cosωt sin
S2M = S2P-S1P from S2PC
a1 + a2cos = Rcosθ S2P2 = D2 +(x + d / 2)2
 
a2sin = Rsinθ  from S1BP1
y = R sinωt cosθ+cosωt R sinθ
S1P2 = D2 +(x - d / 2)2
y = R sin(ωt +θ)  a1 +a2cos +a2 sin = Rcosθ+Rsinθ
Square both side S2P2 - S1P2 = 2xd
a12 + a22cos2 + a22sin2 = R 2cos2θ+ R 2sin2θ (S2P-S1P)(S2P+S1P)= 2xd
a + a (cos  + sin ) = R (sin θ+ cos θ)- 2a1a2 cos 
2
1
2
2
2 2 2 2 2
(S2P-S1P)(D+D)= 2xd
a + a + 2a1a2cos  = R
2
1
2
2
2
(S2P-S1P)(D+D)= 2xd

R = a12 + a22 +2a1a2cos  2xd

S2P - S1P =
2D
R max =(a1 +a2 )  = 0º From bright fringe for path difference,
R min = (a1 − a2 )  = 180º S2P-S1P = n λ β = xn+1 − xn
I ∝ a2 ∝ ω xd
= nλ β=
(n+1)λD
−
nλD

D d d

nD λ λD
xn = β=
d d
Dλ
x=
d
For destructive interference:
xd λ
= (2n -1) β = x n +1 − x n
D 2
λD λD (2n − 1)λ D
x n = (2n − 1) β = (2(n + 1) − 1) −
2d 2d 2d
λD
β=
d
Interference pattern the intensity of all bright band is equal. • Coherent Source - The two light source behave like
coherent source if they belong to same parent source.
• Diffraction - It is bending of light at sharp corners or edges.
• Fresnel’s distance - df = d2 /λ
Single slit diffraction – Intensity distribution curve:
• dark band or minima - d sin θ = n λ
(2n+1)
• maxima - dsinθ = λ
2

Linear width of central maxima:

 arc 
angle = raclius , β0 = θ  D
 
λD
β0 =
d
 DUAL NATURE Of MATTER AND RADIATION
Photoelectric emission: The emission of electron due to action of light of suitable energy is called photoelectric emission.
The e− emitted are called photoelectrons.
Properties of Photon- (a) Photon is a bundle of energy- E = n0 ⇒ E = hc/λ
(b) Photon travel with speed of light.
(c) Rest mass of photon is zero.
(d) momentum of photon is p = E/C.
Photoelectric effect → The of e− from a metal surface when light of suitable frequency is incident on it is called photoelectric
effect. Alkali metals like Li, Na, K show photoelectric effect with visible light metal like Zn, mg, Ca respond to ultraviolet light,
Laws of Photoelectric emission -
(a) minimum energy required called threshold energy or work function. The freq. corresponding to threshold energy called
threshold freq.
E = f = hν0 ν0 = threshold frequency
Work function(E = f)
(b) Every photon interact with a single electron.
(c) increasing the energy of incident photon the Kinetic energy of e− emitted increase.
Effect of Intensity:-

I1 > I2 (Freq. = constant)

Voltage
Effect of frequency:

Determination of Plank's constant:- frequency From Einstein Photoelectric equation –

hν = hν0 + K ⋅ E
eν0 = K ⋅ E
hν = hν0 + ev0
Einstein Phataelectric Equation:
Photoelectric effect was explained using quantum theory by Einstein.
E=ϕ+K⋅E In terms of wavelength:-
1
hν = hν0 + mv 2 c c 1
2 h ( − ) = mv 2
1 λ λ0 2
hν − hν0 = mv 2
2 1 1 1
1 hc ( − ) = mv 2
h(ν − ν0 ) = mv 2 λ λ0 2
2
Dual Nature of Matter:
De-broglie Hypothesis – Acc. to De-Broglie a wave is associated with every moving particle. This wave is called matter wave
and its wavelength is known as de-Broglie wavelength.
Expression for 𝛌 : In term of Energy: In term of charge & potential:
By particle nature, E = mc 2 P = mv 2 E = qV
By wave nature E = hν 1 h
E = mv 2 λ=
equate both the energy 2 √2qVm
2E = mv 2
mc 2 = hν For electron:-
hc 2mE = m2 v 2
h
m = 2 2mE = p2 λ=
λc √2meV
o
h P = √2mE 12⋅3 A
m = Therefore λ=
λc √V
h h h Temp:- λ =
h
λ = λ= = √3mKT
mc P √2mE
3
h ( P = momentum) E= kT
λ = 2
p
K = Boltzmann constant
Davisson & Germer Experiment:- Theory/ working:- A high energy e− beam is incident on a
(i) Electron gun - producers a fine beam of e− of high nickel crystal which diffracts this e− beam. The intensity of
speed. diffracted beam in various direction is measured with help of
(ii) Nickel crystal - It is used to diffract the e− beam. detector mounted on circular scale.
(iii) Detector - It is used to find the intensity of diffracted At 54 volt a clear hump (maxima) at angle of 50∘ , then by
e− beam. bragg's law for diffraction by crystal.
2dsin θ = nλ
0.91 × sin 65∘ = 1 × λ
∴ λ = 1.65Å
by de-Broglie hypothesis
h
λ = = 1.66Å
p
 ATOM & NUCLEI
Rutherford 𝛂-particle scattering Exp:  o n 2 h2
Exp. Setup: Radius of Bohr orbit: rn =
me2z
for hydrogen z = 1
ENERGY OF BOHR ORBITS:-
1 ze(−e)
E = KE + PE = mv 2 +
2 4πεo r
OBSERVATIONS: 1 ze2 ze2 mv 2 1 2e2
= − ( = )
(i) Most of the α-particle passed underiated. 2 4πεo r 4πεo r r 4πεo r
(ii) Few α-particle scattered at angle θ −Ze2
En =
8πεo rn
1
N∝ −e2 −13.6
θ For H Atom En = = eV
sin4 ( ) 8πεo rn n2
2
HYDROGEN SPECTRUM:-
(iii) Very few retraces their path. Hydrogen spectrum consist of group of radiation emitted by
RUTHERFORD’S MODEL OF ATOM: (1909) a h-atom whose wavelength is given as
i) Most of the part of atom is hollow.
ii) The central core is (+) very charged called nucleus (10-15m) 1 1 1
= Rz2  2 – 2  Rydberg constant
R =1.09  107. m–1
e− revolves around the nucleus & radius of orbit decreases   n1 n2 
due to decrease in energy (dement).
Distance of closest approach: −e2
En =
1 1 (2e)(ze) 8πεo rn
mv 2 =
2 4πεo r0
2ze2
∴ r0 =
1
4πεo ( mv 2 )
2
Impact parameter: It is perpendicular distance of the velocity
vector when α −particle from centre of nucleus when α particle
is far away from atom.
1 2ze2 θ
b= 2
cot
4πεo mv 2
smaller is b’ larger is angle of scattering θ Lyman Series:
θ 2b Electron jump from higher orbit to first orbit.
cot =
2 r0
n = L, n2 = 2, 3, 4........
for θ = 180∘ (rebounds) b = 0
BOHR’S MODEL: (1913) 1 1  3 
1. The e− can exist in certain orbit without radiating energy. v1 = R,  2 – 2  = R 
 n1 n 2  4 
mv 2 1 ze2  Ultra Voilet Region
= 1 1  8 
r 4πεo r 2 v2 = R  2 – 2  = R 
2. Only those orbit are allowed for which the angular  n1 n 2  9 
momentum (mvr) is integral multiple of h/2π. BALMER: Visible Region
nh Paschen, Brackett, P Fund :- Far Infrared
mvr = n = 1, 2, 3…. Quantum No.
2π
3. Electrons Reboring in their stationary orbit do not radiate
energy (non-radiative orbits or BOHR’S orbits)
4. If the e– goes from orbit of energy E1 to other orbit of energy
E2 then a photon of energy hv is radiated such that
hv = E2 – E1
Nucleons = Protons + Neutrons Nuclear volume ∝ Mass No. 1
1 amu =
A = Z + N. 4 3 12( 12
6 C)
πR ∝ A
Mass = Atomic + No. of 3 = 1.66 × 10 −22
kg
No. Neutrons. OR R = R O A1/3 Electron volt (ev) – unit of energy
R 0 = 1.4 × 10−15 m 1 eV = 1.6 × 10−19 J.
1 Fermi = 10−15 m. 1 amu = 931MeV
NUCLEAR DENSITY: 1017 kg/m3
Nuclear force Independent of mass no. and same For
• strong all elements
• short range m⋅A 3m
e= 3 =
• spin dependent 4/3πR 0 A 4πR30
• charge independent
Isotopes: Same protons (Z) but different(A) Ex ∶ 1H
1
, 1H2, 1H3; 2H3 , 2H4, 2 H6
No. of Neutron.
Isobars: Same (A) but different (2) Ex ∶ 11 Na22 ; 10 Ne22 ; 20 Ca40 ; 18 Ar
40

