Civil Engineering Design of Concrete Structures Dr.

Suryamani Behera

Compression Member
Introduction
Compression members are structural elements primarily subjected to axial compressive
forces and hence, their design is guided by considerations of strength and buckling.
Examples of compression member pedestal, column, wall and strut.
Classification of Columns Based on Types of Reinforcement

Tied Column Column with helical Composite column

reinforcement
Based on the types of reinforcement, the reinforced concrete columns are classified into three
groups:
(i) Tied columns: The main longitudinal reinforcement bars are enclosed within closely
spaced lateral ties.
(ii) Columns with helical reinforcement: The main longitudinal reinforcement bars are
enclosed within closely spaced and continuously wound spiral reinforcement. Circular and
octagonal columns are mostly of this type.
(iii) Composite columns: The main longitudinal reinforcement of the composite columns
consists of structural steel sections or pipes with or without longitudinal bars.
Out of the three types of columns, the tied columns are mostly common with different shapes
of the cross-sections viz. square, rectangular etc. Helically bound columns are also used for
circular or octagonal shapes of cross-sections.

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Classification of Columns Based on Loadings

Axial loading (concentric) Axial loading with uniaxial bending

Axial loading with biaxial bending

Columns are classified into the three following types based on the loadings:
(i) Columns subjected to axial loads only (concentric)
(ii) Columns subjected to combined axial load and uniaxial bending
(iii) Columns subjected to combined axial load and bi-axial bending

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Classification of Columns Based on Slenderness Ratios

Columns are classified into the following two types based on the slenderness ratios:
(i) Short columns - the slenderness ratio le/D is less than 12
(ii) Slender or long columns - the slenderness ratio le/D is more than 12 (restricted to 60)
The slenderness ratio of steel column is the ratio of its effective length le to its least radius
of gyration r. In the case of reinforced concrete columns, however, IS 456 stipulates the
slenderness ratio as the ratio of its effective length le to its least lateral dimension.
The effective length le is different from the unsupported length l.
Note: For short rectangular columns,
lex/D and ley/b should be less than 12.
Where,
lex = effective length with respect to the major axis
D = depth with respect to the major axis
ley = effective length with respect to the minor axis
b = depth with respect to the minor axis

Modes of failure of columns

The Figure presents the three modes of failure of columns with different slenderness ratios
when loaded axially. In mode 1, the column does not undergo any lateral deformation and
collapses due to material failure. This is known as compression failure. Due to the combined
effects of axial load and moment, a short column may have material failure of mode 2. On the
other hand, a slender column subjected to axial load only undergoes deflection due to the
beam-column effect and may have material failure under the combined action of direct load
and bending moment. Such failure is called combined compression and bending failure of
mode 2. Mode 3 failure is by elastic instability of a very long column even under a small load
much before the material reaches the yield stresses. This type of failure is known as elastic
buckling.

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Definitions:
(a) Effective length: The vertical distance between the points of inflection of the
compression member in the buckled configuration in a plane is termed as effective
length le of that compression member in that plane. The effective length is different from the
unsupported length l of the member, though it depends on the unsupported length and the
type of end restraints. The relation between the effective and unsupported lengths of any
compression member is
le = k l
Where k is the ratio of effective to the unsupported lengths. Clause 25.2 of IS 456 stipulates
the effective lengths of compression members (vide Annex E of IS 456). This parameter is
needed in classifying and designing the compression members.
Clause 25.2 of the Code refers to Appendix E which provides two graphs for the effective
height of a column in a frame with no sway and also with sway. One graph is for a braced
system in which the relative movement of the ends of a compression member transverse to
the axis of the member is prevented. The other graph is for an unbraced system where such
relative movement is possible and restraint is provided only by the rigidity of the joints and
the stiffness of interacting beams and columns.
(b) Pedestal: Pedestal is a vertical compression member whose effective length le does not
exceed three times of its least horizontal dimension b (cl. 26.5.3). The other horizontal
dimension D shall not exceed four times of b.
(c) Column: Column is a vertical compression member whose unsupported length l shall
not exceed sixty times of b (least lateral dimension), if restrained at the two ends.
Further, the unsupported length of a cantilever column shall not exceed 100b2/D, where D
is the larger lateral dimension which is also restricted up to four times b (vide cl. 25.3 of
IS 456).
(d) Wall: Wall is a vertical compression member whose effective height Hwe to thickness t
(least lateral dimension) shall not exceed 30 (cl. 32.2.3 of IS 456). The larger horizontal
dimension i.e., the length of the wall L is more than 4t.

