1.

'J(H1'"0duc.Hon.
~
-lo . R.f g ' .
Jnd,a.. mnks tfrst posrHon. i'n k rm g ot populaftofl- +ha.:t

a.ceountS . : -to I~"/• of worlds ovtral/ populaf.ro rt. The- 1f1 c rea1t fn.,

standard of lfvrnd an& popu.l.ab'oYL m 'Jndf0v rn fhe consumpv'o n of

e1ldri'caJ e.ne,r~~ mallf.S 3rd fla.~e fn +ne. ~loba.l uff(7-ia.t?on. .

. -fts .fo.rrfl -ftu.ls lfl<.e.. coal, 1cu? -fu.ej9 resouras are. dLpfet,'nr Q(ld,
1 CU'ld s?nce,
cre.a.tfrtr more . poputa-Hoi ca.usfn -the, 1lohal c.0arm ni
3
-fhe u1..e.r~~ cleman.d is incre.asrn~ "CUJ b~ clcua·
Se? -the WQ,r~~ productlon, ~m. _-the_ R~s- btcomes -tVIL best
ge~H~n ~n #ie. present condrt:i°orL . 1he.. RES · a re.. non - e'X.haustfble. f-t is
Jpa,n, «n& 1re.e.n me.r1t _ _
Gtricl S~ppl~ Eltebferf<J :
Gt-nd suppl~ rs ~on.u.utu:l -#rorn {he, py{ma1 . _source._,
-rnovfnf _-the. condu~r ~,,_. -#i.e.. rrllUf ru·h°c .-ffilcl ( farcl.cuJ 's eJkc-tJ
- P~otovo tta.Pc ~uuxa.Hon, w~h.. sun!Y~h--t [ PV iHtcl-] . ,

- c.hemrcaJ --traruJ-ormolforL· as rfl fu.e.J c.e.Us cu-1~ bcu-krks.

· -1n.e, -tntn..r'f-vrm.atl'on, bU:u.Jee..n.. f:ansmrQsron, uofta.qis , is easrest- and

cheapest: wrth 11-c.

- Tranim iss?on, wfth lte pounr h«s rnote loss pe.r un7-t- of d.istanr~
-tha.n... u:,,-th DC pou.n.r be-ca.use o~ stra~ c..o.pac'ltance.s o.nd
~nd.uctan('eg a.ion~ u,Hh -the. t7ne c.oHh ~ncre.ase, rn -the current

los.reJ .

1he.. DC pou;o -tro.ntn,issfor1, is prtltrable. -for Ion~ ltn~ih. ot

-trnnrm,..rJ-fon lfne., i.. e., o.loove ; ~ km.

 · ~-,
power , \loHa.ge , spe ed ctnd -keque ncu tQc h -111t lhoc1 j
10 re~ ulette J

fns t.an-i,an, ou1 I~ , loa~

to 9enera I-ion .
cle.pendi on. mettchfn~ 1

b~ 'Hs eco nom ?c anol ph~ src~

Gten.era:H'on i" dr°s l:i'~~ u'is hed

Olbilrt ;es -to VO.rlj to match. -+h e. load .

e load Giene..raHon ~ The.ie. are ve, ~ e,.1pensive, .

- Bru
~ letrjt bfo maJs
I po wt r pfa Ms
Ec11 i: Skam. power p on ls, Nu ctr nr

powe.r p~ nt s .
vc ii ciufck/~ b4t-
easter -tu
- PQ..o.k load Gtene.ra~o rL : Toue a.re..

rnct~ be elpe.n.s,vt .

f9 : Giq1 Turbi'neg q -Ft.t.tl cu.lJ . .

~•ue
~O()
. t;D
aJtn .trc l
- St an d 8~ Cne..ne.raYon. ! TheJe a re easie r to i°nc, o,,, ......L.
-\/1 €.

1
T~pea.fcdlJ.j .
-K{U ctU~ q 6ta.t tu rbi'n es.
E~ : -Ofese/ Ge.nera±ors ,
h~dro pol()e.r plants wrndpou.nr
- Tn {tr-f1'1 r+ ftn t : R~n ol- -ti1e ?i'v<..r
R.ES tx.cept b io('(lass (,\nd t:teo -th erma./ .. _
pla.n.l:S an d most- o~

Dra.w backs
0

G-nu'-a~ in. whfch, So lar ~ an · co..ptttre.d ~r oll .~~

- So lar the.rmal

+h e, col l~c.tors [lr°ke hu~e. m1rrnra]

r~ fre s lo-.rrp. area, ol land , Th e-
- Solar- ihe.rma.l Gtene..r.a.l:io ri-
cv1cl trarn lomrJ
wh e..fl buffcUn..~r Ti /Yn e.s
e.n.vrrof1...ment- is a/J'o (,rlec-~cf I

are.. b<-l i rt. - .

so lar 'fht r-mi:tl
Tn a.dditfon., 1Xl a. -llu?d of.-kn we.d .for -the..
a.nd spTlls lCl.fL occuv .
~u tu n..ti'on. 7s -toxfc.
d
-fGt~fl ftie g · fn -lh e u,orl ,
procJ. ucHon
- --1111 ihe. s~la. r eiu i pment
'35 0 M"" ' 01-- ele. chic.ri-tj
wou~h. ct.( fr 'io produc_e... abov.e
'nake onl~
Ys Ju.rt rnou.'J h_ -lor a. c~tt;) c~ 3 fql::h1 pe.o plt- • ·
r
Oisaduan-ta~u o~ Wfnd Power GJwera:HorL :

6tenuat1'on, rnvo/vcs prtmarf{~ -Hie wa~e o-1 land .

- Wrncl pouJer
fq ClcreJ -to _pr0d.ua J Mk} o/
- Toe ave.ra~e.. <.o?nd -form.. fequ1rQ.S

e,le.ctnc?ftJ .
-the d.uerf- areas o.nc/. ~
- wrnd .form r can. co..u.ee ems7on. fn

er,ed ntttttral vfuv s knccwse. -thVa ~& ~ be. loca.l-ed on or-

jUJt bt.louJ n°d~e.. trnes.