Isotones: Same no. of neutrons. Ex: 1 H 3 ; 2 He4 ; 8 O16 ; 6 C14

Mass Energy Relation: Variation in B.E/Nucleon with mass no.
E = Δmc 2 1. B. E/A is very less for A = 8 and then increases up to A = 60∘
Energy & mass are 2. Decreases after A = 120∘
interconvertible. 3. Maximum 10.8mev for
Mass Defect: Difference in masses. of Range A = 30∘ to A =
nucleons & nucleus. 120∘
Δm = [ZMp + (A − Z)Mn ] 4. Peak for 2 He4 , 6 C12 , 8 O16
etc indicate more stability
−[mass of Z X A nucleus]
Binding, Energy: Energy equivalent. to mass 5. More is B. E/A, more is
stability of a nucleus.
defect. B. E. = ΔM ⋅ C 2
Packing Fraction: B.E per nucleon.
P. F = B ⋅ E/A

NUCLEAR FISSION: Splitting of heavy nucleus. 92 U 255 + 0 n1 → 56 BC141 + 36 Kr 92 + 3 0 n1 + θ(200Mev)

NUCLEAR FUSSION: Fusing two or more lighter nuclei. 1 H1 + 1 H1 → 1 H 2 + e+ + v

RADLOACTIVITY: Spontaneous emission of radiation (α, β, γ) from radioactive nuclei.

Laws of Radioactive Decay: α( 2 He4 ) β (electron) γ (photon)

1. Spontaneous. Charge = 2 × 1.6 × 10−19 C −1.6 × 10−19 C 0
2. Rate of dis integration is directly Mass = 4 × 1.67 × 10−27 kg 9.1 × 10−31 kg Rest mass 0
proportional to no. of atom at that time. Infield = Deflected by electric No effect
3. Independent of temperature, pressure etc. Or Mag. Field
4. α − β not emitted simultaneous Speed = Less than β Less than γ Speed of Light
N = N0 e −λt Unit of Radioactivity
0.693 loge 2
Half life: T1/2 = = • Curie (𝐢) − 3.7 × 1010 decay /sec
λ λ
t
1 T1 (activity of 1g radiurn).
N = N0 ( ) 2
2 • Becquerel (𝐁𝐪) − 1 decay/sec (S.I. unit of radioactivity)
t = total time
• Rutherford (𝐑𝐝) − 106 Decay/sec.
Average life
1
= = 1.44T1/2
λ
 ELECTRONIC DEVICES
Intrinsic semiconductor: Pure semiconductors:
Extrinsic semiconductor: (Impure semiconductor)
P-Type: (Acceptor type) trivalant (B, Al, In, Ga) Majority carrier holes
N-Type: (Donor Type) Pentavalent (Bi, P, Ar, Sb) Majority carrier electrons.
Doping: Mixing suitable impurity in Ai, Ga.
NET CHARGE ON PURE OR IMPURE SEMICONDUCTOR IS 0 ZERO.
PN Junction:
µA
• Depletion layer: Layer near- junction having no free charge (10−6 m)
• Width of Depletion layer decreases with F.B. and Vice Versa Reverse current induce to
minority charge carriers
• Potential Barrier: Potential Developed across junction.
Rectifiers: conversion of a.c into d.c Principle: Diode conduct in RB and do not conduct in P.B.
Zener: Diode Used in reverse biased as voltage stabilize

Amplifier: (CE Mode)

v0 RL
Voltage Gain: = =β
vi Rin

Current Gain 𝛃 = Ic /R b
Principle: Small change in input current in result in large change in O/PIC

∗ LED Light emitting Diode : used in FB light produced due to e − h combination.

∗ PHOTODIODE RB. e − h pairs generated due to incident photon hv > Eg.

∗ SOLAR CELL convert solar energy into electrical energy properties →

[Eg ≈ 1.5ev. high optical absortion electrical conductivity

Transistor Action: Logic Gates: Electronic devices which give one O/P for one or more I/P
Basic logic Gate: AND, OR, NOT UNIVERSAL GATE: NAND, NOR
OR AND NOT NAND NOR
Symbol

Truth Table
ie = ib + ic ib = 5% of ie
A B A+B A.B ̅
A ̅. B
A ̅ ̅+B
A ̅
Base region is very thin and regulates of
0 0 0 0 1 1 1
O/p current
0 1 1 0 1 0
1 0 1 0 1 0
1 1 1 1 0 0 0
 ALL GRA PHS ATA GANCE - XI| PHYSICS
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(Repe)

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unllke copaci toy, =
Enga
(Atract) E=o ()
> du to point Che
ane Eletne o'pole vs
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4,970 thin inte Sheet I>Enerta storaf capoalir
whenV=cestant
E= 2¬

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jntr charje d pole v|<
Variat Cohm's Le)
» s br Polnt charge de to a tooit charge
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MOST ASKED QUESTIONS IN
CBSE PHYSICS EXAM
PHYSICS CLASS-XII REVISION FOR AISSCE-2024

1. How will the (i) energy stored and (ii) the electric field inside the air capacitor be affected when it is completely
filled with a dielectric material of dielectric constant K ? CBSE (AI)-2012
[ Ans. (i) & (ii) &

2. (i) An electric dipole is held in a uniform electric field. Using suitable diagram show that it does not undergo any
translatory motion. Derive the expression for the torque acting on it.
(ii) What would happen if the field in non-uniform ?
(iii) What would happen if the external electric field is increasing
(a) parallel to and (b) anti-parallel to ? CBSE (AI)-2016,2014,2008,(F)-2016,(DC)-2015
[ Ans. (i) Let an electric dipole of dipole moment is placed in a uniform electric field as shown in figure.
Force : Force on
Force on
Hence net force on the dipole

Torque :Two equal and opposite forces and forms a couple

which tries to rotate the dipole. Torque due to this couple
= either force X distance = x x
= x
=p X
(ii) If the electric field is non-uniform, the net force on the dipole
will not be zero hence there will be the translator motion of the
dipole.
(iii) (a) Net force will be in the direction of increasing electric field.
(b) Net force will be in the direction opposite to the increasing
field

3 (i) Derive the expression for the potential energy of an electric dipole of dipole moment placed in a uniform electric field .
(ii) Find out the orientation of the dipole when it is in (a) stable equilibrium (b) unstable equilibrium.
CBSE (AI)-2016,2015,2012
[ Ans. (i) Two equal and opposite forces and forms a couple
which tries to rotate the dipole. Torque due to this couple
either force X distance = x
=
Work done in rotating the dipole through an angle
= =p
= = =
= -------(1) x
0
When = 90 and = , then =
= = =
.
(ii) (a) When = , = =
In this case P.E. is minimum hence it is the orientation of stable equilibrium.
(b)When = , = =
In this case P.E. is maximum hence it is the orientation of unstable equilibrium.

SUNEEL KUMAR VISHWAKARMA PGT(PHsuYSICS) KV1 AFS CHAKERI KANPUR

[email protected] SUNEEL KUMAR VISHWAKARMA
PHYSICS CLASS-XII REVISION FOR AISSCE-2024

3a. Using Gauss’s law, derive an expression for the electric field intensity due to an infinitely long, straight wire of
linear charge density C/m. CBSE (AIC)-2017,(AI)-2007,2006,2005,(D)-2009,04
[ Ans. Charge enclosed by Gaussian surface, =
At the part I and II of Gaussian surface and
are , so flux through surfaces I and II is zero.