ASSUMPTIONS
The following assumptions are made for the limit state of collapse in compression:
(1) Plane sections normal to the axis remain plane after bending.
(2) The relationship between stress-strain distribution in concrete is assumed to be parabolic.
The maximum compressive stress is equal to 0.67 fck/1.5 or 0.446 fck
(3) The tensile strength of concrete is ignored.
(4) The stresses in reinforcement are derived from the representative stress-strain curve for
the type of steel used.
(5) The maximum compressive strain in concrete in axial compression is taken as 0.002.
(6) The maximum compression strain at the highly compressed extreme fibre in concrete
subjected to axial compression and bending, when there is no tension in the section, is taken
as 0.0035 minus 0.75 times the strain at the least compressed extreme fibre.
Note: The strain distribution lines for a purely axial compression case and for a
limiting case when the strain varies from 0.0035 at one edge to zero at the opposite edge are
shown in Figure. These two lines intersect each other at a depth of 3D/7 from the highly

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compressed edge. This point is assumed to act as a fulcrum for the strain distribution line
when the neutral axis lies outside the section as shown in the same figure. This leads to
assumption 6.
(7) The maximum compressive strain at the highly compressed extreme fibre in concrete
subjected to axial compression and bending, when part of the section is in tension, is taken as
0.0035. In the limiting case when the neutral axis lies along one edge of the section, the strain
varies from 0.0035 at the highly compressed edge to zero at the opposite edge as shown in
Figure.

MINIMUM ECCENTRICITY
In practice, a truly axially loaded column is rare, if not nonexistent. Therefore, every column
should be designed for a certain minimum eccentricity. This accidental eccentricity may
occur due to end conditions, inaccuracy during construction or variation in materials even
when the load is theoretically axial. Clause 25.4 of the Code requires that the minimum
eccentricity should be as follows:

where
D = lateral dimension of the column in the direction under consideration in mm
l = unsupported length of column in mm
All members subjected to a compression load must be designed for an eccentricity e
corresponding to the maximum moment which can accompany this loading condition. In

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other words, if a column is subjected to an axial load P and moment M, dividing M by P will
give an eccentricity e with respect to the centre line of the member. The loads M and P are
assumed to have been replaced by an axial load P at an eccentricity e as shown in Figure. The
design of the column will be done for the eccentricity which is larger of e and emin.

Short Column under Axial Compression

When minimum eccentricity does not exceed 0.05 × D (the lateral dimension), Clause 39.3 of
IS 456 permits the design of sort axially loaded compression members by the following
equation:
Pu  0.4 f ck Ac  0.67 f y Asc
Where,
Pu = factored axial load
Ac = area of concrete, may be taken equal to the gross area (Ag = bD)
Asc = total area of reinforcement
Note:
Strictly, Pu should be based on stresses in concrete and steel corresponding to a maximum
strain of 0.002.
The above equation, given in cl. 39.3 of IS 456, has two unknowns Ac and Asc to be
determined from one equation. The equation is recast in terms of Ag , the gross area of
concrete and p, the percentage of compression reinforcement employing
p  Ag
Asc 
100
 p 
Ac  Ag  1  
 100 
Accordingly ,
Pu  p 
 0.4 f ck     0.67 f y  0.4 fck 
Ag  100 
Equation can be used for direct computation of Ag when Pu, fck and fy are known, by assuming
p ranging from 0.8 to 4 as the minimum and maximum percentages of longitudinal
reinforcement.

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Longitudinal Reinforcement
The longitudinal reinforcing bars carry the compressive loads along with the concrete. Clause
26.5.3.1 stipulates the guidelines regarding the minimum and maximum amount, number of
bars, minimum diameter of bars, spacing of bars etc. The following are the salient points:
(a) The minimum amount of steel should be at least 0.8 % of the gross cross-sectional area
of the column required if for any reason the provided area is more than the required area.
(b) The maximum amount of steel should be 4 % of the gross cross-sectional area of the
column so that it does not exceed 6 % when bars from the column below have to be lapped
with those in the column under consideration.
(c) Four and six are the minimum number of longitudinal bars in rectangular and circular
columns, respectively.
(d) The diameter of the longitudinal bars should be at least 12 mm.
(e) Columns having helical reinforcement shall have at least six longitudinal bars within
and in contact with the helical reinforcement. The bars shall be placed equidistant around its
inner circumference.
(f) The bars shall be spaced not exceeding 300 mm along the periphery of the column.
(g) The amount of reinforcement for the pedestal shall be at least 0.15 per cent of the
cross-sectional area provided.
Transverse Reinforcement
Transverse reinforcing bars are provided in t h e forms of circular rings, polygonal links
(lateral ties) with internal angles not exceeding 135˚ or helical reinforcement. The
transverse reinforcing bars are provided to ensure that every longitudinal bar nearest to the
compression face has effective lateral support against buckling. Clause 26.5.3.2 stipulates the
guidelines for the arrangement of transverse reinforcement. The salient points are:
(a) The code permits maximum spacing of 75 mm on either side of an unrestrained
longitudinal bar.

