JUNE 2023

2.
log6 T

(0, 4)

O (2, 0) log6 x

Figure 1

Figure 1 shows the linear relationship between log 6 T and log 6 x

The line passes through the points (0, 4) and (2, 0) as shown.
(a) (i) Find an equation linking log 6 T and log 6 x
(ii) Hence find the exact value of T when x = 216
(3)
(b) Find an equation, not involving logs, linking T with x
(3)
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7. A scientist is studying two different populations of bacteria.

The number of bacteria N in the first population is modelled by the equation

N = Aekt     t  0
where A and k are positive constants and t is the time in hours from the start of
the study.
Given that
• there were 2500 bacteria in this population at the start of the study
• there were 10 000 bacteria 8 hours later
(a) find the exact value of A and the value of k to 4 significant figures.
(3)
The number of bacteria N in the second population is modelled by the equation

N = 60 000e–0.6t     t  0
where t is the time in hours from the start of the study.
(b) Find the rate of decrease of bacteria in this population exactly 5 hours from the start
of the study. Give your answer to 3 significant figures.
(2)
When t = T, the number of bacteria in the two different populations was the same.
(c) Find the value of T, giving your answer to 3 significant figures.

(Solutions relying entirely on calculator technology are not acceptable.)

(3)
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4. A new mobile phone is released for sale.

The total sales N of this phone, in thousands, is modelled by the equation

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N = 125 – Ae–0.109t        t  0

where A is a constant and t is the time in months after the phone was released for sale.
Given that when t = 0 , N = 32
(a) state the value of A.
(1)
Given that when t = T the total sales of the phone was 100 000
(b) find, according to the model, the value of T. Give your answer to 2 decimal places.
(3)
(c) Find, according to the model, the rate of increase in total sales when t = 7, giving
your answer to 3 significant figures.

(Solutions relying entirely on calculator technology are not acceptable.)

(2)
The total sales of the mobile phone is expected to reach 150 000
Using this information,
(d) give a reason why the given equation is not suitable for modelling the total sales of
the phone.
(1)
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*P74328A01032* 
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6. An area of sea floor is being monitored.

The area of the sea floor, S km2, covered by coral reefs is modelled by the equation

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S = pq t

where p and q are constants and t is the number of years after monitoring began.
Given that

log10 S = 4.5 – 0.006t

(a) find, according to the model, the area of sea floor covered by coral reefs when t = 2
(2)
(b) find a complete equation for the model in the form

S = pqt

giving the value of p and the value of q each to 3 significant figures.

(3)
(c) With reference to the model, interpret the value of the constant q
(1)
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3. (i) The variables x and y are connected by the equation

106

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y= 3 x>0

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x

Sketch the graph of log10 y against log10 x

Show on your sketch the coordinates of the points of intersection of the graph with
the axes.
(3)
(ii)
log3 N

(0, 4)

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(–2, 0)
O t

Figure 2

Figure 2 shows the linear relationship between log3 N and t.

Show that N = abt where a and b are constants to be found.
(3)
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8.
h

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O d x

Figure 4

Figure 4 is a graph showing the path of a golf ball after the ball has been hit until it first
hits the ground.
The vertical height, h metres, of the ball above the ground has been plotted against the
horizontal distance travelled, x metres, measured from where the ball was hit.
The ball travels a horizontal distance of d metres before it first hits the ground.

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The ball is modelled as a particle travelling in a vertical plane above horizontal ground.
The path of the ball is modelled by the equation

h = 1.5x – 0.5x e0.02x 0xd

Use the model to answer parts (a), (b) and (c).

(a) Find the value of d, giving your answer to 2 decimal places.

(Solutions relying entirely on calculator technology are not acceptable.)

(3)
(b) Show that the maximum value of h occurs when

 150 
x  50 ln  
 x  50 
(4)

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Using the iteration formula

 150 
xn 1  50 ln   with x1  30
 xn  50 

(c) (i) find the value of x2 to 2 decimal places,

(ii) find, by repeated iteration, the horizontal distance travelled by the golf ball
before it reaches its maximum height. Give your answer to 2 decimal places.
(3)

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3. The amount of money raised for a charity is being monitored.