By Gauss’s law,

3b. Using Gauss’s law, obtain the expression for electric field intensity at a point due to an infinitely large, plane sheet of
charge of charge density C/m2. How is the field directed if the sheet is (i) positively charged (ii) negatively charged?
CBSE (AI)-2015,2010,2005,2004,(D)-2012,2009,06,(DC)-2002,01,(F)-2003
[ Ans. Let us consider a Gaussian surface as shown.
At the curved part of Gaussian surface and
are , so flux through curved surface is zero.

By Gauss’s law,

Direction of field : (i) If the sheet is positively charged the field is directed away from it
(ii) If sheet is negatively charged the field is direct towards it

3c. Using Gauss’s law, deduce the expression for the electric field due to uniformly charged spherical conducting shell of
radius at a point (i) outside and (ii) inside the shell.
Plot a graph showing variation of electric field as a function of r > R and r< R.
CBSE (AI)-2015,2013,2007,2004,(D)-2011,2009,2008,2006,2004
[ Ans. (i) Outside the shell
Let us consider the Gaussian surface as shown
by Gauss’s law,

=
(ii) Inside the shell
Let us consider the Gaussian surface as shown
By Gauss’s law

But, charge inside the spherical shell, i,e, q = 0

SUNEEL KUMAR VISHWAKARMA PGT(PHsuYSICS) KV1 AFS CHAKERI KANPUR

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4. Deduce Ohm’s law using the concept of drift velocity. CBSE(AI)-2013

OR
On the basis of electron drift, derive an expression for resistivity of a conductor in terms of number density of free
electrons and relaxation time. CBSE (D)-2016,(AI)-2012
[Ans. Let a potential difference is applied across the ends of a conductor as shown.
Electric field produced,

---------(1)

If the physical conditions of conductor such as temperature etc. remains constant then
--------(2)

from (1) , Now, from ( 2)

5. What is Wheatstone bridge ? When is the bridge said to be balanced ? Use Kirchhoff’s rules to obtain conditions for
the balanced condition in a Wheatstone bridge. CBSE(D)-2015
[Ans. Wheatstone bridge : It is an arrangement of four resistances which is used to determine one of these resistance
in terms of the remaining three resistances
Balanced condition : If the resistances in the Wheatstone bridge are so arranged that current in the galvanometer
is zero then the bridge is said to be balanced and in this balanced condition

Proof : In the balanced condition,

Applying Kirchhoff’s loop rule to ABDA

-------(1)
Again applying Kirchhoff’s loop rule to BCDB

-------(2)
from (1) & (2),

6. A particle of charge and mass is moving with velocity . It is subjected to a uniform magnetic field directed
perpendicular to its velocity. Show that it describes a circular path. Obtain the expression for its radius and show that
frequency of revolution is independent of velocity. CBSE (AI)-2014,(F)-2012
[ Ans. Motion of a charged particle in a uniform magnetic field :
Charged particle will experience a force,

As this force acts perpendicular to both & particle will be

deflected sideways continuously without changing its speed and hence
it will move along a circular path. Thus provides centripetal force

i,e,

Now the time period,

& Which is independent of velocity

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7. Using Biot-Savart law, deduce the expression for the magnetic field at a point (x) on the axis of a circular current
carrying loop of radius R. How is the direction of the magnetic field determined at this point ?
[ Ans. Magnetic field due to a current carrying loop at a point on its axis : CBSE (F)-2017,(AI)-2016
According to Biot-Savart’s law the magnetic
field at P due to current element at C

Resolving in to horizontal and vertical

Components, resultant magnetic field at P

For a coil of N turns

Direction of this magnetic field can be determined by the right hand thumb rule

8. With the help of a neat and labelled diagram, explain the principle and working of a moving coil galvanometer.
(i) What is the function of uniform radial field and how is it produced ?
(ii) Why is it necessary to introduce a cylindrical soft iron core inside the coil of a galvanometer ?
CBSE (D)-2017,2015,(F)-2016,2012,(AI)-2014,2010
[ Ans. Moving coil galvanometer : It is a device used to detect small currents in an electric circuit.
Principle :When a current carrying coil is placed in a uniform magnetic
field, it experiences a torque ( = BINA ) which tends
to rotate the coil and produces an angular deflection
Working : When current I is passed in the coil, it experiences
a torque, known as deflecting torque
0
= BINA [ for radial field, = 900 ]

= BINA
This magnetic torque tends to rotate the coil. Spring
provides the counter torque known as restoring torque which
balances this magnetic torque and is given by
’=
Where K is the restoring torque per unit twist or torsional
Constant of the spring

i,e, In equilibrium, = ’
BINA

I=
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Hence, deflection of coil is directly proportional to the current

flowing in the coil which can be measured by the linear scale.

(i) Function of radial magnetic field : It makes the scale of galvanometer linear or I
Production of radial magnetic field : It can be produced by making the pole pieces of the magnet cylindrical in
shape
(ii) Necessity of soft iron core : (i) to increases the strength of the magnetic field hence increases the sensitivity
of the galvanometer, and
(ii) to make the field more radial
==================================================================================
8a.-Define the terms (i) current sensitivity and (ii) Voltage sensitivity of a galvanometer. How is current sensitivity
increased ? CBSE (F)-2016,(AI)-2015
[Ans. (i) Current Sensitivity : It is defined as the deflection produced in the galvanometer, when unit current flowing in it
i,e, Is
(ii) Voltage Sensitivity : It is defined as the deflection produced in the galvanometer, when unit potential difference
is applied across its ends
i,e,
Current sensitivity can be increased by increasing the number of turns
8b.-“Increasing the current sensitivity of a galvanometer may not necessarily increase its voltage sensitivity.” Justify
this statement. CBSE (AI)-2015,2014,2001,(D)-2009
[Ans. Current sensitivity Is & Voltage sensitivity

8c. How is a galvanometer converted into a voltmeter and an ammeter ? Draw the relevant diagrams and find the
resistance of the arrangement in each case. Take resistance of galvanometer as CBSE (AI)-2016
[Ans. (i) Conversion of galvanometer in to Ammeter :
A galvanometer is converted in to an ammeter by connecting a very small resistance (called shunt) in parallel with it.

Effective resistance of ammeter

RA < G always
(ii) Conversion of galvanometer in to Voltmeter :
A galvanometer can be converted in to a voltmeter by connecting a very high resistance in series to it.

Effective resistance of voltmeter

always
===============================================================================

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9a. Which of the following substances are diamagnetic ? CBSE (D)-2013,(AIC)-2009

, , , , and
[Ans. and both are diamagnetic substances
9b. Which of the following substances are paramagnetic ? CBSE (D)-2013
, , , and
[Ans. is a paramagnetic substance
9c. Define the term intensity of magnetization. CBSE (AIC)-2006
[Ans. Intensity of magnetization : It is defined as the magnetic moment per unit volume of the material when placed in a
magnetizing field

9d. Define the term magnetic susceptibility. CBSE (AIC)-2006

[Ans. Magnetic susceptibility : It is defined as the ratio of intensity of magnetization to the magnetizing field
intensity

9e. What is Curie point ? CBSE (AIC)-2001

[Ans. Curie Point : It is the temperature above which a ferromagnetic substance becomes paramagnetic
9f. State Curie law. CBSE (AIC)-2001
[Ans. Curie Law : The susceptibility of a paramagnetic material is inversely proportional to the absolute temperature
i,e,
9g. The permeability of a magnetic material is . Name the type of magnetic material it represents.
[ Ans. As , so the given material is diamagnetic CBSE (D)-2011
9h. The susceptibility of a magnetic material is . Name the type of magnetic material it represents.
[ Ans. As susceptibility is negative, so the given material is diamagnetic CBSE (D)-2011
9i. The susceptibility of a magnetic material is 1.9 X Name the type of magnetic material it represents.
[Ans. As susceptibility is positive, so the given material is Paramagnetic CBSE (D)-2011
9j. How does the intensity of magnetization of a paramagnetic material vary with increasing applied magnetic field ?
[Ans. for small magnetic field, intensity of magnetization increases with magnetic field ( ) CBSE (AIC)-2006
but at strong magnetic field, intensity of magnetization gets saturated and becomes independent of
9k. How does the intensity of magnetization of a paramagnetic sample vary with temperature ? BSE (AI)-2001
[Ans. Intensity of magnetization decreases with increase in temperature
Reason : on increasing the temperature, tendency to disrupt the alignment of atomic dipoles increases
9l. Draw the magnetic field lines distinguishing between diamagnetic and paramagnetic materials. Give a simple
explanation to account for the difference in the magnetic behaviour of these materials.
[Ans. CBSE (DC)-2017,(F)-2016,(AI)-2015,2014

(i) Diamagnetic (ii) Paramagnetic

Explanation : When a diamagnetic material is placed in an external magnetic field, atoms acquire net magnetic
moment opposite to field, and material acquires a slight magnetism in the opposite direction of field.
Hence, magnetic field lines are repelled or expelled.
When a paramagnetic material is placed in an external magnetic field, atomic magnets align themselves
along the field direction and material acquires a slight magnetism in the direction of field. Hence,
magnetic field lines are attracted.