(b) Longitudinal bars spaced at a maximum distance of 48 times the diameter of the tie
shall be tied by single tie and additional open ties for in between longitudinal bars.

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(c) For longitudinal bars placed in more than one row: (i) transverse reinforcement is
provided for the outer-most row in accordance with (a) above, and (ii) no bar of the inner row
is closer to the nearest compression face than three times the diameter of the largest bar in the
inner row.

(d) For longitudinal bars arranged in a group such that they are not in contact and each
group is adequately tied as per (a), (b) or (c) above, as appropriate, the transverse
reinforcement for the compression member as a whole may be provided assuming that each
group is a single longitudinal bar for determining the pitch and diameter of the transverse
reinforcement. The diameter of such transverse reinforcement should not, however, exceed
20 mm (Fig.3.7).

Pitch and Diameter of Lateral Ties (Clause 26.5.3.2, c)

(a) Pitch: The maximum pitch of transverse reinforcement shall be the least of the following:
(i) the least lateral dimension of the compression members;
(ii) sixteen times the smallest diameter of the longitudinal reinforcement bar to be tied;
(iii) 300 mm.
(b) Diameter: The diameter of the polygonal links or lateral ties shall be not less than one-
fourth of the diameter of the largest longitudinal bar and in no case less than 6 mm.

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Helical reinforcement (Clause 26.5.3.2, d)

(1) The diameter of the helical reinforcement should not be less than one-fourth of the
diameter of the longitudinal bar and in no case less than 6 mm,
(2) Helical reinforcement should be of regular formation with the turn of the helix spaced
evenly and its ends should be anchored properly by providing one and a half extra turns of
the spiral bar.
(3) If an increased load on the column on the strength of the helical reinforcement is allowed
for, its pitch should not exceed the following distances:
(i) 75 mm
(ii) one-sixth of the core diameter of the column.
The pitch should not be less than the following distance:
(i) 25 mm
(ii) three times the diameter of the steel bar forming the helix.
(4) If an increased load on the columns on the strength of helical reinforcement is not allowed
for, its pitch should not exceed the following distances:
(i) the least lateral dimension of the compression member,
(ii) sixteen times the smallest diameter of the longitudinal bar to be tied, and
(iii) 300 mm.

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Question 3: A 3 m high column is effectively held in position at both ends and restrained
against rotation at one end. Its diameter is restricted to 40 cm. Calculate the reinforcement if
it is required to carry a factored axial load of 1500 kN. Use M20 mix and Fe 415 grade steel.

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Question 4: Design the reinforcement in a column of size 450 mm × 600 mm, subject to an
axial load of 2000 kN under service dead and live loads. The column has an unsupported
length of 3.0 m and its ends are held in position but not in direction. Use M 20 concrete and
Fe 415 steel.
Solution:

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Question 5: Design a rectangular column to carry an ultimate load of 2500kN. The

unsupported length of the column is 3m. The ends of the column are effectively held in
position and also restrained against rotation. The grades of concrete and steel are M20 and
Fe415 respectively.

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Column Interaction Diagram/Curve Explained

Vertical members that are part of a building frame are subjected to combined axial loads and
bending moments. These forces develop due to external loads, such as dead, live, and wind
loads. Simply put, an interaction diagram (or curve) displays the combinations of the
acceptable moment and axial capacities of a structural member.
The equivalency between an eccentrically applied load and an axial load–moment
combination is shown below. Assume that a force P is applied to a cross-section at a distance
e (eccentricity) from the centroid. Eccentric force P may now be combined with the force P
acting downward at the centroid and a couple of Pe, which is a pure moment.