The total amount raised in the t months after monitoring began, £D, is modelled by

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the equation

log10 D  1.04  0.38 t

(a) Write this equation in the form

D = ab t

where a and b are constants to be found. Give each value to 4 significant figures.
(3)
When t = T, the total amount of money raised is £45 000
According to the model,
(b) find the value of T, giving your answer to 3 significant figures.
(2)
The charity aims to raise a total of £350 000 within the first 12 months of monitoring.
According to the model,
(c) determine whether or not the charity will achieve its aim.
(2)
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5. In this question you must show all stages of your working.

Solutions relying entirely on calculator technology are not acceptable.

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The temperature, T  °C, of the air in a room t minutes after a heat source is switched off,
is modelled by the equation

T = 10 + Ae–Bt

where A and B are constants.

Given that the temperature of the air in the room at the instant the heat source was
switched off was 18 °C,
(a) find the value of A
(1)
Given also that, exactly 45 minutes after the heat source was switched off, the
temperature of the air in the room was 16 °C,
(b) find the value of B to 3 significant figures.
(3)
Using the values for A and B,
(c) find, according to the model, the rate of change of the temperature of the air in the
room exactly two minutes after the heat source was switched off.
Give your answer in °C min–1 to 3 significant figures.
(2)
(d) Explain why, according to the model, the temperature of the air in the room cannot
fall to 5 °C
(1)
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1. A population of a rare species of toad is being studied.

The number of toads, N, in the population, t years after the start of the study, is modelled
by the equation

900e0.12t
N = 0.12t t  0, t ∈ 
2e +1

According to this model,

(a) calculate the number of toads in the population at the start of the study,
(1)

(b) find the value of t when there are 420 toads in the population, giving your answer to
2 decimal places.
(4)

(c) Explain why, according to this model, the number of toads in the population can never
reach 500
(1)
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3.

log10 y

(0, 4)

(6, 0)
O log10 x

Figure 1

Figure 1 shows a linear relationship between log10 y and log10 x

The line passes through the points (0, 4) and (6, 0) as shown.

(a) Find an equation linking log10 y with log10 x

(2)

(b) Hence, or otherwise, express y in the form px q, where p and q are constants to be
found.
(3)
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5. The temperature, θ °C, inside an oven, t minutes after the oven is switched on, is given by
θ = A – 180e–kt
where A and k are positive constants.

Given that the temperature inside the oven is initially 18 °C,

(a) find the value of A.

(2)

The temperature inside the oven, 5 minutes after the oven is switched on, is 90 °C.

(b) Show that k = p ln q where p and q are rational numbers to be found.

(4)

Hence find

(c) the temperature inside the oven 9 minutes after the oven is switched on, giving your
answer to 3 significant figures,
(2)

(d) the rate of increase of the temperature inside the oven 9 minutes after the oven is
switched on. Give your answer in °C min–1 to 3 significant figures.
(3)
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8. The percentage, P, of the population of a small country who have access to the internet, is
modelled by the equation

P = ab t

where a and b are constants and t is the number of years after the start of 2005

Using the data for the years between the start of 2005 and the start of 2010, a graph is
plotted of log10 P against t.

The points are found to lie approximately on a straight line with gradient 0.09 and intercept
0.68 on the log10 P axis.

(a) Find, according to the model, the value of a and the value of b, giving your answers
to 2 decimal places.
(4)

(b) In the context of the model, give a practical interpretation of the constant a.
(1)

(c) Use the model to estimate the percentage of the population who had access to the
internet at the start of 2015
(2)
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4. The growth of a weed on the surface of a pond is being studied.
The surface area of the pond covered by the weed, A m2, is modelled by the equation

80 p e0.15t
A=
p e0.15t + 4

where p is a positive constant and t is the number of days after the start of the study.
Given that
• 30 m2 of the surface of the pond was covered by the weed at the start of the study
• 50 m2 of the surface of the pond was covered by the weed T days after the start of
the study

(a) show that p = 2.4

(2)
(b) find the value of T, giving your answer to one decimal place.

(Solutions relying entirely on graphical or numerical methods are not acceptable.)

(4)
The weed grows until it covers the surface of the pond.