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10. A series circuit is connected to an a.c. source having voltage = . Using phasor diagram, derive
expressions for impedance, instantaneous current and its phase relationship to the applied voltage. Also draw
graphs of and versus for the circuit CBSE (AI)-2016
[ Ans. AC through LCR circuit :
We have the applied a.c. voltage
-------(1)
From phasor diagram

Obviously, effective resistance of the circuit, known as

impedance is given by

Obviously, ----(2)

Where,

From (1) & (2) we conclude that current in the circuit

leads the voltage in phase by .

10a. Define the term power factor. State the condition under which it is (i) maximum and (ii) minimum. CBSE (D)-2010
[ Ans. Power factor : It is the ratio of resistance to the impedance of an a.c. circuit
i,e,
(i) when, , maximum
i,e, when the circuit is purely resistive, power factor is maximum
(ii) when, , minimum
i,e, when the circuit is purely inductive or capacitive, power factor is minimum ]
10b. Define the term ‘Wattless current’. CBSE (AI)-2015, (D)-2011
[ Ans. Wattless current : The current which flows in a circuit without consuming any electrical power is called Watt less
current
In a purely inductive or capacitive circuit,

10c. The power factor of an a.c. circuit is 0.5. What is the phase difference between the voltage and current in the circuit ?
[Ans. Reason : CBSE (AI)-2016
10d. In a series circuit, . What is the value of power factor ? CBSE (AI)-2015
[Ans.

Power factor,

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11. Draw a schematic diagram of a step up/step down transformer. Explain its working principle. Deduce the
expression for the secondary to primary voltage in terms of the number of turns in the two coils.
In an ideal transformer, how is this ratio related to the currents in the two coils ?
CBSE (F)-2017,2012,2009,(AI)-2015,2010,(D)-2016
[ Ans. Transformer : It is an electrical device which, which is used to increase or decrease the voltage in a.c. circuits.
Principle : It is based on the principle of mutual induction, i,e, whenever there is change in magnetic flux
linked with a coil, an emf is induced in the neighbouring coil

Working :
When an alternating voltage is
applied to the primary, magnetic flux linked with
it changes which links to the secondary and
induces an emf in it due to mutual induction.

Back emf induced in Primary

Similarly, emf induced in the secondary

---------(1)

As the primary has negligible resistance, and if secondary is in an

open circuit then , Then from (1) we have

= = = --------(2)

Where, , is called transformation ratio

Now, if the transformer is ideal, then
power input power output

X X = = = It shows that when voltage is stepped-up, the current is

correspondingly reduced in the same ratio, and vice-versa .

11b. Describe briefly any two energy losses, giving the reason of their occurrence in actual transformer. How are these
reduced ? CBSE (D)-2016, (AI)-2015, 2010, (F)-2012, 2009
[ Ans. Energy losses in a transformer :
(i) Copper loss : Energy loss as heat due to resistance of primary and secondary is called copper loss and can be
minimized by using thick copper wires
(ii) Iron loss : Energy loss as heat due to eddy currents in the iron core is called Iron loss and can be reduced by
using a laminated iron core
(iii) Hysteresis loss: Magnetisation of iron core is repeatedly reversed by the alternating magnetic field and
energy is lost in the form of heat in the core. This is called hysteresis loss and can be
minimized by using a core of a material having low hysteresis loop.
(iv) Flux leakage : There is always some flux leakage; i,e, all of the flux due to primary does not passes through
the secondary. It can be minimized by winding primary and secondary coils one over the other
11c. How is the transformer used in large scale transmission and distribution of electrical energy over long distances ?
CBSE (AI)-2016,2010,2008,(AIC)-2014,(F)-2009
[ Ans. (a) output voltage of the power generator is stepped-up so that current is reduced and as a result, line loss I2R is
also reduced
(b) It is then transmitted over long distances to an area sub-station, where voltage is stepped down.

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12a. Name the following constituent radiations of electromagnetic spectrum which- CBSE (AI)-2016,2005
(i) are used in satellite communication/in radar and geostationary satellite CBSE (D) -2010, 2004
(ii) are used for studying crystal structure of solids CBSE (AI)-2007, (F)-2012,2005
(iii) are similar to the radiations emitted during decay of radioactive nuclei CBSE (AI)-2005, (AIC)-2005
(iv) used for water purification/ are absorbed from sunlight by ozone layer CBSE (AI)-2007, (F)-2005
[ Ans. (i) microwaves (ii) x- rays (iii) - rays (iv) UV rays
==============================================================================
12b. Name the following constituent radiations of electromagnetic spectrum which- CBSE (AI)-2016,2005
(i) has its wavelength range between 390 nm to 770 nm CBSE (AI)-2005, (AIC)-2005
(ii) produce intense heating effect/ used in warfare to look through fog CBSE (AI)-2007, (F)-2005
(iii) are used for radar systems used in aircraft navigation CBSE (D)-2015,(F)-2012,(AI)-2007
[ Ans. (i) visible light (ii) Infrared rays (iii) microwaves
=============================================================================
12c. Name the following constituent radiations of electromagnetic spectrum which-
(i) are adjacent to the low frequency end of electromagnetic spectrum CBSE (F)-2010
(ii) produced by nuclear reactions/used to destroy cancer cells/treatment of cancer CBSE (F)-2010
(iii) produced by bombarding a metal target by high speed electrons. CBSE (AI)-2016, (F)-2009
(iv) maintains the earth’s warmth/ used in remote sensing CBSE (F) -2012 ,(AI) -2007
[ Ans. (i) microwaves (ii) - rays (iii) x- rays (iv) Infrared rays
==============================================================================
12d. Which constituent radiations of electromagnetic spectrum is used - CBSE (F)-2004
(i) in Radar
(ii) in photographs of internal parts of human body/as a diagnostic tool in medicine CBSE (D) -2015
(iii) for taking photographs of sky, during night and fog conditions. CBSE (D)-2004
(iv) has the largest penetrating power CBSE (D) -2010, 2004
Give reason for your answer in each case.
[ Ans. (i) microwaves because they go straight and are not absorbed by the atmosphere
(ii) x- rays because they can penetrate light elements (flesh)
(iii) Infrared rays, because they penetrate fog and are not absorbed by the atmosphere
(iv) as they have the highest frequency and hence highest energy
==============================================================================
12e. Electromagnetic waves with wavelengths- CBSE (Sample Paper)-2009
(i) are used to treat muscular strain CBSE (D) -2015
(ii) are used by a F.M. radio station for broadcasting
(iii) are used to detect fractures in bones CBSE (D) -2015
(iv) are absorbed by ozone layer of the atmosphere CBSE (D) -2010, 2004
Identify the name and part of electromagnetic spectrum to which these radiations belong. Arrange these
wavelengths in order of magnitude.
[ Ans. (i) Infrared rays (ii) radio waves (iii) x- rays (iv) UV rays, , ,> >
=================================================================================
12f. Identify the electromagnetic waves whose wavelength vary as and also write one use for each. CBSE (AI)-2017
(i) (ii)
[Ans. (i) X-rays/ s used for medical purposes/ nuclear reactions (ii) Microwaves used for radar systems
12g. Identify the electromagnetic waves whose wavelength vary as and also write one use for each. CBSE (AI)-2017
(i) (ii)
[Ans. (i) X-rays/ used for medical purposes/ nuclear reactions
(ii) Infrared/ visible used for muscular treatment/ vision