Different position of axial force from the section centroid produces various behaviors of a
column as well as stress distribution in sections. These are plotted on the M-N Interaction
Curve:

1. Pure axial compression (point A). This is the largest axial compression load that the
column can support. For this case of ‘pure’ axial compression (and e = 0).
2. Compression with minor bending (point B). This is the case of a large axial load acting at
a small eccentricity. The stress distribution becomes inclined but the section is still under

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compression. Failure occurs by crushing the concrete. (Axial loading with the mandatory
minimum eccentricity emin).
3. Compression control (point C). There exist both compression zone and tension zone of
concrete. Steel is subjected to tension. Failure occurs by crushing of the concrete on the
compression side, whereas the stress in steel fs is less than the yield stress fy.
 Corresponds to the condition xu = D, i.e., e = eD.
 For e < eD, the entire section is under compression and the neutral axis is located
outside the section (xu> D), with 0.002 < εcu< 0.0035.
 For e > eD, the NA is located within the section (xu< D) and εcu = 0.0035 at the
‘highly compressed edge’.
4. Balanced condition (point D). A balanced condition is reached when the compression
strain in the concrete reaches limited and the tensile reinforcement reaches yielding
simultaneously. Failure of concrete occurs at the same time as the steel yields.
Here, e = eb and xu= xu,b. The design strength values for this ‘balanced failure’
condition are denoted as Pub and Mub.
5. Tension control (point E). This is the case of a small axial load with large eccentricity,
that is, a large moment. At failure, the strain in the tension steel is greater than the yield
strain.
6. Pure flexure (point F) (e = ∞). The section, in this case, is subjected to a bending moment
M, whereas the axial load is P = 0. Failure occurs as in a beam subjected to bending
moment only.
7. Pure axial tension (point G). This is the largest axial tension load that the column can
support.
Interpreting the Interaction Curve
For the design of a column to be considered adequate (safe), the combination of action effects
(M, P) must be less than the combination of design strengths (M, P) from the interaction
curve. This means that if the position of the M, P point on the plot is outside of the curve it is
deemed as not meeting this criterion and considered unsafe.

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IS Code Method for Design of Columns under Axial Load and Uniaxial Bending
Use of Non-dimensional Interaction Diagrams as Design Aids
Design Charts (for Uniaxial Eccentric Compression) in SP-16
The design Charts (non-dimensional interaction curves) given in the Design Handbook, SP:
16 cover the following three cases of symmetrically arranged reinforcement :
(a) Rectangular sections with reinforcement distributed equally on two sides (Charts 27 – 38):
the ‘two sides’ refer to the sides parallel to the axis of bending; there are no inner rows of
bars, and each outer row has an area of 0.5As.
(b) Rectangular sections with reinforcement distributed equally on four sides (Charts 39 –50):
two outer rows (with area 0.3As each) and four inner rows (with area 0.1As each) have been
considered in the calculations.
(c) Circular column sections (Charts 51 – 62): the Charts are applicable for circular sections
with at least six bars (of equal diameter) uniformly spaced circumferentially.
Note:
 Corresponding to each of the above three cases, there are as many as 12 Charts available
covering the 3 grades of steel (Fe 250, Fe 415, Fe 500), with 4 values of d’/D ratio for
each grade (namely 0.05, .0.10, 0.15, 0.20).
 For intermediate values of d’/ D, linear interpolation may be done.
 Each of the 12 Charts of SP-16 covers a family of non-dimensional design interaction
curves with p/fck values ranging from 0.0 to 0.26. From this, the percentage of steel (p)
can be found.
 Find the area of steel and provide the required number of bars with proper arrangement of
steel as shown in the chart.

Procedure for using of Non-dimensional Interaction Diagrams as Design Aids to find steel
Given:
Size of column, Grade of concrete, Grade of steel (otherwise assume suitably)
Factored load and Factored moment
Assume arrangement of reinforcement: On two sides or on four sides
Assume moment due to minimum eccentricity to be less than the actual moment
Assume suitable axis of bending based on the given moment (xx or yy)
Assuming suitable diameter of longitudinal bars and suitable nominal cover
1. Find d’/D from effective cover d1
2. Find non dimensional parameters Pu/(fckbD) and Mu/(fckbD2)
3. Referring to appropriate chart from SP-16, find p/fck and hence the percentage of
reinforcement, p
4. Find steel from, As = p bD/100
5. Provide proper number and check for arrangement of steel (find spacing between bars, if
spacing is not sufficient, redesign by changing the dimension of the cross section)
6. Design suitable transverse steel
7. Provide a neat sketch

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Numerical Problem
Question 1: Design a column which is subjected to an axial load of 1200 kN and subjected to
a moment about the x-axis of 250 kN.M. The unsupported length of the column is 3.2 m.
Design for M20 grade concrete and Fe415 grade steel if the column is hinged at both ends.
Solution:

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IS Code Method for Design of Columns under Axial Load and Biaxial Bending
The resistance of a member subjected to axial force and biaxial bending shall be obtained on
the basis of assumptions given in IS:456 with a neutral axis so chosen as to satisfy the
equilibrium of load and moments about two axes. Alternatively, such members may be
designed by the following equation:
[Mux/Mux1]αn + [Muy/Muy1]αn ≤ 1
where
Mux and Muy = moments about x and y axes due to design loads,
Mux1 and Muy1 = maximum uni-axial moment capacity for an axial load of P u bending about x
and y axes respectively,
αn is related to Pu /Puz,
where Puz = 0.45fck.Ac + 0.75fyAsc
For values of Pu/Puz = 0.2 to 0.8, the values of αn vary linearly from 1.0 to 2.0. For
values less than 0.2 and greater than 0.8, it is taken as 1 and 2 respectively.
NOTE -The design of member subject to combined axial load and uniaxial bending will
involve lengthy calculation by trial and error. In order to overcome these difficulties
interaction diagrams may be used. These have been prepared and published by BIS in SP:16
titled Design aids for reinforced concrete to IS 456-2000.