(c) Find, according to the model, the maximum possible surface area of the pond.
(1)
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8. A dose of antibiotics is given to a patient.
The amount of the antibiotic, x  milligrams, in the patient's bloodstream t  hours after the
dose was given, is found to satisfy the equation

log10 x = 2.74 – 0.079t

(a) Show that this equation can be written in the form

x = pq –t

where p and q are constants to be found. Give the value of p to the nearest whole
number and the value of q to 2 significant figures.
(4)
(b) With reference to the equation in part (a), interpret the value of the constant p.
(1)
When a different dose of the antibiotic is given to another patient, the values of x and t
satisfy the equation

x = 400 × 1.4 –t

dx
(c) Use calculus to find, to 2 significant figures, the value of when t = 5
dt
(3)
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5.
log10 A

(8, 0.56)

(0, 0.32)

O t

Figure 1

The growth of duckweed on a pond is being studied.

The surface area of the pond covered by duckweed, Am2, at a time t days after the start of
the study is modelled by the equation

A = p q t      where p and q are positive constants

Figure 1 shows the linear relationship between log10 A and t.

The points (0, 0.32) and (8, 0.56) lie on the line as shown.

(a) Find, to 3 decimal places, the value of p and the value of q.

(4)

Using the model with the values of p and q found in part (a),

(b) find the rate of increase of the surface area of the pond covered by duckweed, in
m2 / day, exactly 6 days after the start of the study.
Give your answer to 2 decimal places.
(3)
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8. A scientist is studying a population of fish in a lake. The number of fish, N, in the
population, t years after the start of the study, is modelled by the equation

600e0.3t
N=       t  0
2 + e0.3t

Use the equation of the model to answer parts (a), (b), (c), (d) and (e).

(a) Find the number of fish in the lake at the start of the study.
(1)

(b) Find the upper limit to the number of fish in the lake.
(1)

(c) Find the time, after the start of the study, when there are predicted to be 500 fish in
the lake. Give your answer in years and months to the nearest month.
(4)

(d) Show that

dN Ae0.3t
=
dt (2 + e0.3t )2
where A is a constant to be found.
(3)

dN
Given that when t = T, =8
dt

(e) find the value of T to one decimal place.

(Solutions relying entirely on calculator technology are not acceptable.)

(4)
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4.
log10 N

(5, 3.85)

(0, 3.08)

O t

Figure 1

The number of subscribers to an online video streaming service, N, is modelled by

the equation

N = ab t

where a and b are constants and t is the number of years since monitoring began.

The line in Figure 1 shows the linear relationship between t and log10 N

The line passes through the points (0, 3.08) and (5, 3.85)

Using this information,

(a) find an equation for this line.

(2)

(b) Find the value of a and the value of b, giving your answers to 3 significant figures.
(3)

When t = T the number of subscribers is 500 000

According to the model,

(c) find the value of T

(2)
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8. v

O T t

Figure 4

Figure 4 is a graph showing the velocity of a sprinter during a 100 m race.

The sprinter’s velocity during the race, v m s–1, is modelled by the equation

v = 12 – e t – 10 – 12e–0.75t t0

where t seconds is the time after the sprinter begins to run.

According to the model,

(a) find, using calculus, the sprinter’s maximum velocity during the race.
(5)

Given that the sprinter runs 100 m in T seconds, such that

T
∫0 v dt = 100
(b) show that T is a solution of the equation

T=
1
12
(116 – 16e–0.75T + eT – 10 – e–10 )
(4)

The iteration formula

Tn + 1 =
1
12
( 116 – 16e–0.75Tn + eTn – 10 – e–10 )

is used to find an approximate value for T

Using this iteration formula with T1 = 10

(c) find, to 4 decimal places,

(i) the value of T2

(ii) the time taken by the sprinter to run the race, according to the model.
(3)
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2. A scientist monitored the growth of bacteria on a dish over a 30‑day period.

The area, N mm2, of the dish covered by bacteria, t days after monitoring began, is
modelled by the equation

log10 N = 0.0646 t + 1.478       0  t  30

(a) Show that this equation may be written in the form

N = ab
t

where a and b are constants to be found. Give the value of a to the nearest integer
and give the value of b to 3 significant figures.
(4)

(b) Use the model to find the area of the dish covered by bacteria 30 days after monitoring
began. Give your answer, in mm2, to 2 significant figures.
(2)
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7 The mass, M kg, of a species of tree can be modelled by the equation

log10 M = 1.93 log10 r + 0.684

where r cm is the base radius of the tree.