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13. What is total internal reflection of light ? CBSE (AI)-2016,2001

[Ans. Total internal reflection : When a ray of light travelling from denser to a rarer medium is incident on the
interface at an angle greater than the critical angle, it is totally reflected back in to the denser medium. This
phenomenon is called total internal reflection of light.
13a. State the conditions for the phenomenon of total internal reflection to occur. BSE (AI)-2016,(D)-2010
[Ans. Conditions for TIR :
(i) light ray must travel from denser to a rarer medium
(ii) angle of incidence must be greater than the critical angle ( )
13b. Name one phenomenon which is based on total internal reflection. CBSE (AI)-2016
[ Ans. Mirage/ sparkling of diamond/ optical fibre/ totally reflecting prisms
13c. Can total internal reflection occur when light goes from rarer to a denser medium ? CBSE (D)-2007
[Ans. No
13d. Define critical angle.What is the relationbetween refractive index & critical angle for a given pair of optical media ?
[Ans. Critical angle : The angle of incidence in the denser medium for which the angle of refraction in the rarer medium
is is called critical angle. CBSE (AI)-2009
Relation :
13e. When light travels from an optically denser medium to a rarer medium, why does the critical angle of incidence
depend on the colour/wavelength of light ? CBSE (AI)-2015,2009
[Ans. =
As . Hence critical angle would also be different for different colours/wavelengths of light
13f. What is the critical angle for a material of refractive index ? CBSE (AI)-2010
[Ans. 620. Velocity of light in glass is and in air is .
If the ray of light passes from glass to air, calculate the value of critical angle. CBSE (F)-2015
[Ans.

= =
13g. Calculate the speed of light in a medium whose critical angle is CBSE (AI)-2012,2010
[Ans. Now,

13h. In the following ray diagram, calculate the speed of light in the liquid of unknown refractive index. CBSE (AIC)-2017
[ Ans.

13i. Draw a ray diagram to show how a right angled isosceles prism can be used to- CBSE (AI)-2015,(DC)-2001
(i) deviate a light ray through (i) , (ii) deviate a light ray through to obtain the inverted image
(iii) to invert an image without the deviation of the rays ?
[ Ans. (i) (ii) (iii)

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14. A concave mirror produces a real and magnified image of an object kept in front of it. Draw a ray diagram to show
The image formation and use it to derive the mirror equation. CBSE (AI)-2015
[ Ans. Derivation of mirror formula:
and are similar

= -----------(1)

and are also similar

= ----------(2)

from equation (1) and (2)

=
–
= = =

Dividing by on both sides we get, = +

==================================================================================

14a. (i) Draw a labelled ray diagram to show the image formation by an astronomical telescope in normal adjustment.
(ii) Define magnifying power of an astronomical telescope in normal adjustment (i,e, when the final image is formed at infinity).
(iii) Derive the expression for its magnifying power in normal adjustment.
[ Ans. CBSE (AI)-2017,2016,(F)-2016,2009

Magnifying power : It is defined as the ratio of the angle subtended at the eye by the final image to the angle
subtended at the eye by the object, when both are at infinity

===========================================================================

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PHYSICS CLASS-XII REVISION FOR AISSCE-2024

14b. (i) Draw a labelled ray diagram of an astronomical telescope when the final image is formed at least distance of
distinct vision.
(ii) Define its magnifying power and deduce the expression for the magnifying power of telescope.
[ Ans. CBSE (F)-2015,2014,(AI)-2013

Magnifying power : It is defined as the ratio of the angle subtended at the eye by the image at the least distance of
the distinct vision to the angle subtended at the eye by the object at infinity, when seen directly

= -------(1)
But for eye lens,

from (1), =

14c. (i) Draw a schematic diagram of a reflecting telescope. State the advantages of reflecting telescope over refracting telescope.
(ii) What is its magnifying power ? CBSE (AI)-2016,2015,(D)-2016,2009
[Ans. Advantages of reflecting telescope
(i) No chromatic aberration
(ii) No spherical aberration
(iii) Brighter image
(iv) large magnifying power
(v) High resolving power

14d. You are given the following three lenses. Which two lenses will you use as an eyepiece and as an objective to
construct a compound microscope ? Give reason. CBSE (AI)-2017

[Ans. Objective lens : Lens Eye piece : Lens

Reason : Objective of a microscope should have small aperture and smallest focal length eye piece of a
microscope should have small aperture and small focal length (but longer focal length than aperture

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15. Derive expression for the lens maker’s formula using necessary ray diagrams. CBSE (AI)-2016,2014,2012,2011
=
Also state the assumptions in deriving the above relation and the sign conventions used.
[ Ans. For the refraction at the interface ABC,

= ---------(1)

For the refraction at ADC, image will act as an

imaginary object and if the lens is very thin, then

= ---------(2)

on adding (1) & (2) we get

=

But when then

=

Assumptions used :
(i) lens used is very thin.
(ii) Aperture of the lens is very small
(iii) Object is a point object placed at the principal axis.
(iv) All the rays are paraxial.
New Cartesian sign conventions used :
(i) All distances are measured from the optical centre of the lens
(ii) Distances measured in the direction of incident ray are positive
(iii) Distances measured in the opposite direction of incident ray are negative.

15a. A biconvex lens made of transparent material of refractive index 1.25 is immersed in water of refractive index
1.33. Will the lens behave a converging or diverging lens ? Give reason. CBSE (AI)-2014
[Ans. Diverging lens.
Reason : As ve 0
15b. A biconvex lens made of transparent material of refractive index 1.5 is immersed in water of refractive index 1.33.
Will the lens behave a converging or diverging lens ? Give reason. CBSE (AI)-2014
[Ans. Converging lens.
Reason : As ve 0
15c. A convex lens made up of glass of refractive index 1.5 is dipped, in turn, in CBSE (AI)-2011
(i) a medium of refractive index 1.65, (ii) a medium of refractive index 1.33
Will the lens behave a converging or diverging lens in the two cases ? Give reason.
[Ans. (i) Diverging lens.
Reason : As ve 0
(ii) Converging lens.
Reason : As ve 0

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PHYSICS CLASS-XII REVISION FOR AISSCE-2024

16. Define a wavefront. How is it different from a ray ? CBSE (AI)-2017,2016,2015,2010,(D)-2013,2011

[ Ans. Wavefront : Continuous locus of all the particles of a medium vibrating in the same phase is called wavefront
Difference from a ray :
(i) A ray is always normal to the wavefront at each point.
(ii) A ray gives the direction of propagation of light wave while the wavefront is the surface of constant phase

16a. State Huygen’s principle. CBSE (AI)-2016,2015,2010,2006,(D)-2013,2011,2008

[ Ans. Huygen’s Principle :
(i) Each point on the wave front acts as a fresh source of new disturbance,
called secondary wavelets, which spread
out in all directions with the same velocity as that of the original wave
(ii) The forward envelope of these secondary
wavelets drawn at any instant, gives the shape
and position of new wave front at that instant

16b. Using Huygen’s construction draw a figure showing the propagation of a plane wavefront reflecting at a plane
surface. Show that the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection. CBSE (D)-2008,2003
[ Ans. Explanation of reflection on the basis of Huygen’s wave theory
Let a plane wavefront AB is incident on a reflecting surface XY as shown. By the Huygens’s principle, in the
time disturbance reaches from B to C, secondary wavelets from A must have spread over a hemisphere of radius
AD = BC = ct. Hence tangent CD be the reflected wavefront

In ABC & ADC,

AC = common
= = 900
AD = BC = c t
ABC ADC
=
16c. Use Huygens’ principle to verify the laws of refraction. CBSE (AI)-2017
OR
Derive Snell’s law on the basis of Huygen’s wave theory when light is travelling from a rarer to a denser medium/
Denser to rarer medium. CBSE (AI)-2016,2015,2006,2002,(D)-2013,2011,2008,2005 (AIC)-2011
[ Ans. Explanation of refraction on the basis of Huygen’s wave theory

Let a plane wavefront AB is incident on a refracting surface XY as shown. By the Huygens’s principle,
in the time disturbance reaches from B to C, secondary wavelets from A must have spread over a hemisphere
of radius t. Hence tangent CD be the refracted wavefront

Obviously, = = = = constant
This is Snell’s law of refraction.