- Brrd de.Mh ctlso re..sut{:;S -from.. collfsron. wft~ the. w1nd -iu1'b,n1!.,

blade s a.net wfres.

Ors-hi buttd Giem., atron_ : solar pl4n~

me.cha.nrca/

Turbine
Gimtnuor
.
ltUio muJ
 Ois-t-nbu-kd G\enera~on. can be deUncid OJ snio.1/ Scctle.

'jtrtemHo n..

_ 'T-l: fs o.ctfve powtY ~enerat,'hd unft i.e., conne.cf-cd at drstnbltfrot

leurl

- This -t~pe.. o-J ~enno.Hon. is conn e.cttd ~i nfartti C\n~ pornt i n.

-the.. power· s~,km. cts d.Ys+nbu~ ~sourtt9 .

0

- E(U'ffi e power rest.Qrch. :!nJtftu.k [EPR.1] de.f1°ne.s ~l'shibtttt..d ~\ntrzrtfor i.

1rorn o. -HW k14J -to 51>MW .

- D<Jt fs Q.ISo knoc.utt. a.s onsi,k ~tnnot?on .

- DGj o.Uows collecb'on.. ol e.ner~~ -mirn mQ n~ sovrres "'nd ma.~

<jtve lt,we.r i nvrro n rne.nt~/ impQcts o.nd fm prove." secun"~ ol-

suppl~

- 0Gi re.duce s tne. ~/Y1 ount.: of ent.r9 ~ loss ?n ix beca.use. -the..

<lt.c.Me.;~ is · ~tmro.~4 vf1 near io #le_ load .

~ptS ~ . O,·sbtbu.lf.d fntr~~ Ru ourcu :

-co- senera:t-lon :- o(n SourCeJ we. StCQm tur bfnes f natural GJCU -#red'
' recfprocQtffl.CJ en~7nu -fo -tum th e. --..
¾ti ct-tis, rnrcrn · -tur brnes or
'j VH.ra.tD rs . .
l

- Ve. h1dt io ft}id ! -fuiure. <'1Ulera:f:fo n.. ot ue.c.l:n°e: vihrc.Je:s , mar ·h.avt.

-tht. a bilf{1j =t-u dt.lrve.r mm. -the. ba.t H!r~ ln 0.. ve.hfc.te. --to 'jri'd UJhtlL
rteede.d.

- £olar p.antll ~

- WincJ. Tufbin e.

- fue.f Ctt/s
- B, o maJJ
~SJ i&Z - t•- .aM iftU
~ 9.J_ .@ [orsn<bu.-kd Cnuttratibn ]

.- Modularfi1j :-

.. ff re.Ne9 -the e.conolY'I~ ot scalt. .ft> ?nc.rea.re c.fffc?tt1 , and

.,..e.dure #le cos t.- ot power 'jt.ne.raho n.
- H /tads fo modular ul'lrt siz.1ni·
- H lk 1enc~ :-

- OGi {~ /,nolo~i'e..s ~uie.raJ~ we. 'YUttWab h sou rce with hr<jh. d#c7t.nrJcs
- RUlv.oa,blt &,,u g~ k.chnolof es L(,e. -f«ndQ rn.e./1-tat~ lcc.a.J cne.'1~ S<.Jpplfes
<Xnd some non- rene.wable. 06, iU.hnoto tH w e, e.cu f~ transporre..d
1
.f-u..t.ts, o+het ~hart naJura.f qas.
- Dl-he.r resourc.t.9 such as t.n~ ~ Storru_te., co-1c..nu0 Hori and dunCJnd
c.ontn>! Jeurces htlp ?n the 7mprovrn1 ot ef~fclenLJJ whawur ihe
Sou (C.2 ot- 1enua. ~on rs bu(t wed.
-Tncreo.iecl et/!fcJenCXJ , cb.cre.ruu bo~ tnerq~ ccs-1: and ~re~n hor.11e jctl
emP,sstons .

-
- low /No fmrssiorz. : -

- 0Gi
-
we9 rene.wo.ble.. fne~~ ~o vrug is inhtrentitJ w,.issfon /,et,.
· Se.cu rf~ : -
- lh,'s lnclude.s stt:un '1'e.17abrtr~ an.d. powu ci,ua.tr"c/ Yss-ues.
- 1.\1.hefl.~ -on.-s?ck ']Ule.Ya±or ../aftg fhe S'}u.are capaci'tt.J rfl fhe.
rema7n?ni S~Jfem.. "fesourCt.S • call. r.mu'id.e 'rnstan E-e.ous fese.rvt p0 wt.r,
rs l<.now(l.. cu u 9p7nn?rt~ ,reserve'.'
-':FIim U ~he p?'l'ma"t 1ene.ra.tor -fo.il9 cn°ttca I ~oad1 can be
Suppor~cl -from on-srdl (Jenera. wrs .
· O?s tn°bu1<.d rr-esou rce9 SU.ffOf~ -fhe. f OUJer q,ua.lihJ b~ fTEWtnl-in'I

S~J km tJJrdt.. prvbwn 9 and mfdtfCAh'n.~ (1nt r~· be,Ore. CL

consumer toad diltcts -#um .

~-:\.?::~-~--
~ -

-
- loo.d
- Thrs fmplft9
(l'~ rfl.j
modrr,;J
load prol-Ne bl/
d
pea K load olr,ptnj , 1oqc/

sh7~1:,'n~ reductn1 volt-a~t lt\Jt.ls, reducl'n.~

load ~nd . loa.J bu(/dff2!J·

- Tranunrssrort o.nc! cUs tifbuHon lonu :

- VG, ,educ.ts -the. -lx power loss beca u.re tlectrrcrttJ Ss ~tncra.f.fol 'llt'8
ttta.r to {-ht. load, perhopr evl!n.. ,n {he_ Same. bu?tdi'r)t

- ge,clu~fn~ sfte QI -the.. p.f ant ~-

-Thfr also re.dJ.Jces -the. s7u o.nol no. o( powe.r plants or h'r,es +hat
ml.I.st be coru buc.W.