IS:456-2000 Code Procedure

1. Given Pu, Mux, Muy, grade of concrete and steel.
2. Verify that the eccentricities ex = Mux/Pu and ey = Muy/Pu are not less than the corresponding
minimum eccentricities as per IS:456-2000.
3. Assume a trial section for the column (square, rectangle or circular).
4. Determine Mux1 and Muy1, corresponding to the given Pu (using appropriate curve from SP-
16 design aids)
5. Ensure that Mux1 and Muy1 are significantly greater than Mux and Muy respectively;
otherwise, suitably redesign the section.
6. Determine Puz and hence αn
7. Check the adequacy of the section using the interaction equation. If necessary, redesign the
section and check again.

Question 2: A rectangular column subjected to a load of 1200 kN and moments Mux of 100
kNM and Muy of 80 kNM. Design the column for M20 Grade of concrete and Fe415 steel
with a clear cover of 40 mm.
Solution:

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Step 5: Assuming 20 mm main bars

Asc = 400×500×1.6/100 = 3200
No. of bars = Asc/((π/4)×202) = 10 bars
Step 6: Design of transverse reinforcement
Considering 8 mm ties
The spacing of lateral tie is the least of:
(a) 400 mm = least lateral dimension of the column,
(b) 320 mm = sixteen times the diameter of longitudinal reinforcement (20 mm),
(c) 300 mm
Accordingly, provide 8 mm lateral ties @ 250 mm c/c.

Question

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Slender Columns
Columns having both lex/D and ley/b less than twelve are designated as short and otherwise,
they are slender, where lex and ley are the effective lengths with respect to major and minor
axes, respectively; and D and b are the depth and width of rectangular columns, respectively.
Design of Slender Columns
The design of slender compression members shall be based on the forces and the moments
determined from an analysis of the structure, including the effect of deflections on moments
and forces. When the effect of deflections is not taken into account in the analysis, additional
moments given in Cl no 39.7.1 of IS 456:2000 shall be taken into account in the appropriate
direction.
The additional moments Max, and May, shall be calculated by the following formulae (Clause
39.7.1):
Max = (PuD/2000) (lex/D)2
May = (Pub/2000) (lex/b)2
Where Pu = axial load on the member,
lex = effective length with respect to the major axis,
ley = effective length with respect to the minor axis,
D = depth of the cross-section at right angles to the major axis, and
b = width of the member.
The values given by equation 39.7.1 may be multiplied by the following factor k (Clause
39.7.1.1):
Puz  Pu
k 1
Puz  Pb

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where
P = axial load on the compression member
u
Puz = 0.45fck.Ac + 0.75fyAsc
Pb = axial loads with respect to major and minor axes, respectively, corresponding to the
condition of the maximum compressive strain of 0.0035 in the concrete and tensile strain
of 0.002 in the outermost layer of tension steel (can be determined using Table 60 of SP-
16, page 171).
Note:
1. A column may be considered braced in a given plane if lateral stability to the structure
as a whole is provided by walls or bracing or buttressing designed to resist all lateral
forces in that plane. It should otherwise be considered as unbraced.
2. In the case of a braced column without any transverse loads occurring in its height,
the additional moment shall be added to an initial moment equal to the:
0.4 Mu1 + 0.6 Mu2
where
Mu2 is the larger end moment and
Mu1 is the smaller end moment (assumed negative if the column is bent in double
curvature). i.e. the initial moment will be (0.6 M u2 - 0.4 Mu1).
 The initial moment shall not be less than 0.4Mu2.
 The total moment (additional moment plus the initial moment) shall not be less
than Mu2.
 Mu1 and Mu2 are about the same axis.
 For unbraced columns, the additional moment shall be added to the end
moments (no factor shall be multiplied with the additional moment).
3. Unbraced compression members, at any given level or storey, subject to lateral load are
usually constrained to deflect equally. In such cases, the slenderness ratio for each
column may be taken as the average for all columns acting in the same direction.

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