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PHYSICS CLASS-XII REVISION FOR AISSCE-2024

17. When a parallel beam of monochromatic source of light of wavelength is incident on a single slit of width ,
show how the diffraction pattern is formed at the screen by the interference of the wavelets from the slit.
(i) Show that, besides the central maximum at , secondary maxima are observed at & minima at
(ii) Show that angular width of central maximum is twice the angular width of secondary maximum and hence find the relation for
linear width of central maximum. CBSE (F)-2017,2016,2013,2012,2011,(AI)-2016,2014,(D)-2012
[ Ans. When a parallel beam of monochromatic light is incident on a single slit, By the Huygen’s principle, secondary wavelets
from each point on the slit superpose on each other and diffraction pattern is obtained on the screen.

Central maximum : Wavelets from any two corresponding points of the two halves of the slit reach the central point in the
same phase to produce maxima . The entire incident wavefront contributes to this central maxima
Positions of minima :
Path difference, a
Wavelets from upper half of the slit and the corresponding points in the lower half is received with path difference at P.
Thus destructive interference takes place and we get first minimum.
i,e, for first secondary minimum
a
for secondary minimum ,
a where = 1,2,3,-------
If is very small then for secondary minima

Positions of secondary maxima :

Dividing the slit in to three equal parts, wavelets from two parts will meet with phase difference
each and produce destructive interference and the wavelets from third part will produce first secondary maximum
i,e, for first secondary maximum
a
for secondary maximum
a where = 1,2,3,-------
If is very small then for secondary maxima

Width of central maximum :

for the first minima,
& for the second minima,
linear width of first minimum =D =
Angular width of central maximum

Angular width of secondary maxima Angular width of central maxima

linear width of central maxima

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PHYSICS CLASS-XII REVISION FOR AISSCE-2024

18. (i) Using photon picture of light, show how Einstein’s photoelectric equation can be established.
(ii) Write three salient features observed in photoelectric effect which can be explained using this equation.
CBSE (AI)-2017,2013,(D)-2012
[ Ans. (i) In the photon picture, energy of light is assumed to be in the form of photons, each carrying an energy
Einstein assumed that-
(a) Photoelectric emission is the result of interaction of a photon of incident radiation and a bound electron of
metal surface
(b) When a photon falls on a metal surface, the energy of a photon is completely absorbed by an electron and is
partly used as work function and rest is carried as its kinetic energy
i,e, , W
W [ W ]

( ) This is Einstein’s photoelectric equation

(ii) Three salient features explained by the Einstein’s photoelectric equation
(a) Existence of threshold frequency In the equation ( )
If , will be negative, which is not possible. Hence must be greater than
(b) The K.E. of photoelectrons is independent of intensity of incident light.
(c) The K.E. of photoelectrons increases with the frequency of incident light
18a. (i) Plot a graph showing the variation of photoelectric current with intensity of light.
(ii) Show the variation of photocurrent with collector plate potential for different intensity but same frequency of incident radiation
(iii) Show the variation of photocurrent with collector plate potential for different frequency but same intensity of incident radiation
[ Ans. CBSE (F) -2016,(D)-2014,(AI)-2010,(AIC)-2011
(i) (ii) (iii)

18b. The work function for the following metals is given : CBSE (F)-2016
: and :
(i) Which of these will not give photoelectron emission from a radiation of wavelength 3300 A0 from a laser beam ?
(ii) What happens if the source of laser beam is brought closer ?

[ Ans. (i) for 3300 A0, energy of photon, 3.75 4.175 eV

Hence Mo will not give photoelectric emission as W

(ii) In case of Na, photocurrent will increase but in case of Mo no effect

18c. A proton and an have the same de-Broglie wavelength. Determine the ratio of-
(i) their accelerating potentials, and (ii) their speeds. CBSE (D) -2015, (DC)-2009
[ Ans. (i) & = same

= X = X 8:1

(ii) = = = 4:1

SUNEEL KUMAR VISHWAKARMA PGT(PHYSICS) [email protected]

PHYSICS CLASS-XII REVISION FOR AISSCE-2024

19. State Bohr’s quantization condition for defining stationary orbits. CBSE (D)-2016,(D)-2012,(F)-2010
[Ans. Bohr’s quantization condition : electrons can revolve only in those orbits in which their angular momentum is an
integral multiple of

i, e, where
These orbits are called stationary orbits and electrons do not radiate energy while revolving in these orbits
19a. State Bohr postulate of hydrogen atom that gives the relationship for the frequency of emitted photon in a
transition. OR CBSE (F)-2016
State Bohr’s postulate of hydrogen atom which successfully explains emission lines in the spectrum of hydrogen atom.
[Ans. Bohr’s postulate of transition : CBSE (AI)-2015, (D)-2013
When an electron makes a transition from higher to lower energy level ,
a photon is emitted which have the energy equal to the energy difference of two levels.
i, e, = This equation is called Bohr’s frequency condition
19b. Using Bohr’s postulates, derive the expression for the total energy of the electron in the stationary states of the
hydrogen atom. Hence, derive the expression for the orbital velocity and orbital period of the electron moving in the orbit of
hydrogen atom. CBSE (F)-2017,2014,2012,2011,(AI)-2015,2014,2013,(D)-2013
[Ans. Bohr’s theory of H-atom :
As the electrostatic force of attraction between electron and nucleus
provides the necessary centripetal force

i,e,

------------(1)

According to Bohr’s quantum condition

-----------(2)
on squaring eqn (2) and dividing by eqn (1) we get

=
For -atom & for innermost orbit ,

= = 0.53 . This is called Bohr’s orbit

Energy of electron in stationary orbits
K.E. of electron, ( ) [ ]

& P.E.

total energy of electron ( )

= ( ) Where, = 1.097 X
7 -1
10 m and is called Rydberg’s
= ( )x = ( )= constant.

For H- atom

SUNEEL KUMAR VISHWAKARMA PGT(PHYSICS) [email protected]

PHYSICS CLASS-XII REVISION FOR AISSCE-2024

19d. Draw a plot of binding energy per nucleon (B.E/A) as a function of mass number A.
(a) Write salient features of this curve.
(b) Write two important conclusions that can be drawn regarding the nature of nuclear force.
(c) Use this graph to explain the release of energy in both the processes of nuclear fission and fusion.
CBSE (AI)-2016,2013,2011,2009,2004,2001 (AIC)-2006,2004,(F)-2008,2005,(D)-2006,2004
[Ans. Binding energy curve :
(a) Salient features :
(i) BE per nucleon ( ) is practically constant
(independent of ) for the nuclei of middle
mass number (30 A 170).
Maximum is about 8.75 MeV for
thus is most stable.
For A = 238 drops to 7.6 MeV.

(ii) Average B.E. per nucleon is very small for both

light nuclei and heavy nuclei ,
so these nuclei are less stable.
(b) Conclusions/Importance of BE curve :
(i) Nuclear force is attractive and sufficiently strong to produce BE of a few MeV per nucleon
(ii) Constancy of BE curve in the range 30 A 170 is a due to the fact that nuclear force is short – ranged.
(c) Release of energy in fission & fusion :
(i) When a heavy nucleus undergoes nuclear fission, the BE per nucleon of product nuclei is more than that of the
original nucleus. This means that the nucleons get more tightly bound. Hence, there is release of energy.
(ii) When two very light nuclei (A 10) undergoes nuclear fusion, the BE per nucleon of product nucleus becomes
more than that of the original lighter nuclei. This means that the nucleons in the final nucleus get more
tightly bound. Hence, there is release of energy.
19e. What are nuclear forces ? State any two characteristic properties of nuclear forces.
CBSE (AIC)-2017,(AI)-2015,2012,2011,2008,2007
[Ans. Nuclear Forces ; Very short range strongest attractive forces, which firmly hold the nucleons together inside a
nucleus, are called nuclear forces.
Properties: (i) very short range, strongest attractive forces.
(ii) charge independent.
(iii) non-central forces
(iv) do not obey inverse square law
19f. A neutron is absorbed by a nucleus with the subsequent emission of an alpha particle. Write the
corresponding nuclear reaction. Calculate the energy released in this nuclear reaction. CBSE (AI)-2006,(D)-2005
OR
Calculate the energy released in the following nuclear reaction CBSE (AI)-2006,2002,(D)-2005,2003
[Ans. 4.78 MeV]
[ mass of = 1.008665 u, mass of = 6.015126 u, mass of = 4.002603 u, mass of = 3.016049 u ]
[Ans. [ ( ( –{ ( ( )] [6.015126 1.008665 – {4.002603 3.016049}]