The base radius of a particular tree of this species is 45 cm.
According to the model,

(a) find the mass of this tree, giving your answer to 2 significant figures.
(2)

(b) Show that the equation of the model can be written in the form

M = pr q

giving the values of the constants p and q to 3 significant figures.

(3)

(c) With reference to the model, interpret the value of the constant p.
(1)
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5. P

O t

Figure 2

The profit made by a company, £ P million, t years after the company started trading, is
modelled by the equation

4t − 1 3  t + 1 
P= + ln  
10 4  ( 2t + 1)2 

The graph of P against t is shown in Figure 2.

According to the model,

(a) show that exactly one year after it started trading, the company had made a loss of
approximately £ 830 000
(2)

A manager of the company wants to know the value of t for which P = 0

(b) Show that this value of t occurs in the interval [6, 7]

(2)

(c) Show that the equation P = 0 can be expressed in the form

1 15  ( 2t + 1) 
2

t = + ln  
4 8  t + 1 
(2)

(d) Using the iteration formula

(
1 15  2tn + 1  )
2

t n +1 = + ln   with t1 = 6
4 8  tn + 1 
 

find the value of t2 and the value of t6 , giving your answers to 3 decimal places.
(3)

(e) Hence find, according to the model, how many months it takes in total, from when the
company started trading, for it to make a profit.
(2)

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SPECIMEN 2018
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8. In a controlled experiment, the number of microbes, N, present in a culture T days after
the start of the experiment were counted.

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N and T are expected to satisfy a relationship of the form

N = aT b where a and b are constants

(a) Show that this relationship can be expressed in the form

log10 N = m log10 T + c

giving m and c in terms of the constants a and/or b.

(2)

log10 N
5.0 –

4.5 –

4.0 –

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3.5 –

3.0 –

2.5 –

2.0 –

1.5 –

1.0 –

0.5 –

0–
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–

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 log10 T

Figure 2

Figure 2 shows the line of best fit for values of log10 N plotted against values of log10 T

(b) Use the information provided to estimate the number of microbes present in the
culture 3 days after the start of the experiment.
(4)

(c) With reference to the model, interpret the value of the constant a.
(1)

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*S59757A02435*
110 Pearson Edexcel International Advanced Subsidiary/Advanced Level in Mathematics, Further Mathematics and
Pure Mathematics – Sample Assessment Materials (SAMs) – Issue 3 – June 2018 © Pearson Education Limited 2018
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Question 8 continued
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Pearson Edexcel International Advanced Subsidiary/Advanced Level in Mathematics, Further Mathematics and 111
Pure Mathematics – Sample Assessment Materials (SAMs) – Issue 3 – June 2018 © Pearson Education Limited 2018
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10. The amount of an antibiotic in the bloodstream, from a given dose, is modelled by the
formula

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x = De–0.2t

where x is the amount of the antibiotic in the bloodstream in milligrams, D is the dose
given in milligrams and t is the time in hours after the antibiotic has been given.

A first dose of 15 mg of the antibiotic is given.

(a) Use the model to find the amount of the antibiotic in the bloodstream 4 hours after the
dose is given. Give your answer in mg to 3 decimal places.
(2)

A second dose of 15 mg is given 5 hours after the first dose has been given. Using the
same model for the second dose,

(b) show that the total amount of the antibiotic in the bloodstream 2 hours after the second
dose is given is 13.754 mg to 3 decimal places.
(2)

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No more doses of the antibiotic are given. At time T hours after the second dose is given,
the total amount of the antibiotic in the bloodstream is 7.5 mg.

⎛ b⎞
(c) Show that T = a ln ⎜ b + ⎟ , where a and b are integers to be determined.
⎝ e⎠
(4)
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118 Pearson Edexcel International Advanced Subsidiary/Advanced Level in Mathematics, Further Mathematics and
Pure Mathematics – Sample Assessment Materials (SAMs) – Issue 3 – June 2018 © Pearson Education Limited 2018
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*S59757A03335*
Pearson Edexcel International Advanced Subsidiary/Advanced Level in Mathematics, Further Mathematics and 119
Pure Mathematics – Sample Assessment Materials (SAMs) – Issue 3 – June 2018 © Pearson Education Limited 2018
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