-A-duo. n:ta.~ tJ .•-

- 1:1:- redu~s -#le. amount ~, ·. eru1~ lost ?n_ -trttn.rrnHt-tn.~ .elec hfcl ~
beca.u,e ft fs ow r to lo ad .
- :J:1. oJso recluee9 l'\O, o( powedine.s and. sfz.e.. -fuab mt.at be-
consinuct<.d.

Qisa.cluantaqu :

- power tua.tf~ fssuts .

- Cos(- or ope_ratfort an.d

- l on~ -km,.. Ye.lPa.bUHd oJ un7ts. ,~ -

r
· - Tnttrco nnecHo n .

Rene.wa.ble Enu~~ Economies

- RES a.re ~e.ogro.phicctll~ d.ismbu.te.d · and qre. o~kn closet tci -(·he.

coruume.rr. 7he.re+ore, subjec«d to the. smape,r losses . - . '

1n. conve.ntfonlll p~we.r :,we.raHon.. [ coat i 9ar J the ·fransmrssibn tr

cli°sfnbt.l.tfon lor.re.t UJW be fY'lore be.-caw e *hpe- 'fj tn.erati'n1 sto.ti'oru
a.re.. -fo.r awa~ -Pro rn the. load cenkrs .
- R1sfT'buk:cl Electn'cfhJ <:,enera lt'Drt can reducl -the.. Tx S d'isfnb<1t1ori_
lafJeS aJ UJetl a.r {x o.nd d;sufb trtron. costs, 1hue. can. prov1dL.s
cC'.Jn·b'nuf{~ and reJrabflrf-t.J of ele.cmc supphJ.
-1l1e 1n\emQtfonal e.m.rg~ 0-ge.ncd a./lf.rna.t-iv~ Sce.fla n°0 cre.dftJ ./-he.
so.v,n3 DI cos{ ctbou l qO'/o tn. Tx and 36 r, 1rt c(,'st.,{but<Drt
be.cltt.lle ~ 4\ie. Ync recued we. ol 06i s
~a-lcu lat1on. o1 Etectn•o~ Genera:{fort. C0tt::J
I uJ ,~• u_ t a. olfgf?"'c.h'orz fs macb. bltu
- Whtn. co.. C 0..1:•fls ~e/'le.ra\iuf\.. cos ll

eiisti'n~ c:tt1& rie.w p ion Lr.

- for e1S6tini planf.:5 ~ the.
run5n~ cosu are 1e.le.vanl ontLJ /<J r -the
tcoflDmYc &.e.c.t~?on hcu to 1,Uhdhe.r to w e. -#le plan~ -for the

eltc.tn,ei'ilJ ~e.nera.t-1011.-
- -For ne.w plon i s lon~ knn. marfnaJ cos~ qre ve.";J ~mportant.

_ §is;BJ2j p.lont ; -

C::; Cvcn -= C.;ui1 + CD fi M - Rheat =- P-1ui1 -t C0 qM x 1000

'lele. Hele
- Phe.at · 'lh.t.at . +1-hv,.t
. 'Wt.. -Helo
w here, ( --4 Gte.ne.ratron. cost: pe.r KW [ ld lo w.a.t t] h-r "
Cvar- -+ Runt~ cost pe.f rnv•g."'J unr t .· .
Cfue,.I- }' fQe.( co9t pt-r ener7~ uri1t .

Co ei M ---7 Ope.ra..tfon c;: M o.l'nta.,'n.f.v rct cos t- pe..r e.ne.r'J~ c.in tc

Rh.e.cd:; --l' Re.\! e.nue 9afoed .from. f Urchrue o~ he.at .

P-fu2.I ---t .fue.1 ~ ce p-n'maf";J ener~~ ca rritr

Phe.ttl- ---4 he.a.!- pn°ce.

fl.e.te. ~ e'~kc}e,;i e,1 Of t.lLeMcit:ti ~e.n e.rat?o n.. \

1hea1- -..:r E.f/.fd c.ne.~ o~ hea.t 6itne.ra.b~o n.

tt e.lt --, ¾ 11 loa..d l1rr o~ rJectn•cJ~d 1c.fltrcttfon. ftr annum

·ftfw:ll- ---:, .fu.11 (ocu:l hrJ oJ hectt 'j t nerqf{of\ pe.r qnnum .
✓ -Ne/ posl qnd ~
- -A-nnu'll cos-fs are sp lit into Opua.tfcf) ~ f
rnatntatnanc€ co st.

o/ -ihe 1ud prfre of ihe pnmo')/

- fu l co,f, ar, a -/(inctiort
~.
enertJ~ carn·u oriel e.ft,"denc-
dee t-n'r / I~ o/p OI "'e
cos-ff Qrt re /em cl it,
- OptrqHon & ,nc,ln t-a Inanq,
h11 1Jt be Coupled wi lh -+he -k,.ll loac{ hrs .

-tht. Costs a~ dttnrr,;n,<1 b ~ 1nv,si ment c, Si [ I JI

- fi,r th, new f 1°n-t ,

ctnc( caP.rtttl Re..coui'i/ ¼c.:tn

r [ CR.F] ,

C= Cva r +
-
CNt.
'l,c/e '::.
[ Cfut.I C
+ - O& M
-ff ue
X 1000 - Rnt o.~ 1 tooo 1 (CRF)
X - -- --
Hele

where,
C --+ Ge.nera.ttort cost:- per l<L\lh

i e.nerat1 u.n rt
~a r --+ f?unr-,fr, COS't- -Pu Jd

Cf-r'l. ~ R't td cost-

n [ 1'1wh I tj f]
-AmoWli of e..irchi c7" ! ~tneraHo
0

'l-u.t. --+
n.a nee Cort.
Co& M --+ Opera.Him f;_ MaTn,aT

..jrom_ purch..ase. ot he.at .