0.005138
Q 0.005138 X 931 = 4.78 MeV

SUNEEL KUMAR VISHWAKARMA PGT(PHYSICS) [email protected]

PHYSICS CLASS-XII REVISION FOR AISSCE-2024

20. Distinguish between a conductor, an insulator and a semiconductor on the basis of energy band diagrams.
CBSE (AI)-2016,2008,2006,(D)-2010,2006,2005,(F)-2003
[Ans. Distinction between Conductors (metals), insulators and semiconductors on the basis of Energy bands

20a. What is p-n junction ? Explain briefly, with the help of suitable diagram, how a p-n junction is formed.
Define the term Potential barrier and depletion region.
CBSE (D)-2017,2014,2010,2006,(AI)-2016,2015,2012,2009,2003,(F)-2015,2009,2006
[Ans. p-n junction : When a semiconductor crystal is so prepared that, it’s one half is p-type and other is n-type, then
the contact surface dividing the two halves, is called p-n junction
Formation of p-n junction : potential barrier & depletion region
Diffusion and drift are the two important processes involved during the formation of a p-n junction
Due to different concentration gradient of the
charge carriers on two sides of the junction,
electrons from starts moving towards
and holes start moving from
to . This process is called .
Due to diffusion, positive space charge
region is created on the of the
junction and negative space charge region is
created on the of the junction. Hence
an electric field called Junction field is set up
from to which forces the
minority charge carriers to cross the junction.
This process is called Drift.
The potential difference developed across the p-n junction
due to diffusion of majority charge carriers, which prevents the
further movement of majority charge carriers through it, is called
potential barrier. For Si, VB = 0.7 V and for Ge, VB =0.3 V
The small space charge region on either side of the p-n junction, which becomes depleted from mobile
charge carriers is known as depletion region ( m)

SUNEEL KUMAR VISHWAKARMA PGT(PHYSICS) [email protected]

PHYSICS CLASS-XII REVISION FOR AISSCE-2024

20b. Draw the circuit diagram for studying the V-I characteristics of a p-n junction diode in (i) forward bias and (ii) reverse bias.
Draw the typical V-I characteristics of a silicon diode. SE (AI)-2015,2014,2013,2010,2009,(D)-2014
[ Ans. V-I characteristics : A graph showing the variation of current through a p-n junction with the voltage applied
across it, is called the voltage – current (V-I) characteristics of that p-n junction.

For different values of voltages, the value of the current is noted. A graph between V and I is obtained as in fig.
This V-I graph shows that -
(i) At a certain forward bias voltage, current increases rapidly showing the linear variation. This voltage is known as
knee voltage or threshold voltage or cut-in voltage.
(ii) The ratio of change in forward voltage to the change in forward current is called dynamic resistance (rd)
i,e, rd = Ω
(iii) Under reverse bias, the current is very small (~μA) and remains almost constant. However, when reverse bias
voltage reaches a high value, reverse current suddenly increases. This voltage is called Zener breakdown voltage

20c. Draw a labelled circuit diagram of a junction diode as a full wave rectifier. Explain its underlying principle and working.
Depict the input and output wave forms. CBSE (AI)-2017,2015,2011,2006,(D)-2012,2009,(F)-2009,2005
[Ans. Full wave rectifier

During the positive half cycle of a.c. input signal, diode gets forward biased and conducts while being
reverse biased does not conducts. Hence, there is a current in due to diode and we get an output voltage.
During the negative half cycle of ac input signal, diode gets reverse biased and does not conduct while
being forward biased conducts. Hence, now there is a current in due to diode and again we get an output voltage.
Thus, we get output voltage for complete cycle of a.c. input signal in the same direction
20d. Which characteristic property makes the junction diode suitable for rectification ? CBSE (AI)-2015
[ Ans. A p-n junction diode allows current to pass only when it is forward biased
20e. Frequency of an a.c. input signal is . What is the output frequency of a - CBSE (AIC)-2010
(i) Half wave rectifier (ii) Full wave rectifier
[ Ans. (i) (ii)
20f. Determine the ac dynamic resistance of diode if current varies from 4 to 19 mA and voltage changes from 0.65 to 0.725 V?

Ans. rd =
ΔV = 0.725 – 0.65 = 0.075 V ΔI= 19 – 4 = 15 mA

rd = = 5Ω

SUNEEL KUMAR VISHWAKARMA PGT(PHYSICS) [email protected]

 Minimum Learning Question in Physics
Class: XII
SESSION : 2023-24

1.State Gauss’s law of electrostatics. Using this derive electric field at near a long wire of linear
charge density λ Also derive expression due to infinitely large thin sheet near it if it is uniformly
charged with surface charge density 𝝈.

Ans. It states Total electric flux passing through closed gaussian surface is always given by the total
charged enclosed divided by permittivity of the medium.

𝑞𝑖𝑛
∅=
∈𝑜

Applications of Gauss’s Law

Electric field due to Uniformly charged Straight wire
Suppose we take a uniformly charged straight wire with a linear charge density λ and Length (L). We
would assume a cylindrical Gaussian surface to calculate the electric field. The electric flux across the
end of the cylindrical surface would be zero because the electric field E is circular in direction. This is
because the area vector and the electric field are perpendicular. It is seen that the electric field is
upright to each point of the curved surface; it can be said that it has a constant magnitude.

If 2πrl gives the surface area of the cylindrical surface, then the electric flux through the curve would
be

E × 2πrl

According to Gauss’s Law

Φ = q/ εo E × 2πrl = λl/ εo

E = λ / 2π εo r

It must be remembered that if the charge of linear density is positive, then the direction of the electric
field would be radially outward.

Electric field because of Uniformly charged Infinite plate sheet:

If we consider a uniformly charged infinite plate sheet that has a surface charge density σ with a
cross-sectional area A. The infinite charges sheet will cause the direction of the electric field to be

Dr. Pankaj Kumar Sinha PGT (Physics) KVS

1
perpendicular to the plane of the sheet. If we take a cylindrical Gaussian surface that has its axis
normal to the plane of the sheet, So by Gauss’s Law:

2EA = σ A/ ε0

E = σ / 2 ε0

The unit vector, which is expected to surface 1, is in the –x-direction, and the unit vector, which is
expected to surface two, would be in the +x direction. Hence, the fluxes from both the surfaces would
be equal and add up. So, the total flux through the Gaussian surface would be 2 EA. The closed
surface enclosing the charge is σ A.

Electric Field because of a uniformly charged thin spherical shell:

If we assume a thin spherical shell with radius R and σ is its uniform surface charge density, At any
point P, whether inside or outside, the field may depend only on r, and it should be radial.

**The field outside the shell:

Suppose we consider a point P outside the shell with a radius vector r. In order to calculate E, at point
P, we would take the Gaussian surface that is a sphere with radius r, and its centre is O which would
pass through P. Every point on this sphere is equally relative to the configuration of the given charge.
At every point of the Gaussian surface, the electric field would have the same intensity E and is radial
at each point.