Rhea.t- -+ R.uu.nUt ~aJne.d

I .._..l, Inv tJ t-me.n l.: Cor t

Cf{F --- t ca.ri'-t-a.f Re.c.o\li"«j -Facto r

rr.
CR. F = z [I f Z]

[( 1tz) PT_ 1]

tlere, z ~ in-te.re1t- ratf-. ·

fT --- + Pa~ back -tfme. o./ plan.t

.fie.le. -, +fd-11 hTJ ue..chi,,cit"/ ~ v,eratr"orv

,,...
~ Side
~
Ma ,107em, nt .•
.- ~le al--in i Sedo r
::.: ,.;. ~

- Mos < of lhc co n1 t-rvc.lc~ to1.1:1d,'n'Ji are.. co m pl d< i~

7n dc ft. nd trr l ol
.fossfl fuc /s or clu bi ci (~ , h ntc.cl~- 11,rs ?9 ocn ,~" t.el b~
-,or ea #1'1'11 l
UJ/n~ ,e nwJa bl t ht.a«n'. li'nl<ed w ,lh -<ht
J crnd coor;n1 "' f Pl
ica b'o n/
,n u~ ~ tlf {c /tn <t m
cr uo rtm ,n b on d J< m m an o gcme>rrf ,
,u ,d sll/c

- Coo l•~ ~

Sola, lo ol,'n3 S~J km J b Q. <.oul. -/or

e.mr~~ a.lso CCU \.

UJ ill~ -to cool -th e. e.ntire.

el tc l:r 'fd ~ hol.Ue .
_ ,he . c ho ke s -tha.t mWi'on s of cJthe-fl S mo.fee. -fo r tht.1r ho m u an d
e>H-fc H a.re. ·lhe ..fu..1.-q re
,l-o in ~ , ab'ort re nw . a.b le. .(.n i r 'J ~ 'h -f he.
hetttrtUJ and eoo l,n ~ sec
t-o n .
- , .,,.afl.ffO r(: S'erh>,..
! ·
- Ocll2 lof m en l -{ru_ -foss7
f .ft.a l ba ie d -trun.spori S~ J km a.fJ o ,-e_qu7re..
-to 7nv ts t c.0 hrc h. wa1
su .bs tolfce.d b~ ~ p tlb llc se clo r in ,-nof\.t.J
counfnes-
- Sl'CJn1¥i'cafl~ --l-Ve t.nv'i'ronrnurtctl
e.Jrecl ~m provecl cn ir- ~i et. fi'c .it1 1~
wtU l,u;{c/ -to a. tno-rr- S uita,na.b/,e.
cluleA.Ofl"'fl.t.f'l.-t C(f ld. Ul ho ne ld Sec.un-t;1
~ ~-1-,e. Supp(~ a.s we.I/ a.I o-<(,e.r buzel-f& .
- fn.ture~-:~ !tt d 1nPra1tn l clu re wf ll neuJ. to be.
b lC J7 ri 7n ~c ro ~~
- tfu itw a. ble . u, er 5~
~I~ . sr-de tfo fl< tjt mt .l" l t; Opff'.ortJ.
- ReneUJ(l.b/e
~n..en.1~ rt f laces f,-nror«d ../u.t11
w7th benrJiciol $c .b On -tne..
1,atance DJ' pit~mtnt.
Oeplou<.I m'"nt of en erva~ cre .tt ~r n1o re unp lOqcJt_rn.a.., nl'
-\t.chn14,U,tl / f{chn o Io~l tJ -n"
,1 \Cl ,f\
ofL . l'"
•1.x ~n tr' j l/
.
rJ
Je.vel.opmen-l o-{ Sm ar
ie r, more. el'f-fc7ent
O\Lt.Y -Hu.. prui du._Q.d.u lu:u .
be.tfL sp ee t acuJ a r .
- Tuc.ht10lo'illtJ Ji a.ue 1mproued ,..,..,.,, cl· C"
t '..L
vJ ' l_,' i t\J i
nc -n,_t.ffut . ~n
_, :tm a_ tfc
tt_ l ~
 r:d : Wind and Solar , photo voHaic t::11 e. ~k,r,d i,wutment

cost lor 1he w,nd Ultni~ fs dedin1n3 by 3 •t~ pet annum. . tivc , -11\J..

po..it 15" ~VU ! .

Power ~H tLr cdfoIt .-

•
- l✓Ynd fs o.n f fY\f 01t<1 n t

Jl\&fet YZ?nl:-e.d qtft plat:t 'llf fr ch ?nQ , os

- Tn lUfn.d powu 3~,w•q-lfon
Clr'ld Gterm.M1~ .

klfnd powe.r qrne;niJ.L.n. , ,,.

Q \IV Sl~(l,.,.,ocqnH~ rncre.cue-d
~e.a.rs, ~ e-1 *
~
t
- tu ot 31S Jan 201 3, -the -q)ta/ fns'tQllid wfnd. rowe1 capacr
tOQJ

- WrnJ poweY cos i fn rndla.. rs ~e.c

-1
reru,'n~ Yap,''ell~.
-
o~ UJrnJ -lorm area.. -la6/?1.a.
- Wmd poUJt.,. tns+a.UaHon. ocrup~ ont~
2. J/,

ctll ture , plan tati 'o~ e.tc . .

-t?n.3 "l"'e.St of -the. ..qre.Q, t1Je.J /or ct'jn

... ft.Jfn d p.ower p..o-k.ntfal 1n_ 'In.elf~ :-

-

lhe. Tnd,an. ~ov t ~1ru ~mtalle.J oue:r 800 w,nd -moni-ton11d

sta~ong all ov.er ihe. co ~~ ~-e-, -frort1 11 orth we st- re.~ion., to sou ffitm

'1t'jtO(I.. -«1n>c.<.~h. -ine nati'o nal insnttt.~ C>/ w,rid ene.Ytf~ {M l tJE ]

o>om , 100 m and. 12.0m.

t..Jrnd pote ntia l maps a.t 5V m 1

ttbo vt -{he_ ~ro und level.

~rvs s - w7r1.d powe.r pote..nti°a.jol-

a~re.r1nu.11t- 7r,dJcaks a..
-1hp_ re.Ci.II:/-
ctt 120 rn, ab~v.e. -lhe 1n,und fweJ
. '
3D2: GtW cti loom.. and b&f5". ~6ttJ .
nd on 1ha. Mcuhf.ir sfrl.e. a.J . -the
-7h t estf m~l ed pm.ntfaJ rs fou.

prerenl: it1Jto..11.tc/ Cofqcfltj is ope..ro.Jul

below a.o /• CUF capa..u°ifJ r
u..tft.l'z.a.-1:fon -la etoT J on. al/t ra1 e m7rt. ~o '/•
 _ fcm. wa.b fe ene.rg~ mton .t non - d¥ld ·tn~ ener11 w'1e.n ?f' ls t1sed So
as we we wind enu1~ ,:t does not dt cre.a.1e -+ht.. amo unt ol r.J:J1J.
win d avai labl e wher tO/ rn ocue of fos~r, fup_lS H le.ads -to
dtfle.li'on oJ reso1.Jrres.
_ c,oUJ l'o.rl e.nr..r~t

- JI: fs a. dean e. ner5~ ie.n t ra.{fo n. -{ha l mw ng wifl.d -fur bint S

c/..o no-< product. an~ 13nen. how e. ~ait i •
l-
p ,sad t1ant a.<µ:.J :
':l'tcr mul ;o/i
- On s ho~Q. w1rid fs :~ sour ce. o( e.ne.r~ <J • _a.s fuf'brne s
car1 nul ~ Ule.ra..(e eJe.ctrfc1+<j of\ dervwnd 8c.tt- onU-j whff l fhe... w?n d i's
btow,n3 o± SQ#i c1'e.nt strtn~th . :
0

- Whw -flu.. wrncl smngfh fs no.t su.f# ci cnt: -for the. powe..r
qen c.rcttfon.. -the.IL -fossH .ft.tt I ban d on.. f'° we..r s up plff is ret(,,U' red 'Y
bQ.ll<u.p uJMch. can.. -kmp orru-it~ fncrea.gec -the.. (jY-Ul'l hell.I'- CJase_s.
Clcu11#ca1:f'on.. o(.. W,'nd Tu,lbfr-u-1 /FarrtiJ / fQrk!'
The no. ~ or ~ r-ou.p of. wind -ttubrne.s in. -the. loca b'on .
sa m e
--to prodci ct. ~e. ele.ctriefb.J-
- W1ncl ..f.cvm s a re. VQ1j fn sfae.. .furn 0... sma ll no. DJ tubr nt.S tn SWt rct/
no. ~ turb fnts
CO\/e!0'J__~ weri.s,ve. area..,.
JjJ~ o./ wrnd ..fo.rmJ
- on shore u,fnd ../o.rm s
- oU . sho,e wrfld ~arms
On s hore ~fnJ .fo.rm!1 ha-rnus -the ene '1j ol mov ln~ Qjr to
~<.nera:k eJe.cbfei~ • On s hore wtnd ~nn
s ,re.Je.r.r -tt> -turbr'ne.s locaf-t:.d ort.
lo.()d .

Offslio re wlt'ld. -famv ~r) w1nd tu rbih ts O.'"'- lo~a kd qt sect lorJ 1n..
-lru ~ UJal:er .
 e,(o.1.r7.f.rca.-tfon 0( wi"nd -wrbfm.J
, J fnto 2 Qroups .,
Wfncf -tt.1,/7,'nt s are CIQIJl'.fW J

- --Ho,~z.on-tal shatl
- VerffcQI shall-

-ttorfaon-tal shoH wind -tw b,ne9 ctre clai.r,'fted 1nh> ,

- Bf o..de ~pe : One. blade , 'f«Jo htodt.s, -H,,e.t b{acl.o or mu 1ti;,1e. blacks
+ Mull-iple b(ade.r are ·h.11b,· n~ are sprked -kjpe.
wfnd comi'n ~ ~m koni: ond back s,ae... .I
\le.r~cal Shall: :
I
drv~td :0 to, dt'ff'eren I: I
... \Jerb'~ shaft w,"nd furbrnes l'(I?. sub

baied on -foHouirn~ worlc?n3 fh~nclpfe s,

- Some use drq~J or /,,"ch'on_

Some. ure lff-Hn.~

- s~,t -h.trbi'ms utiliz.e..s both pn"ncrplu

- Orai -fu.i1J,ne.s are. maehrnu whose Sllr{Qce, e)(ecukf the mo1Llmtnf

of. w?nd dtrecb"'on , ,n otbt I t.0or d s n..11

1; L:J work. witl1 +he. -lorce o~
wlnd dra~ acffnff on -+nun, T1n~ e1re. oJ +he. ~o/lowfnf -tljpes ,

• Blade, paddJe
• cup
- --
, . •l
1
- L1''.f-tfn~ -tu.rbinu Gire macI1fne.t '"' mou.tme.n
......,,hon" _ -
i:
• ,s te., rofor
0

di'rec6on rs perpe..ndrcu..J.af -to tht. wr,,.,d clr.·ech'on o.nd fhe.tJ 4,e mout.J
li'-1-H-n~ a.cHofl o/- uJl'nd. f\-mo()~ ihe. di!! -hJpes Ot lifh''~

-bJJbi 11€ s , th.e... inat1fjul ar . Pa m e.UJ! 0

the. Darrflll~ Giiromf'l/

The, OG1m'e.1.1s Troposl(,t(I.; , are majo(I} t.L!e.cl ,
..
• the, -trianiu.t.ar dom e.c.tf 9
ha.r s-tra 7~ht- . bla.du ~nd ,tJanoU,p. 1U)rnR,,~,
"Jt- haJ Cl d.r'Jadva.nfa.gL of na.ft!ra.1 ben&tn3 tht_ l"Dta.ffona.J -kn& io L
 '1t £c,u(on-t .

o 1he. Oomruf Giror,,W -tttrbinu hiu stro,~qhi, vertical _hfadt9 anol

,~ah'n~ rnovr mP,l{ o.mund rts shat& uiu' toad CJ..ll SifJ km and
opcralin3 UJ•H, onl1 a. .ft.u, 100, or .shalt tJoH. . conr7ff-f of aufomotrc
mccl,an lc;,n Owl l'l'lal,tta1n1 tlit a'llacl( an~lt pori+t"on which.
Supph'e'3 -<he. btrl worl<ini COflclf/1011..