So, E and ΔS would be parallel at every point, and the flux through every element would be E ΔS.
The flux across the Gaussian surface would be E × 4 πε0 r2, and σ × 4 π R2 is the charge enclosed in
it

2.(i) An electric dipole is held in a uniform electric field. Using suitable diagram show that it does
not undergo any translatory motion. Derive the expression for the torque acting on it.
(ii) What would happen if the field in non-uniform ?
(iii) What would happen if the external electric field is increasing.
Ans:

3.Derive an expression for the electric field E due to a dipole of length ‘2a’ at a point distant r from
dipole centre (i) on the axial line (ii) on equatorial line.

answer

Dr. Pankaj Kumar Sinha PGT (Physics) KVS

2
4.(a)Draw equipotential surfaces for (i)an electric dipole and (ii) two identical positive charges
placed near each other.
(b) In a parallel plate capacitor with air between the plates, each plate has an area of 6 x 10-3m2
and the separation between the plates is 3 mm.
(i) Calculate the capacitance of the capacitor.
(ii) If the capacitor is connected to 100V supply, what would be the the charge on each plate?
(iii) How would charge on the plate be affected if a 3 mm thick mica sheet of k=6 is inserted
between the plates while the voltage supply remains connected ?.
Ans:

Dr. Pankaj Kumar Sinha PGT (Physics) KVS

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5.Derive expression for the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor hence derive energy stored in
a capacitor.
Ans:
Formula used: C=Q/V
Here C is capacitance
!,

Q is charge
!, ,

V is potential difference

Let the two plates be parallel be each other each carrying a surface charge
density +σ and −σ respectively. A is the area of the plates and d is the separation between
them. The electric field of a thin charged plate is given by
E=σ/2ϵ0

Dr. Pankaj Kumar Sinha PGT (Physics) KVS

4
and is directed normally outwards from the plate. The total electric field between the two
plates is given as

Energy stored in a capacitor is defined as the work done to bring charges at plates
of a capacitor . it is stored as electrostatic energy in the form of electric field.
6. (a) Explain the term drift velocity of electrons in a conductor .Hence obtain the expression for
the current through a conductor in terms of drift velocity.
(b) State the two Kirchhoff’s rules used in the analysis of electric circuits and explain them.
(c) Derive the equation of the balanced state in a Wheatstone bridge using Kirchhoff’s laws.

The average velocity attained by charged particles, (eg. electrons) in a

material due to an electric field.

Dr. Pankaj Kumar Sinha PGT (Physics) KVS

5
7.What is Galvanometer. Define the terms Current sensitivity and Voltage sensitivity.How to
convert a galvanometer into Ammeter and voltmeter.

Dr. Pankaj Kumar Sinha PGT (Physics) KVS

6
A moving coil galvanometer is an instrument which is used to detect electric currents.

Working Principle:

Current Sensitivity
The deflection θ per unit current I is known as current sensitivity θ/I
θ/I = BAN/k
Voltage Sensitivity
The deflection θ per unit voltage is known as Voltage sensitivity θ/V. Dividing both sides by V in
the equation θ= (BAN / k)I;
θ/V= (nAB /V k)I = (BAN / k)(I/V) = (nAB /k)(1/R)
R stands for the effective resistance in the circuit.
It is worth noting that voltage sensitivity = Current sensitivity/ Resistance of the coil. Therefore,
under the condition that R remains constant; voltage sensitivity ∝ Current sensitivity.

Figure of Merit of a Galvanometer

It is the ratio of the full-scale deflection current and the number of graduations on the scale of the
instrument. It also the reciprocal of the current sensitivity of a galvanometer.
F.O.M =K/BAN
Factors Affecting Sensitivity Of A Galvanometer
a) Number of turns in the coil
b) Area of the coil
c) Magnetic field strength B
d) The magnitude of couple per unit twist k/Nab
8.Define Ferromagnetic,Paramagnetic and Diamagnetic substance .Give its minimum three
properties .
Ans:
The magnetic susceptibility of a material is the property used for the classification of materials
into Diamagnetic, Paramagnetic, and Ferromagnetic substances. The material is Diamagnetic if
the value of χ is small and negative, Paramagnetic if the value of χ is small and positive
and Ferromagnetic if the value is large and positive. In this article, we will learn more about
these substances and how they are classified on the basis of their susceptibility.

Dr. Pankaj Kumar Sinha PGT (Physics) KVS

7
 Dia Para Ferro
Diamagnetic substances Paramagnetic substances are Ferromagnetic substances
have a tendency to move those substances that get are those substances that
from the stronger part to the weakly magnetized in the when it’s placed in an
weaker part of the external presence of an external external magnetic field, get
magnetic field. We can also magnetic field. In the strongly magnetized. Also,
say that the diamagnetic presence of an external they tend to move from a
substances get repelled by a magnetic field, these region of weak to the region
magnet. substances tend to move of a strong magnetic field and
Example: Copper, Zinc, from a region of a weak to a get strongly attracted to a
Silver, Gold. strong magnetic field. In other magnet.
terms, we can say that these Example: Iron, Cobalt, Nickel
substances tend to get
weakly attracted to a
permanent magnet.
Example: Tungsten,
Titanium, Sodium,
Aluminium.

Magnetic susceptibility is Magnetic susceptibility is Magnetic susceptibility is

small and Negative. small and positive. large and positive.
Relative permeability is Relative permeability is Relative permeability is
smaller than 1. greater than 1 but very greater than 2.
smaller than two.

9.State Ampere’s circuital law. Derive the expression for magnetic field due to a straight long
current carrying conductor.
Ans:

10.What is AC generator. Give its principle construction and working.

Ans:
AC generator is a device used to convert electrical energy to mechanical energy .

Dr. Pankaj Kumar Sinha PGT (Physics) KVS

8
Principal: Electromagnetic Induction.

11.Find the expression for force between two parallel current carrying straight conductors of
currents I1 and I2 separated by a distance r.Hence define ampere.
Ans:

Dr. Pankaj Kumar Sinha PGT (Physics) KVS

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12.State Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic induction .Derive expression for mutual induction for a
pair of solenoids .
Ans:

Mutual inductance for a pair solenoid

13.Give principle construction and working of a transformer.write four energy loses in it.
Ans:

Dr. Pankaj Kumar Sinha PGT (Physics) KVS

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14.Write spectrum Electromagnetic waves with increasing wavelength (decreasing
frequency).Give their sources and applications.
Ans:

SL.NO. NAME OF EM SOURCES APPLICATION

WAVES(Decreasing frequency or
increasing wavelength)
1 Υ-rays unstable nuclei or used to destroy
nuclear reactions cancer
cells/treatment of
cancer
2 X-rays Collision of fast used for studying
moving electrons crystal structure of
with hard target solids,Medical
treatment etc
3 Ultra-violet rays Transition of for water
electrons to ground purification/ are
state absorbed from
sunlight by ozone
layer
4 Visible rays Electrons To see or other
transitions uses
5 Infra-red rays Electron transitions produce intense
or vibrations of heating effect/
atoms or molecules used in warfare to
look through fog,
remote sensing.
6 Micro waves Rotation of atoms used in satellite
or molecules communication/in
radar and
geostationary
satellite
7 Radio waves Due to accelerated Radio or tv
motion of charges. communication

15.Derive Lens Makers formula and lens formula.

A biconvex lens made of a transparent material of refractive index 1.25 is immersed in water of
refractive index 1.33. Will the lens behave as a converging or a diverging lens? Justify your answer.

Ans:

Dr. Pankaj Kumar Sinha PGT (Physics) KVS

11
And from above equations we can say that
1/v -1/u. = 1/f
This is called lens formula.
After imerging in water it will behave as diverting lens because the refractive index of lens becomes
smaller compared to its surrounding medium water.
17. You are given the following three lenses. Which two lenses will you use as an eyepiece and as
an objective to construct an astronomical telescope ? Give reason.

Ans:

18.a) Write two points of difference between an interference pattern and a diffraction pattern.
b) State Huygen’s principle .Use this to prove Law of reflection and Law of reflection

Dr. Pankaj Kumar Sinha PGT (Physics) KVS

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Dr. Pankaj Kumar Sinha PGT (Physics) KVS
13
19.Draw a ray diagram of a reflecting type telescope. State two advantages of this telescope over
a refracting telescope.
Ans:

Advantages:
(i) Parabolic mirror is used to minimise the spherical aberration.
(ii) No chromatic aberration occurs.
(iii) Light mechanical support is required, because mirror weighs much less than a lens of equivalent
optical quality.
20.Give Properties of nuclear force.Draw binding energy curve .
Ans:
i.Short ranged force.
ii.independent of charge & mass.
iii.It is attractive in nature.
iv.It may be repulsive between nucleons for a distance smaller than 80 fm.otherwise attractive.
v.beyond nucleus it becomes saturated

Dr. Pankaj Kumar Sinha PGT (Physics) KVS

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.

21.what is full wave rectifier.Give its circuit diagram and working.

Ans:

Dr. Pankaj Kumar Sinha PGT (Physics) KVS

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