, lhe parrieu s Tropos~i'tfl. (urb, nes cMn'rf 0-/ blade 9 , 4w:i shoH , a. -fx>wt.t-,

9 t1.- 'Ju~ (.oires. Bfoclei are curu,d w?th iht 91ir/e, ~cffofl. , the. ro-for rs
verffc,d and conntrl1 (ht bladtS .ftnm top to bottom 70<.0er rs frltd
on -ffie ~round b~ sotrc( ftiundobon. -<hat s,uto7n., 4n..t sha~t, lower
part' of Shalt ir a{-(achu/ -fo the. towcrr b~ rotltrJ . 1n the upptr
pari, -the. YDl/erJ a (~ lt"-ud to -fht 9t.UJ U)l(f,/ fo mp -fht ~(b1ntS 7rt
~ 11~ht par1tfon.

, E11alu.atfon, of W1n.d 'Jnkruify :

, -- ........ -
-~- -- --....- ,:-
-- -- -. ---)--- - . - - -.---
. . . -- - - - ·-
- - - - -¥ · ••••

J ~ llf---
-_ -___.., ____
- - - _-_
..),_ .

__ . .,. - - - - -
,.
I

KE,

1.01nJ fDU)F.,Y frL mt.cha n ,t?a.( cap~ci~ ½y

8emoum 's -fheo rtm u:Hh
- rnaJ~ -lloc.D danlltt+iuc

~n k.Jrtttfc ene.rn ,

;. r <, p ::: d I< E

cJt

, -!hl1>ur,
I..Jhen 1 dM ---.:, ma1s of. mo1ll'nd afr wht'ch rs raJ S lt1~
cJt
4 -the. d'reu-lGt r aretl to SuJtfl rom blade. tuHh +ht
'
\Jtlocihj 'BI
 clM :: ,JAV -€
d~
wh trf. , S ---4- dtn.91{~ ·/or.for

-A ~ futc (

V --l r Vf/odf~.

forh;nr V1
• mcu,mc1rn. lht
1.r
-1\:,f'uv <:p, uJ wh m ~l Hach11 -tht

airJl()tO speeJ oHtr re.ochln3 iht (tHh,nl v,. r~ mmrnum .

,he , 0.Vf.lQq<. o.r,1,~~ srnd ?s v, -t \/;.

;i..

-+rem 2,

-two cltH<rerit. Veloc7f7es so we 1i+ two

-#crE. , \/, 6 V1 ore.

d~k rtn ~ k£

i.. e-1 Kf 1 - Kfi .

dt

_t dM \Ji
1- dt

-= d M [·,v,- v'Z-1 - -©
-, -ell 2
J.
2-

S1.1bslitu.tin3 GJ 'in {§)

Wht.re , cf ~ f owe-f c.otf/rci'uit-.

 .fur mo1,m1Jrn pc.w,r , !!sL = ()
dv,

3Vi[V2.-tv,J - v, (vz l- V1J== 0

[2 v,.-v,][v,_+v,] c 0

3\/,- -v, =- O \IJ.+\1 1 :0

3V2. ~ V, v,_ :: _v,

-JmttA lid •
;. 1};, ::.. _I_
T, 3

pMa• = + cf~ 11,S [, + n

f J[ I - G ~ -!;- JIt11.3 [ ~ ] [f]

r _!
·: f Total ....
!tiV?J
 --
5o/ar PoU)tr

- Ko.~ r <mWcd
b ~ San a~k , -t,a., /1,'ni ,fl '" " 151" Ml m I ~",I rrac '1.

ra rlh surfare.. ,,:.I/rel l=t %

~1,,_ sun . c ln a d s
fl 'J f -frt'm
-frrla l rm,'fl<.d Y lr ~ ' '1 ._.
- ltmon3 4/,p
r/ b ~ q ,'r m r •« u
wo 1
'I ll Scaf/cred bark
tn tc 1/,, ,; fo re .
,,cK •f1/r ·/'11 sp o r, .
Qrt i,
r.llt i1td cli,,c/lN o f <ht. .:ur/
'1r ac hia/1:J > is 4111 r ta ~
in
• thr S rlnr prtV cr
- L , In d ra
a t.·n 2 solar '"''1Y
,
a,p ']tntr
h t fop s m o s t S /a lf s ){ (• lt ;W J q
rt }
h t w~ rld • 1 .m r/ !-}a. du
-l ,• 1N(-to
l( q m ,rtaka (SqJ,JJ
Rqja.iH1ar, [1
6 .b 5 q t~ J .
plort 5cn,rat,1>'!
<•f"'",Y fn
T,, d,a ,s 5f/,
-lti•niana. plor, in
q,6GlJ
.l
. .f-hamdcn· st,~
~mtcond.u.c:lo r
three -l3pes,
cltusitiu/ ,'nto
shcs are ba.rrcally
The characfcn 'i's zero or so
me+imts
'Jap b(w cB 4 n d \J/3
the. b a n d
- ~I;
o u u la p .

E~ : C"-, lt f
rs LESS -or m ,/L
a n d V fs
: Tht b a n d
~Qt b lw Cl!,
- ~
E'J; S ,, 6ie
VB rs
vaf bfuJ Cl!, a n ti
: 71,e, band
- !,Yula:fg_~ I ~
hr<Jh or ma,x_
ff'c etc.
mak.n"a..lr , wood., pla1
Etj : <stl<UI

l cg I
BB
cf!,
'Te.Jh\J•'ty·
B

to¼m_ 10~m.
V/3
1 '18 J 7 ,$3-Am
/ c i~ - I U!Jim,
 < s,,,.(onJ
.,('(i ,13 n1>i<>
,,,uqj f nl• lol1 ~ho t
the t icol conutrl ln c r J ,n t
" " '1 f solar
......., I'" IS • M 1h, ,111cr,n
c
3 o1 s c i ., ct.II
I '"' n ,; « Jl,r I rs 1 0 - 1D 1•
11" )uncllOn o ,r lt 11, (i o/ sotor
· No
l ~;,;,,. lor rcll r. JO-~ 0
mn lcnor,
~
I, KL n· <1pe ~ •D r t·
,. 110 II n1• ·
~o
11,, '" " 1 onJ f-'1ft c rtD l<
~• •' lh t s,n1 S
. holt i• th ,q 1,t kn oc • s ""
, Junction. (o t e-,
nnu((nS c re at-·• 1 '
clr<Ufl «uw both. srJ,s
a c w r tn l lo an. u lc m a l
_ 11t, su nlr
/lrol /n
◄h, cin:ulf.
ht ort a
solo < ctil
1 creolH •
vol~111t G small bollc7 wit
t ~~pico.111 o h. "
. ,Voe
r !o.-
.J tar Ctll ·.
___,
11', bulk
moltn•I co
nsis{ o/ p
-{jf< haU1
o. thifl la n1 Q -lh1c
~t.T ot n K s; ,1a,1tT
- ~pe prov(dfn
~ a. pn jt
and
- II s,n~le 1ncti'on.
PII etll can
~,n,ral< o-
hl\\lt 10
511 , io ~•!
cor1nec~ n the mo11!
o. cl etlls ,0 1 t • ~ l
- To 9et mon 111 se.iies. <>lL
:. cun en~ , c
tlls are co
nrieci;<..d 7r

-~
solal'
ModlJle ~
- s.n9k s
,1°< cdl c
annol b l
i- paroll
tl.

outp~t i .e •,
o. ~ used
a n d no
pn>!<cb'ott
btcrwse l l
has "''\! StMII
o.ion1s t <UIS~ , m o
1mpP-ctS, is tu « , ..,,w, 0 0;,J
-,,o 9e~ Su.i-toble.
\lolto.Q. ' '
acl •9,~•le p
om c t . m t so
,nttrc.onnec •
t 1h1s a.rrunbl~ ~ lPr c d ls su;la.b
o i Sblar lt -lo
ctll is c.aJ
f4.eru~ -t:Q:b led cu solor
~ot'l PV * [ ~ p_g
oe..lL ••
mod&.LU.

"-Bloc~
1n
diodu" q ~
- Whe.neve...- -lhue is crn~ ,kffcb\Je rnodufe. -#1£. oatpui of -+ht

nrnaffl,fllj mod.ule.s can be b~pasged b~ -<he b~pru.r dlodes.

- Bypau cltodv: are cc-nnecl:<d ?n f/el -to e.ac.h rnoclu/e.. .

- lhe _bloc k1n3 oliodts o~ col'\neckd in serfts wH.h each. sert>e.s stnnj
o.f. mociules wh,ch enabli. -{he. outpui ot -the. nmoin?n~ Series Sl-n'nds,
should nc-t be obse)veJ.

f q,ui\loJe.ni mode.I ai Sin~/e. ~ P._ antl :

1d :rf'l,
~s
\ .'
~ Rp \Jo
1A 1'

1
Wht re, J';. ~ photon Cu rrent

Jp -+ PV panel leakage. c.urreni

X:/ (T) ~ Tvnperaiure, d.t.pendt.n ~ Currenb

.
Rp --+ po.rallel Resistor
R~ ~ S'u iu, Rts i's 1-o .,,-
Tc ~ 0/p CWTe.flt- ...
,
Vo~ olp voltctge ,

l"ht. oip eu rrtJ)f ol Cl so lar ce,ll. ts 7

Io= J..A - Jd -Ip

1? a. photon e,unen+ known -fuf iiie. standard 'i lltUY71na.von.
frnulSf~ (Ls) :: i- o SolaY and o. presc rib~d voJLte.. oP ph oto'l c,..ure,nt
I,>.o ,

tt)( +hitt; pn ot<>n Cttn·tnt ,

I) ~ J:.._ I,Ao
Ls
 1he d,'odr cw ,en{;- Jd is ~tvtn b~,

'Jd = Ts [ e. '-iN.i/17. ki - 1 ]

l✓m.n, 1s --4- R,vtrJe So(uro.Ho11.. currtnt of drod<..

1
~ -4 Bollz.rnan consiont [1•38Dlf- 1 xro ;S-/t]
1, ~ eltdron chClr9e. l I, 601. X IOI<} CJ
vd.. - t Orode Vo Haq t
'l.. ------r £mf'irani I Empf rca.l con1tont-

T ~ Tempero.f:u re. [ 1..:13. '2.-\- tcJ

f
• I
: 38 • 1t4-'5"2... c/r
KT

W.lmt I ~p ls -lne para Ifti ?'esrs ~,. H- CO/lnE.C i:<.d ~ross -the.. dfodt.
H· repreien~ thL le.aka~e_ ol c.urrUlt is ?n blw ~oo.Jt - roo!L..

fs 1s the. Serltr -ce.i11tonce. contllek.cf in. be.twee n.. s ource.. al\c{ load So,
-(-hQ-l- ,he value. ol- Rs sho«Ld be .lou:i - te., 0.65.(1...- 0.1..Jl-

Jo d1rf11e {)pen c?rc.uH \/olta.~t. , -the. ot.ctpu{ {{rmrnq.J -1e shou1d ht

ope.n ctrcu.ff:<.d -B,en ,

Bu:L We knouJ ,

-f?.p
\ld

-_....-.-- -s--
for DC, I =O ' VJ :; Voe

ro "° r~ - f a - :Jp
\JJ 1p tu
~ 10 ..:-0

from -e.in (f) J

( ivd ] '1o c
O== .T) - 1~ l e. ~ l(r ... , - Kp
 Ltt arsumt 4hat +ht ltQb~e current is vi"J letJ So, l?p
I
,. t .,
'I
r r e 'tVoc
'lKT - I
] ::: j..,..,\

'l,Voc iVoc
l~ -= e '1.'< T = _1 >-_-4 1
i '1.KT - 1 =
:rs Ts
•

••• Voe - 'l KT

c::i,
,~ [?s + i]
1o &.ni\1e shor{ circufi- ol a. SOia r cell, Le..t
cun-e.nt uJ con~rd.tr a..
equ.vfa.uni mod.ti,

lo =- :lsc. , \Id = o, Voe = o !('

.furn ecin (!) :1

q.,(o) 'Ir
..To =- I.A -
Is [ e., 1KT -!] - :f
.o. To=- TA :::. Tse

\J-T rtJo+t'oflJh.,',P_ : 1-

1r/v :.o

·- - - - -~ -- ~ V
Voe;.
$) :; 0 -
r

~
_:&pb·ca.ti"oru .Q!_ f hofo vo(o.h'c solar ~1o r~y

The.rt c:Ht ite.m e.nclouJ opp oatf.lnHfer -kf" ph oto uo~ lfc rxff''n,
.such aJ,
- rw rrJin.tf'a-1 ~ pub lit e),'mrria;l:,'orz.

- O,.mr?nrr
~
- &mlpoph - S{ro poscorfc [ suclt aJ hijh 0-141j 1 man 11t 7
1

tt,cOtfS de)
- trecfn"c .(cnc.c.1

- Tele.comm un,·cQh'o n , Telephone. booth 7n -re.mole. area,.

- t,.Jala St1pff~ ond mrcro in~~o.-tfon S~J (cm,.

- con..rervati•on. _or lood1 and me.dfc7n u .

- 6iunraJ e.(ec.bic fX'uJt r t;upf (~,
- Secun'~ and alarm S~Jtttn.

- -HJdro9e n and Ot~en ~e11~ra-oon b~ t.1.u.tmloJiS.

~ Mock! of. Solar cc.II and r1:1 r-o.ro..meJtrJ ;

CoosfdJr ~ht ~~le.n { modtl o.f. a. solar all,

~(~)

llo

,r .,.
'
1he.. parame,kr o.l the,. drc.ttrt a.re ,
_J

photon. eurre.n~ ::. I,>.

.PMallil resrstor (Rf) = 2-00.IL - goo~

Se.Ties re.<;i's-tanci fn 0
bfu, source and ~oa& :: f(s =- O· ofJL- • Lft.,
. .. ~ lumin~u.t fntt.nsi'h.J ol -the..
iht WumrnaJ,'oti. current- ,s · propot1.u onf.U- '
1
{-o
_' tf

Sun so- 7t- is gi\/tri. in lwr1tns. ,,

10
Whtre, 1 .lu,rft.fl = l -4-'f6 Xe Cw)

1 Su n = J.ooo JQ_ Cw)

If\ 1-

lhe pqrame.t trJ nc~cl be. suedec( -ro,_ r

... -iv
-1...
PV chttract-en·sn'c. repruentrni3
-{hr,e muHn po,•r1 ts on
6 -the. dt'ocle. curvt-
fu m ·the. cut\Jl ,
Vo, = V.a1 t Io, Rs, ~>. \Jd1 ::. Vo1-To1 ~,

Vo,_ ::: \Jcl.L + To 2. R.s,L ➔ \ld.1. -:: Vo1. - ~1.~s.

\lo~ :: VJ3 + Io3 Rs3 ~ \ld~ -=.. '103 - Io1~3

 \ nI cef /g ,n senes ~
no. ol
-
0

Ei~iva.leni

l
I
fl,

u1I
\r~, Rs.
~p,
I
I
I
I

Rs,, Rsn

~
UJ.
IA, ~
u,
l~,,
~., ~,~
Oi, Ry,,
P..
I IA,-
I
I I
I
t
'
I
I
( I . -
I I "
I I I
I I

l
I I
I I
±z_Ian
.Ttln
~ D11_ I Rfn

When a. 9rou.p oi PV cells tfl .se.n"e9 i-l- rs ,usume

+ha.t +he celll' qrt fden l:fca I.

-tc{_k..t.n ifl to auount
lMs <l.lrQrnptJort, i~ UluafhJ a.cUf kd . if.. if is
mo.n1.1factured. wftl
~Qt -the fnc/Jvrclval cells msrde -+ht p.qnel qre
\l(.11j srmila r chcvackn sti•c.9 -to a vof~ circula.tt'ori o.l infemctfi cumn tt
amon~ -\he. ctl/.r- - .
-rlw c./ort,
• I

Rs, -=- Rs2.. = R!J 3 •••.• - •. Rsn.

Id, c Jd2. ~ Jd3 , __ . . . . Jcln. • I n ,
' •I
vd, ::: vaL -=- vc(!, • - . • -· vdri.
,.\
Rp, .;. ~P1.. =- R.p!, .. : .. 'Rpn...
- .
k
..,--
7'hts fs ~e se.n'ef n{u; , -«-ie. output CJ.Jrre.nt (To)= 'Joi
ou.ipue vo(ta~ e (voi = nvoi
wheri ,,.,, cellr arc
'jl,erefore , e~.ur11a./eni modt.l o( So lar pant /

connecl:(cl in sen>es,
'.fo
n~ --'>

~ ff
•➔

\lo
1;
.-
i11t. lf#cl'tnc~ ol s,•nffle solar all 1°9 dt.../,i'ned cu, -the. m.tt'o ot
ou+p~l eled:rfcal power -to -lhe. ?npc,1.t.- ~Uwnrno..kd pocLJer.

PeJtvtrfca.l )( ,oo
, •. El.f-rdenc~ o-1- So(o.r ct.II ( 'l) r..
fi'llum ?no. k d

~ l"f'!odd of a. PV p.antl c.onsi'sti'n~

!!1 f o.ra II i l ;

1\n
•¼
~ >r frri -t
fdn,
:1dr Jf,
Rfn t ¼
1' Rf, VJ.n,
I.It{,
- <J,~,

~ ~-r(\.
+ '
n:rp
n'J:>- L
R¾ 0

J"

'+!ere.. , -t-h_e.. olp volta.1e, , llo =- Voi

0 /p Cun'tnt r To :: ~To,